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812300.9898The effect of bulk-biochar and nano-biochar amendment on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic contaminated soil. Biochar amendment has significant benefits in removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil. Nevertheless, there is little information on ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil. Herein, a 42-day soil microcosm experiment were carried out to study how two coconut shell biochars (bulk- and nano-size) eliminate soil ARGs with/without microplastic presence. The results showed that microplastic increased significantly the numbers and abundances of ARGs in soil at 14d of cultivation. And, two biochars amendment effectively inhibited soil ARGs spread whether or not microplastic was present, especially for nano-biochar which had more effective removal compared to bulk-biochar. However, microplastic weakened soil ARGs removal after applying same biochar. Two biochars removed ARGs through decreasing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, potential host-bacteria abundances, some bacteria crowding the eco-niche of hosts and promoting soil properties. The adverse effect of microplastic on ARGs removal was mainly caused by weakening mobile genetic elements (MGEs) removal, and by changing soil properties. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that biochar's effect on ARGs profile was changed by its size and microplastic presence through altering MGEs abundances. These results highlight that biochar amendment is still an effective method for ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil.202437907163
811710.9895Composting of oxytetracycline fermentation residue in combination with hydrothermal pretreatment for reducing antibiotic resistance genes enrichment. Hydrothermal pretreatment can efficiently remove the residual antibiotics in oxytetracycline fermentation residue (OFR), but its effect on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during composting remains unclear. This study compared the shifts in bacterial community and evolutions in ARGs and integrons during different composting processes of OFRs with and without hydrothermal pretreatment. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal pretreatment increased the bacterial alpha diversity at the initial phase, and increased the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria but decreased that of Bacteroidetes at the final phase by inactivating mycelia and removing residual oxytetracycline. Composting process inevitably elevated the abundance and relative abundance of ARGs. However, the increase in ARGs was significantly reduced by hydrothermal pretreatment, because the removal of oxytetracycline decreased their potential host bacteria and inhibited their horizontal gene transfer. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal pretreatment is an efficient strategy to reduce the enrichment of ARGs during the OFR composting.202033099099
812820.9891Recognize and assessment of key host humic-reducing microorganisms of antibiotic resistance genes in different biowastes composts. Humic-reducing microorganisms (HRMs) can utilize humic substance as terminal electron mediator promoting the bioremediation of contaminate, which is ubiquitous in composts. However, the impacts of HRMs on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in composts and different HRMs community composition following the types of biowastes effected the spread of ARGs have not been investigated. Herein, the dynamics and mobility of ARGs and HRMs during protein-, lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composting were investigated. Result show that ARGs change significantly at the thermophilic phase, and the relative abundance of most ARGs increase during composting. Seven groups of HRMs communities are classified as primary host HRMs of ARGs, and most host HRMs groups from protein-rich composts. Conclusively, regulating methods for inhibiting ARGs spread for different composts are proposed. HRMs show a higher ARGs dissemination capacity in protein-rich composts than lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts, but the spread of ARGs can be inhibited by regulate physicochemical parameters in protein-rich composts. In contrary, most HRMs have inhibitory effects on ARGs spread in lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts, and those HRMs can be used as a new agent that inhibits the spread of ARGs. Our results can help in understanding the potential risk spread of ARGs by inoculating functional bacteria derived from different biowastes composts for environmental remediation, given their expected importance to developing a classification-oriented approach for composting different biowastes.202234600985
692130.9891Impacts of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Bacterial Communities, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Paddy Soil Under Rice-Wheat Rotation. The responses of sulfonamides, sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul) and soil bacterial communities to different fertilization regimes were investigated by performing a field experiment using paddy soil with no fertilizer applied, chemical fertilizer applied, organic fertilizer applied, and combination of chemical and organic fertilizer applied. Applying organic fertilizer increased the bacterial community diversity and affected the bacterial community composition. Eutrophic bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria) were significantly enriched by applying organic fertilizer. It was also found organic fertilizer application increased sulfamethazine content and the relative abundances of sul1 and sul2 in the soil. In contrast, applying chemical fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of Nitrospirae, Parcubacteria, and Verrucomicrobia and caused no obvious changes on sul. Correlation analysis indicated that sul enrichment was associated with the increases in sulfamethazine content and potential hosts (e.g., Novosphingobium and Rhodoplanes) population. The potential ecological risks of antibiotics in paddy soil with organic fertilizer applied cannot be ignored.202236547725
