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362400.9109Occurrence of multi-antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas spp. in drinking water produced from karstic hydrosystems. Aquatic environments could play a role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes by enabling antibiotic-resistant bacteria transferred through wastewater inputs to connect with autochthonous bacteria. Consequently, drinking water could be a potential pathway to humans and animals for antibiotic resistance genes. The aim of this study was to investigate occurrences of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. in drinking water produced from a karst, a vulnerable aquifer with frequent increases in water turbidity after rainfall events and run-offs. Water samples were collected throughout the system from the karstic springs to the drinking water tap during three non-turbid periods and two turbid events. E. coli densities in the springs were 10- to 1000-fold higher during the turbid events than during the non-turbid periods, indicating that, with increased turbidity, surface water had entered the karstic system and contaminated the spring water. However, no E. coli were isolated in the drinking water. In contrast, Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from the drinking water only during turbid events, while the densities in the springs were from 10- to 100-fold higher than in the non-turbid periods. All the 580 Pseudomonas spp. isolates obtained from the sampling periods were resistant (to between 1 and 10 antibiotics), with similar resistance patterns. Among all the Pseudomonas isolated throughout the drinking water production system, between 32% and 86% carried the major resistance pattern: ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, cefsulodin, and/or aztreonam, and/or sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim, and/or fosfomycin. Finally, 8 Pseudomonas spp. isolates, related to the Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens species, were isolated from the drinking water. Thus, Pseudomonas could be involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance via drinking water during critical periods.201424875257
354210.9066Fecal indicators, pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, and ecotoxicity in Galveston Bay after Hurricane Harvey. Unprecedented rainfall after Hurricane Harvey caused a catastrophic flood in the southern coast of Texas, and flushed significant floodwater and sediments into Galveston Bay, the largest estuary along the Texas Gulf Coast. This study investigated the immediate and long-term (6 months post-Harvey) fecal indicators, pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and ecotoxicity in the Galveston Bay. Dramatic decrease of salinity profile to zero, increased levels of fecal indicator bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, and detection of various ARGs were observed in the water and sediment samples collected 2 weeks post-Harvey. High levels of Bla(TEM) and cytotoxicity measured by yeast bioluminescent assay (BLYR) were also observed especially near the river mouths. While Vibrio spp. was dominant in water, much higher abundance of fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen were detected in the sediments. A decreasing trend of Bla(TEM) and cytotoxicity was observed in March 2018 samples, suggesting the Bay has returned to its pre-hurricane conditions 6 months post-Harvey. Interestingly, the abundance of fecal indicator bacteria and pathogens were shifted dramatically according to high-streamflow and low-streamflow seasons in the Bay. The data are useful to construct the model of risk assessment in coastal estuaries system and predict the effects of extreme flooding events in the future.202133445049
775720.9057Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Effect of flow configuration and plant species. This study aims to investigate the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in raw domestic wastewater by various mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different flow configurations or plant species including the constructed wetland with or without plant. Six mesocosm-scale CWs with three flow types (surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and vertical subsurface flow) and two plant species (Thaliadealbata Fraser and Iris tectorum Maxim) were set up in the outdoor. 8 antibiotics including erythromycin-H2O (ETM-H2O), monensin (MON), clarithromycin (CTM), leucomycin (LCM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfapyridine (SPD) and 12 genes including three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2 and sul3), four tetracycline resistance genes (tetG, tetM, tetO and tetX), two macrolide resistance genes (ermB and ermC), two chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA and floR) and 16S rRNA (bacteria) were determined in different matrices (water, particle, substrate and plant phases) from the mesocosm-scale systems. The aqueous removal efficiencies of total antibiotics ranged from 75.8 to 98.6%, while those of total ARGs varied between 63.9 and 84.0% by the mesocosm-scale CWs. The presence of plants was beneficial to the removal of pollutants, and the subsurface flow CWs had higher pollutant removal than the surface flow CWs, especially for antibiotics. According to the mass balance analysis, the masses of all detected antibiotics during the operation period were 247,000, 4920-10,600, 0.05-0.41 and 3500-60,000μg in influent, substrate, plant and effluent of the mesocosm-scale CWs. In the CWs, biodegradation, substrate adsorption and plant uptake all played certain roles in reducing the loadings of nutrients, antibiotics and ARGs, but biodegradation was the most important process in the removal of these pollutants.201627443461