639540.9891Risk control of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) during sewage sludge treatment and disposal: A review. Sewage sludge is an important reservoir of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the reclamation of sewage sludge potentially threats human health and environmental safety. Sludge treatment and disposal are expected to control these risks, and this review summarizes the fate and controlling efficiency of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in sludge involved in different processes, i.e., disintegration, anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, drying, pyrolysis, constructed wetland, and land application. Additionally, the analysis and characterization methods of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in complicate sludge are reviewed, and the quantitative risk assessment approaches involved in land application are comprehensively discussed. This review benefits process optimization of sludge treatment and disposal, with regard to environmental risks control of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in sludge. Furthermore, current research limitations and gaps, e.g., the antibiotic resistance risk assessment in sludge-amended soil, are proposed to advance the future studies.202336933744
692450.9890Diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in soils with four different fertilization treatments. Although the enrichment of resistance genes in soil has been explored in recent years, there are still some key questions to be addressed regarding the variation of ARG composition in soil with different fertilization treatments, such as the core ARGs in soil after different fertilization treatments, the correlation between ARGs and bacterial taxa, etc. For soils after different fertilization treatments, the distribution and combination of ARG in three typical fertilization methods (organic fertilizer alone, chemical fertilizer alone, and conventional fertilizer) and non-fertilized soils were investigated in this study using high-throughput fluorescence quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) technique. The application of organic fertilizers significantly increased the abundance and quantity of ARGs and their subtypes in the soil compared to the non-fertilized soil, where sul1 was the ARGs specific to organic fertilizers alone and in higher abundance. The conventional fertilizer application also showed significant enrichment of ARGs, which indicated that manure addition often had a more decisive effect on ARGs in soil than chemical fertilizers, and three bacteria, Pseudonocardia, Irregularibacter, and Castllaniella, were the key bacteria affecting ARG changes in soil after fertilization. In addition, nutrient factors and heavy metals also affect the distribution of ARGs in soil and are positively correlated. This paper reveals the possible reasons for the increase in the number of total soil ARGs and their relative abundance under different fertilization treatments, which has positive implications for controlling the transmission of ARGs through the soil-human pathway.202337928655
854560.9890Role of anaerobic sludge digestion in handling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes - A review. Currently, anaerobic sludge digestion (ASD) is considered not only for treating residual sewage sludge and energy recovery but also for the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The current review highlights the reasons why antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs exist in ASD and how ASD performs in the reduction of ARB and ARGs. ARGs and ARB have been detected in ASD with some reports indicating some of the ARGs can be completely removed during the ASD process, while other studies reported the enrichment of ARB and ARGs after ASD. This paper reviews the performance of ASD based on operational parameters as well as environmental chemistry. More studies are needed to improve the performance of ASD in reducing ARGs that are difficult to handle and also differentiate between extracellular (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) to achieve more accurate quantification of the ARGs.202133735726
793470.9890Mitigated membrane fouling and enhanced removal of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes from wastewater effluent via an integrated pre-coagulation and microfiltration process. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been regarded as an emerging pollutant in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents due to their potential risk to human health and ecological safety when reused for landscape and irrigation. Conventional wastewater treatment processes generally fail to effectively reduce ARGs, especially extracellular ARGs (eARGs), which are persistent in the environment and play an important role in horizontal gene transfer via transformation. Herein, an integrated process of pre-coagulation and microfiltration was developed for removal of ARGs, especially eARGs, from wastewater effluent. Results show that the integrated process could effectively reduce the absolute abundances of total ARGs (tARGs) (>2.9 logs) and eARGs (>5.2 logs) from the effluent. The excellent performance could be mainly attributed to the capture of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and eARGs by pre-coagulation and co-rejection during subsequent microfiltration. Moreover, the integrated process exhibited a good performance on removing common pollutants (e.g., dissolved organic carbon and phosphate) from the effluent to improve water quality. Besides, the integrated process also greatly reduced membrane fouling compared with microfiltration. These findings suggest that the integrated process of pre-coagulation and microfiltration is a promising advanced wastewater treatment technology for ARGs (especially eARGs) removal from WWTP effluents to ensure water reuse security.201931085389
812080.9890Insight into the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community in co-composting green tea residues with swine manure. Green tea residues (GTRs) are byproducts of tea production and processing, and this type of agricultural waste retains nutritious components. This study investigated the co-composting of GTRs with swine manure, as well as the effects of GTRs on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the bacterial community during co-composting. The temperature and C/N ratio indicate compost was mature after processing. The addition of GTRs effectively promoted the reduction in the abundances of most targeted ARGs (tet and sul genes), mobile genetic element (MGE; intI1), and metal resistance genes (MRGs; pcoA and tcrB). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that GTRs can reduce the abundance of MRGs and ARGs by reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals. Network analysis shows that Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were the main hosts of ARGs and ARGs, MGEs, and MRGs shared the same potential host bacteria. Adding GTRs during composting may reduce ARGs transmission through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). GTRs affected the bacterial community, thereby influencing the variations in the ARG profiles and reducing the potential risk associated with the compost product.202032310121
792890.9890Insight into the responses of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic biofilms to zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc ions pressures in landfill leachate. Microplastic (MP) biofilms are hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in landfill environment. MP biofilms in landfill leachate coexist with heavy metals and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) that considered to be the selective agents of ARGs. However, the effects of these selective pressures on ARGs in MP biofilms and their differences in MP-surrounding leachate have not been well understood. Herein, the changes of ARG abundances in MP biofilms and corresponding leachate under zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and zinc ion (Zn(2+)) pressures were comparatively analyzed. The presence of ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) promoted the enrichment of ARGs in MP biofilms, and the enrichment was more pronounced in ZnO NPs groups. ZnO NPs and especially Zn(2+) mainly decreased the abundances of ARGs in leachate. The increase of integron abundances and reactive oxygen species production in MP biofilms implied the enhanced potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence pattern between ARGs and bacterial genera in MP biofilms with more diverse potential ARG hosts was more complex than in leachate, and the enrichment of ARG-hosting bacteria in MP biofilms under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures supported the enrichment of ARGs.202337480611
6923100.9889Soil types influence the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes following the land application of sludge composts. Sewage sludge was generally considered a significant reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and could enter agricultural systems as fertilizer after composting. Soil types and the discrepancy of sludge composts could have influenced the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) following the land application of sludge composts, which deserved to be clarified. Thus, the fate of ARB and ARGs following the land application of three types of sludge composts (A, B, and C) to three different soils (red soil, loess, and black soil) was investigated. The results showed that tetX, which was enriched the most during composting, did not affect the soil resistome, whereas tetG did. Soil types influenced the dynamics of ARB and ARGs significantly, whereas no significant difference was observed among compost types. The advantage of reducing ARGs during the composting process in compost B did not extend to land application. Land application of composts influenced the microbial community significantly at the early stage, but the microbial community returned to the control pattern gradually. Changes in the microbial community contributed more to the dynamics of ARGs in red and black soil compared with other factors, including co-selection from heavy metals, horizontal gene transfer, biomass and environmental factors, whereas horizontal gene transfer, reflected by intI1 levels, contributed the most in loess.201829793114
7933110.9888Removal of antibiotic microbial resistance by micro- and ultrafiltration of secondary wastewater effluents at pilot scale. Low-pressure membrane filtration was investigated at pilot scale with regard to its removal of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in conventional secondary treated wastewater plant effluents. While operating microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, key operational parameters for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) studies and key factors influencing AMR removal efficiencies of low-pressure membrane filtration processes were examined. The main factor for AMR removal was the pore size of the membrane. The formation of the fouling layer on capillary membranes had only a small additive effect on intra- and extrachromosomal ARG removal and a significant additive effect on mobile ARG removal. Using feeds with different ARGs abundances revealed that higher ARG abundance in the feed resulted in higher ARG abundance in the filtrate. Live-Dead cell counting in UF filtrate showed intact bacteria breaking through the UF membrane. Strong correlations between 16S rRNA genes (as surrogate for bacteria quantification) and the sul1 gene in UF filtrate indicated ARBs likely breaking through UF membranes.202235598662