775530.9055Anthropogenic impacts on sulfonamide residues and sulfonamide resistant bacteria and genes in Larut and Sangga Besar River, Perak. The environmental reservoirs of sulfonamide (SA) resistome are still poorly understood. We investigated the potential sources and reservoir of SA resistance (SR) in Larut River and Sangga Besar River by measuring the SA residues, sulfamethoxazole resistant (SMX(r)) in bacteria and their resistance genes (SRGs). The SA residues measured ranged from lower than quantification limits (LOQ) to 33.13 ng L(-1) with sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and SMX as most detected. Hospital wastewater effluent was detected with the highest SA residues concentration followed by the slaughterhouse and zoo wastewater effluents. The wastewater effluents also harbored the highest abundance of SMX(r)-bacteria (10(7) CFU mL(-1)) and SRGs (10(-1)/16S copies mL(-1)). Pearson correlation showed only positive correlation between the PO(4) and SMX(r)-bacteria. In conclusion, wastewater effluents from the zoo, hospital and slaughterhouse could serve as important sources of SA residues that could lead to the consequent emergence of SMX(r)-bacteria and SRGs in the river.201931726563
362640.9053Multiple antibiotic resistance and herbicide catabolic profiles of bacteria isolated from Lake Villarrica surface sediments (Chile). Antibiotics and herbicides are contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. Lake Villarrica is a relevant freshwater body in Chile and was recently designated a 'saturated nutrient zone'. Here, we investigated the occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) and herbicide catabolic profiles among bacteria present in the surface sediments of Lake Villarrica. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs; blaTEM, catA and tetM) and herbicide-catabolic genes (HCGs; phnJ and atzA) was investigated by qPCR. Subsequently, the presence of culturable bacteria with multiple resistance to amoxicillin (AMX), chloramphenicol (CHL) and oxytetracycline (OXT) was studied. Forty-six culturable MAR (AMX + CHL + OXT) strains were isolated and characterized with respect to their resistance to 11 antibiotics by using a disc diffusion assay and testing their ability to use herbicides as a nutrient source. qPCR analyses revealed that ARGs and HCGs were present in all sediment samples (10(1) to 10(3) gene copies g(-1)), with significant (P ≤ 0.05) higher values in sites near Villarrica city and cattle pastures. The plate method was used to recover MAR isolates from sediment (10(3)-10(6) CFU g(-1)), and most of the 46 isolates also showed resistance to oxacillin (100%), cefotaxime (83%), erythromycin (96%) and vancomycin (93%). Additionally, 54 and 57% of the MAR isolates were able to grow on agar supplemented (50 mg L(-1)) with atrazine and glyphosate as nutrient sources, respectively. Most of the MAR isolates were taxonomically close to Pseudomonas (76.1%) and Pantoea (17.4%), particularly those isolated from urbanized sites (Pucón city). This study shows the presence of MAR bacteria with herbicide catabolic activity in sediments, which is valuable for conservation strategies and risk assessments of Lake Villarrica. However, major integrative studies on sediments as reservoirs or on the fate of MAR strains and traces of antibiotics and herbicides as a result of anthropic pressure are still needed.202439002747
527750.9052Antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from shrimp hatcheries and cultural ponds on Donghai Island, China. The resistance of bacteria to 12 different antibiotics was investigated in shrimp farms on Donghai Island, China. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found to be widespread in shrimp farms, indicating a high environmental risk. Further, significant differences were found in bacterial strains among farms (ANOVA, p<0.05), showing resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim, compound sinomi, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and cefazolin. No significant differences in antibiotic resistance were found among 6 hatcheries evaluated in this study (ANOVA, p>0.05), between exalted and traditional shrimp ponds (ANOVA, p>0.05), and between cultural ponds and corresponding control water source sites (T-test, p>0.05). In cultural ponds, no significant difference in bacterial resistance to antibiotics was found between water and sediment (T-test, p>0.05), and antibiotic resistance of bacteria from water showed a significant positive correlation with that from sediment (p<0.05). Therefore, our study indicates that bacterial multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) is more widespread in shrimp hatcheries than ponds.201121945557