6920120.9888Dynamics and key drivers of antibiotic resistance genes during aerobic composting amended with plant-derived and animal manure-derived biochars. Plant-derived and animal manure-derived biochars have been used to improve the quality of compost but the differences in their effects on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during composting are unclear. This study selected two types of biochar (RB and PB) produced from abundant agricultural waste to be added to the compost. Adding plant-derived RB performed better in ARGs, mobile genetic elements, and human pathogenic bacteria removal during aerobic composting, whereas adding manure-derived PB even increased ARGs abundance. Vertical gene transfer was possibly the key mechanism for persistent ARGs, and easily removed ARGs were regulated by horizontal and vertical gene transfer. Adding plant-derived RB reduced the abundances of persistent ARG hosts (e.g., Pseudomonas and Longispora) and ARG-related metabolic pathways and genes. The higher nitrogen content of manure-derived PB may have promoted the proliferation of ARG hosts. Overall, adding manure-derived biochar during composting may not be the optimal option for eliminating ARGs.202235487450
6926130.9888Insights into the driving factors of vertical distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in long-term fertilized soils. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils has aroused wide attention. However, the influence of long-term fertilization on the distribution of ARGs in different soil layers and its dominant drivers remain largely unknown. In this study, a total of 203 ARGs were analyzed in greenhouse vegetable soils (0-100 cm from a 13-year field experiment applied with different fertilizers (control, chemical fertilizer, organic manure, and mixed fertilizer). Compared with unfertilized and chemically fertilized soils, manure application significantly increased the abundance and alpha diversity of soil ARGs, where the assembly of ARG communities was strongly driven by stochastic processes. The distribution of ARGs was significantly driven by manure application within 60 cm, while it was insignificantly changed in soil below 60 cm under different fertilization regimes. The inter-correlations of ARGs with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and microbiota were strengthened in manured soil, indicating manure application posed a higher risk for ARGs diffusion in subsurface soil. Bacteria abundance and MGEs directly influenced ARG abundance and composition, whereas soil depth and manure application indirectly influenced ARG abundance and composition by affecting antibiotics. These results strengthen our understanding of the long-term anthropogenic influence on the vertical distribution of soil ARGs and highlight the ecological risk of ARGs in subsurface soil induced by long-term manure application.202337247491
8112140.9888Fate of antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes during enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by microwave pretreatment. The fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated during the sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) with microwave-acid (MW-H), microwave (MW) and microwave-H2O2-alkaline (MW-H2O2) pretreatments. Results showed that combined MW pretreatment especially for the MW-H pretreatment could efficiently reduce the ARB concentration, and most ARG concentrations tended to attenuate during the pretreatment. The subsequent AD showed evident removal of the ARB, but most ARGs were enriched after AD. Only the concentration of tetX kept continuous declination during the whole sludge treatment. The total ARGs concentration showed significant correlation with 16S rRNA during the pretreatment and AD. Compared with unpretreated sludge, the AD of MW and MW-H2O2 pretreated sludge presented slightly better ARB and ARGs reduction efficiency.201626970692
8576150.9888Biochar can mitigate co-selection and control antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) in compost and soil. Heavy metals (HMs) contamination raises the expression of antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria through co-selection. Biochar application in composting improves the effectiveness of composting and the quality of compost. This improvement includes the elimination and reduction of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). The use of biochar in contaminated soils reduces the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the contaminants hence reducing the biological and environmental toxicity. This decrease in contaminant bioavailability reduces contaminants induced co-selection pressure. Conditions which favour reduction in HMs bioavailable fraction (BF) appear to favour reduction in ARGs in compost and soil. Biochar can prevent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and can eliminate ARGs carried by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). This effect reduces maintenance and propagation of ARGs. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria are the major bacteria phyla identified to be responsible for dissipation, maintenance, and propagation of ARGs. Biochar application rate at 2-10% is the best for the elimination of ARGs. This review provides insight into the usefulness of biochar in the prevention of co-selection and reduction of AR, including challenges of biochar application and future research prospects.202235663734
8580160.9887Mitigation of microplastic-associated emerging pollutants by chlorination using field-collected microplastic: Antimicrobial-resistant genes and pathogens. The ubiquity of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has raised significant concerns regarding their roles as vectors for antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant pathogens (ARPs). This study investigated the mitigation of ARGs and ARPs associated with field-collected MPs through chlorination using free available chlorine (FAC) at varying concentrations. FAC effectively reduced the absolute abundance of ARGs on MPs by up to 99.69 %, although the relative abundance of certain ARGs persisted or increased after treatments. Results revealed that the three-dimensional structure of biofilms on MPs significantly influenced FAC efficacy, with interior biofilm bacteria demonstrating greater resistance than outer biofilm. Additionally, FAC induced fragmentation of MPs, particularly increasing the proportion of particles smaller than 100 μm. Notably, ARGs such as sul1 and ermB showed substantial reductions in absolute abundance, whereas ermC and sul2 exhibited less reduction, highlighting the complexity of disinfection in MP-associated biofilms. These findings underscore the need for optimizing disinfection strategies to mitigate ARG dissemination and address environmental risks posed by MPs in wastewater effluents.202540436100
6938170.9887Assessment of the Effects of Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Microplastics Combined with Pesticides on the Soil Microbiota. Microplastics (MPs) and pesticides pose significant threats to the health of soil ecosystems. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics alongside glyphosate and imidacloprid pesticides on soil microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via microcosm experiments. Compared with the control, PLA significantly increased microbial alpha diversity and enhanced microbial functions related to environmental information processing and metabolism. However, PLA also selectively enriched populations of beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria, whereas PET had comparatively weaker effects. Crucially, PLA exposure resulted in substantially higher total abundance and ecological risk levels of soil ARGs than did PET. Coexposure with pesticides further amplified these effects, with PLA demonstrating notable synergistic interactions with both glyphosate and imidacloprid. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that biodegradable MPs such as PLA are environmentally safer than nonbiodegradable MPs, thus highlighting their potential to induce more complex and potentially severe ecological risks under co-contamination scenarios with pesticides.202541175058
6911180.9887Linking bacterial life strategies with the distribution pattern of antibiotic resistance genes in soil aggregates after straw addition. Straw addition markedly affects the soil aggregates and microbial community structure. However, its influence on the profile of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are likely associated with changes in bacterial life strategies, remains unclear. To clarify this issue, a soil microcosm experiment was incubated under aerobic (WS) or anaerobic (AnWS) conditions after straw addition, and metagenomic sequencing was used to characterise ARGs and bacterial communities in soil aggregates. The results showed that straw addition shifted the bacterial life strategies from K- to r-strategists in all aggregates, and the aerobic and anaerobic conditions stimulated the growth of aerobic and anaerobic r-strategist bacteria, respectively. The WS decreased the relative abundances of dominant ARGs such as QnrS5, whereas the AnWS increased their abundance. After straw addition, the macroaggregates consistently exhibited a higher number of significantly altered bacteria and ARGs than the silt+clay fractions. Network analysis revealed that the WS increased the number of aerobic r-strategist bacterial nodes and fostered more interactions between r-and K-strategist bacteria, thus promoting ARGs prevalence, whereas AnWS exhibited an opposite trend. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the fate of ARGs and their controlling factors in soil ecosystems after straw addition. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS: Straw soil amendment has been recommended to mitigate soil fertility degradation, improve soil structure, and ultimately increase crop yields. However, our findings highlight the importance of the elevated prevalence of ARGs associated with r-strategist bacteria in macroaggregates following the addition of organic matter, particularly fresh substrates. In addition, when assessing the environmental risk posed by ARGs in soil that receives crop straw, it is essential to account for the soil moisture content. This is because the species of r-strategist bacteria that thrive under aerobic and anaerobic conditions play a dominant role in the dissemination and accumulation of ARG.202438643583
6909190.9887Effect of meddling ARBs on ARGs dynamics in fungal infested soil and their selective dispersal along spatially distant mycelial networks. During the recent times, environmental antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their potential transfer to other bacterial hosts of pathogenic importance are of serious concern. However, the dissemination strategies of such ARGs are largely unknown. We tested that saprotrophic soil fungi differentially enriched antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARBs) and subsequently contributed in spatial distribution of selective ARGs. Wafergen qPCR analysis of 295 different ARGs was conducted for manure treated pre-sterilized soil incubated or not with selected bacterial-fungal consortia. The qPCR assay detected unique ARGs specifically found in the mycosphere of ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi. Both fungi exerted potentially different selection pressures on ARBs, resulting in different patterns of ARGs dissemination (to distant places) along their respective growing fungal highways. The relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was significantly decreased along fungal highways compared to the respective inoculation points. Moreover, the decrease in MGEs and ARGs (along fungal highways) was more prominent over time which depicts the continuous selection pressure of growing fungi on ARBs for enrichment of particular ARGs in mycosphere. Such data also indicate the potential role of saprotrophic soil fungi to facilitate horizontal gene transfer within mycospheric environmental settings. Our study, therefore, advocates to emphasize the future investigations for such (bacteria-fungal) interactive microbial consortia for potential (spatial) dissemination of resistance determinants which may ultimately increase the exposure risks of ARGs.202438992349