638160.9052Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Elymus nutans silage from different altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have attracted more attentions in fermented feed recently. However, little information is available on the occurrence and distribution of ARGs in ensiled forages in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP) with an extremely harsh environment. METHODS: The study investigated the distribution and spread mechanism of ARB and ARGs in Elymus nutans silage along 2600 m (low), 3600 m (medium) and 4600 m (high) altitude in the QTP. RESULTS: The major ARG types in Elymus nutans silage were multidrug, aminoglycoside, bacitracin, beta-lactam and polymyxin, while tnpA and IS91 were the dominant mobile genetic elements (MGEs) subtypes in the Elymus nutans silage. The dominant ARGs were mainly carried by Pantoea, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Lelliottia. Although altitudinal gradient had no influence on the diversity or abundance of other ARGs and MGEs in the Elymus nutans silage (p > 0.05), the network co-occurrence patterns among ARGs, MGEs, and bacteria in high-altitude silage were more complex than that in low- and medium-altitude silages. The dominant clinical ARGs in the alpine silage were bacA and acrF, and the abundance of clinical ARGs decreased with prolonged fermentation time. DISCUSSION: This study provides important data on the status of ARGs in ensiled forage from the alpine region of the QTP.202540458713
362570.9048Antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes dissemination in lacustrine sediments highly increased following cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva (Switzerland). This study investigates faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), of sediment profiles from different parts of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the last decades. MARs consist to expose culturable Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (ENT) to mixed five antibiotics including Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin. Culture-independent is performed to assess the distribution of ARGs responsible for, β-lactams (blaTEM; Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), Streptomycin/Spectinomycin (aadA), Tetracycline (tet) Chloramphenicol (cmlA) and Vancomycin (van). Bacterial cultures reveal that in the sediments deposited following eutrophication of Lake Geneva in the 1970s, the percentage of MARs to five antibiotics varied from 0.12% to 4.6% and 0.016% to 11.6% of total culturable EC and ENT, respectively. In these organic-rich bacteria-contaminated sediments, the blaTEM resistant of FIB varied from 22% to 48% and 16% to 37% for EC and ENT respectively, whereas the positive PCR assays responsible for tested ARGs were observed for EC, ENT, and total DNA from all samples. The aadA resistance gene was amplified for all the sediment samples, including those not influenced by WWTP effluent water. Our results demonstrate that bacteria MARs and ARGs highly increased in the sediments contaminated with WWTP effluent following the cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva. Hence, the human-induced changing limnological conditions highly enhanced the sediment microbial activity, and therein the spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in this aquatic environment used to supply drinking water in a highly populated area. Furthermore, the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aadA in all the studied samples points out a regional dissemination of this emerging contaminant in freshwater sediments since at least the late nineteenth century.201222051343
299680.9047Presence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli, Enterococcusspp. and Salmonellasp. in 12 species of Australian shorebirds and terns. Antibiotic resistance is an ongoing threat to both human and animal health. Migratory birds are a potential vector for the spread of novel pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes. To date, there has been no comprehensive study investigating the presence of antibiotic resistance (AMR) in the bacteria of Australian shorebirds or terns. In the current study, 1022 individual birds representing 12 species were sampled across three states of Australia (Victoria, South Australia, and Western Australia) and tested for the presence of phenotypically resistant strains of three bacteria with potential to be zoonotic pathogens; Escherichia coli, Enterococcusspp., and Salmonellasp. In total, 206 E. coli, 266 Enterococcusspp., and 20 Salmonellasp. isolates were recovered, with AMR detected in 42% of E. coli, 85% of Enterococcusspp., and 10% of Salmonellasp. Phenotypic resistance was commonly detected to erythromycin (79% of Enterococcusspp.), ciprofloxacin (31% of Enterococcusspp.) and streptomycin (21% of E. coli). Resident birds were more likely to carry AMR bacteria than migratory birds (p ≤ .001). Bacteria isolated from shorebirds and terns are commonly resistant to at least one antibiotic, suggesting that wild bird populations serve as a potential reservoir and vector for AMR bacteria. However, globally emerging phenotypes of multidrug-resistant bacteria were not detected in Australian shorebirds. This study provides baseline data of the carriage of AMR bacteria in Australian shorebirds and terns.202235460193
713390.9045Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial communities associated with Cladophora glomerata mats along the nearshore of Lake Ontario. The alga Cladophora glomerata can erupt in nuisance blooms throughout the lower Great Lakes. Since bacterial abundance increases with the emergence and decay of Cladophora, we investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in Cladophora-associated bacterial communities up-gradient and down-gradient from a large sewage treatment plant (STP) on Lake Ontario. Although STPs are well-known sources of ABR, we also expected detectable ABR from up-gradient wetland communities, since they receive surface run-off from urban and agricultural sources. Statistically significant differences in aquatic bacterial abundance and ABR were found between down-gradient beach samples and up-gradient coastal wetland samples (ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test, p < 0.05). Decaying and free-floating Cladophora sampled near the STP had the highest bacterial densities overall, including on ampicillin- and vancomycin-treated plates. However, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the ABR genes ampC, tetA, tetB, and vanA from environmental communities showed a different pattern. Some of the highest ABR gene levels occurred at the 2 coastal wetland sites (vanA). Overall, bacterial ABR profiles from environmental samples were distinguishable between living and decaying Cladophora, inferring that Cladophora may control bacterial ABR depending on its life-cycle stage. Our results also show how spatially and temporally dynamic ABR is in nearshore aquatic bacteria, which warrants further research.201728192677
5445100.9045Antibiotic resistance of Aeromonas ssp. strains isolated from Sparus aurata reared in Italian mariculture farms. Selective pressure in the aquatic environment of intensive fish farms leads to acquired antibiotic resistance. This study used the broth microdilution method to measure minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 15 antibiotics against 104 Aeromonas spp. strains randomly selected among bacteria isolated from Sparus aurata reared in six Italian mariculture farms. The antimicrobial agents chosen were representative of those primarily used in aquaculture and human therapy and included oxolinic acid (OXA), ampicillin (AM), amoxicillin (AMX), cephalothin (CF), cloramphenicol (CL), erythromycin (E), florfenicol (FF), flumequine (FM), gentamicin (GM), kanamycin (K), oxytetracycline (OT), streptomycin (S), sulfadiazine (SZ), tetracycline (TE) and trimethoprim (TMP). The most prevalent species selected from positive samples was Aeromonas media (15 strains). The bacterial strains showed high resistance to SZ, AMX, AM, E, CF, S and TMP antibiotics. Conversely, TE and CL showed MIC(90) values lower than breakpoints for susceptibility and many isolates were susceptible to OXA, GM, FF, FM, K and OT antibiotics. Almost all Aeromonas spp. strains showed multiple antibiotic resistance. Epidemiological cut-off values (ECVs) for Aeromonas spp. were based on the MIC distributions obtained. The results showed a high frequency of Aeromonas spp. contamination in Sparus aurata reared on the Italian coast and an elevated biodiversity in isolated bacterial strains. Aeromonas isolates comprise potentially pathogenic species for humans, often resistant to several antibiotics and able to transfer the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance to microorganisms pathogenic for humans throughout the food chain. The few ECV studies available on many antibiotics against Aeromonas spp. strains isolated from the aquaculture environment highlight the need for further research in this area, while regular monitoring programmes should be stepped up to check for antibiotic resistance.201830081345
1216110.9045Coexistence of multidrug resistance and ESBL encoding genes - bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M); its amplification and dispersion in the environment via municipal wastewater treatment plant. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are a global source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), collecting wastewater from a variety of sources, including hospital wastewater, domestic wastewater, runoff from agricultural and livestock farms, etc. These sources are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Such pollutants aided eutrophication and encouraged bacterial growth. During bacterial growth horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) of ARGs and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes may facilitate, resulting in the spread of antibiotic resistance exponentially. The current study investigated the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL encoding genes in various treatment units of MWWTP and their spread in the environment. A total of three sampling sites (BUT, BRO, and BFB) were chosen, and 33 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated. 14 of the 33 isolates tested positive for antibiotic resistance and were further tested for the coexistence of MDR and ESBL production. The selected 14 isolates showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim (85.71%), followed by ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ampicillin (71.42%), tetracycline (57.14%), and vancomycin, gentamicin, and colistin sulphate (50%). A total of 9 isolates (64.28%) were phenotypically positive for ESBL production (BUT2, BUT3, BUT5, BRO1, BRO2, BRO3, BRO4, BRO5 and BFB1). The molecular detection of ESBL encoding genes, i.e. bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M) was carried out. The most prevalent gene was bla(TEM) (69.23%), followed by bla(SHV) (46.15%), and bla(CTX-M) (23.07%). In this study, 9 isolates (64.28%) out of 14 showed the coexistence of MDR and ESBL encoding genes, namely BUT3, BUT4, BUT5, BUT6, BUT7, BRO1, BRO2, BRO4, and BFB1. The coexistence of ESBL encoding genes and resistance to other antibiotic classes exacerbates human health and the environment.202438992444
5249120.9044Characteristics of heterotrophic endophytic bacteria in four kinds of edible raw vegetables: species distribution, antibiotic resistance, and related genes. This study aimed to explore antibiotic resistance characteristics and species of heterotrophic endophytic bacteria (HEB) in four kinds of edible raw vegetables, including radishes, lettuces, onions, and tomatoes. A total of 144 HEB were isolated and tested for resistance to sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), tetracycline (TET), cefotaxime (CTX), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), and their species were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and class I integron in antibiotic-resistant isolates were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. The results showed radishes had the highest, while tomatoes had the lowest concentration of antibiotic-resistant HEB. SMZ and CTX were predominant antibiotic-resistant phenotypes in HEB. The multi-resistant phenotypes, the combinations SMZ-TET-CTX and SMZ-TET-CIP, accounted for 9.34% of all antibiotic-resistant phenotypes, mainly in radishes and lettuces. Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Stenotrophomonas showed resistance to two antibiotics and existed in more than one kind of vegetable, and were the main carriers of sul1, sul2, blaTEM, and intI1 genes. Therefore, these four genera were considered potential hosts of ARGs in edible raw vegetables. The study provides an early warning regarding health risks associated with ingesting antibiotic-resistant bacteria through raw vegetable consumption.202439611313
2995130.9043Antibiotic resistance in bacteria from magpies (Pica pica) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from west Wales. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild animal and bird populations is largely unknown, with little consistency among the few published reports. We therefore examined intestinal bacteria from magpies (Pica pica) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) collected in rural west Wales. Escherichia coli isolates resistant to multiple antibiotics were grown from eight of 20 magpies trapped in spring, 1999 and one of 17 in spring, 2000; the most prevalent resistance trait among these isolates was to tetracycline, but resistances to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, sulphonamide, tetracycline and trimethoprim were also found. Tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus spp. were found in one of 20 magpies in 1999 and three of 17 in 2000. Only one resistant E. coli isolate was detected among gut bacteria from 13 rabbits, and this strain was resistant only to tetracycline. Differences in the prevalence of resistance between bacteria from rabbits and magpies may reflect differences in diet: rabbits graze field edges, whereas magpies are omnivorous and opportunistic. The resistance genes found in E. coli isolates from magpies mostly corresponded to those common among human isolates, but those conferring tetracycline resistance were unique.200111722546
3498140.9042Comparative study on the bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance genes of urban landscape waters replenished by reclaimed water and surface water in Xi'an, China. Pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban landscape waters may pose a potential threat to human health. However, the investigation of their occurrence in the urban landscape waters replenished by reclaimed water (RW) and surface water (SW) is still insufficient. The water samples collected from six urban landscape waters replenished by RW or SW were used to analyze bacterial diversity using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and to detect 18 ARGs and 2 integron-integrase genes by means of quantitative PCR array. Results indicated that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all six urban landscape waters. The bacterial species richness was lower in urban landscape waters replenished by RW than that by SW. Sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI and sulIII) were the major ARGs in these urban landscape waters. No significant difference in the relative abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and most of beta-lactam resistance genes was observed between RW-replenished and SW-replenished urban landscape waters. By contrast, the relative abundance of bla(ampC) gene and qnrA gene in RW-replenished urban landscape waters was significantly higher than that in SW-replenished urban landscape waters (p < 0.05), which suggested that use of RW may increase the amount of specific ARGs to urban landscape waters. Interestingly, among six urban landscape waters, RW-replenished urban landscape waters had a relatively rich variety of ARGs (12-15 of 18 ARGs) but a low relative abundance of ARGs (458.90-1944.67 copies/16S × 10(6)). The RW replenishment was found to have a certain impact on the bacterial diversity and prevalence of ARGs in urban landscape waters, which provide new insight into the effect of RW replenishment on urban landscape waters.202133786766
7775150.9042Accumulation of pharmaceuticals, Enterococcus, and resistance genes in soils irrigated with wastewater for zero to 100 years in central Mexico. Irrigation with wastewater releases pharmaceuticals, pathogenic bacteria, and resistance genes, but little is known about the accumulation of these contaminants in the environment when wastewater is applied for decades. We sampled a chronosequence of soils that were variously irrigated with wastewater from zero up to 100 years in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico, and investigated the accumulation of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, clarithromycin, carbamazepine, bezafibrate, naproxen, diclofenac, as well as the occurrence of Enterococcus spp., and sul and qnr resistance genes. Total concentrations of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine increased with irrigation duration reaching 95% of their upper limit of 1.4 µg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.3 µg/kg (sulfamethoxazole), and 5.4 µg/kg (carbamazepine) in soils irrigated for 19-28 years. Accumulation was soil-type-specific, with largest accumulation rates in Leptosols and no time-trend in Vertisols. Acidic pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, naproxen, bezafibrate) were not retained and thus did not accumulate in soils. We did not detect qnrA genes, but qnrS and qnrB genes were found in two of the irrigated soils. Relative concentrations of sul1 genes in irrigated soils were two orders of magnitude larger (3.15 × 10(-3) ± 0.22 × 10(-3) copies/16S rDNA) than in non-irrigated soils (4.35 × 10(-5)± 1.00 × 10(-5) copies/16S rDNA), while those of sul2 exceeded the ones in non-irrigated soils still by a factor of 22 (6.61 × 10(-4) ± 0.59 × 10(-4) versus 2.99 × 10(-5) ± 0.26 × 10(-5) copies/16S rDNA). Absolute numbers of sul genes continued to increase with prolonging irrigation together with Enterococcus spp. 23S rDNA and total 16S rDNA contents. Increasing total concentrations of antibiotics in soil are not accompanied by increasing relative abundances of resistance genes. Nevertheless, wastewater irrigation enlarges the absolute concentration of resistance genes in soils due to a long-term increase in total microbial biomass.201223049795
7276160.9040Antibiotic resistance in urban and hospital wastewaters and their impact on a receiving freshwater ecosystem. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance (AR) levels in wastewater (WW) and the impact on the receiving river. Samples were collected once per season over one year in the WW of a hospital, in the raw and treated WW of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), as well as upstream and downstream from the release of WWTPs effluents into the Zenne River (Belgium). Culture-dependent methods were used to quantify Escherichia coli and heterotrophic bacteria resistant to amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. Six antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were quantified in both particle-attached (PAB) and free-living (FLB) bacteria. Our results showed that WWTPs efficiently removed antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) regardless of its AR profile. The ARGs levels were the highest in the hospital WW and were significantly reduced in both WWTPs. However, ARB and ARGs abundances significantly increased into the Zenne River downstream from the WWTPs outfalls. The variation in the relative abundance of ARGs through WW treatment differed depending on the WWTP, fraction, and gene considered. The sul1 and sul2 genes in PAB fraction showed significantly higher relative abundances in the effluent compared to the influent of both WWTPs. This study demonstrated that WWTPs could be hotspots for AR spread with significant impacts on receiving freshwater ecosystems. This was the first comprehensive study investigating at the same time antibiotics occurrence, fecal bacteria indicators, heterotrophic bacterial communities, and ARGs (distinguishing PAB and FLB) to assess AR levels in WW and impacts on the receiving river.201829730567
2792170.9039Resistance Patterns of Frequently Applied Antimicrobials and Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Edwardsiella tarda Detected in Edwardsiellosis-Infected Tilapia Species of Fish Farms of Punjab in Pakistan. Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most significant fish pathogens, causes edwardsiellosis in a variety of freshwater fish species, and its antibiotic resistance against multiple drugs has made it a health risk worldwide. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance (ABR) genes of E. tarda and establish its antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, 540 fish (299 Oreochromis niloticus, 138 O.mossambicus, and 103 O. aureus) were collected randomly from twelve fish farms in three districts of Punjab in Pakistan. E. tarda was recovered from 147 fish showing symptoms of exophthalmia, hemorrhages, skin depigmentation, ascites, and bacteria-filled nodules in enlarged liver and kidney. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing proved chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin effective, but amoxicillin, erythromycin, and flumequine ineffective in controlling edwardsiellosis. Maximum occurrence of qnrA, blaTEM, and sul3 genes of E. tarda was detected in 45% in the liver, 58%, and 42% respectively in the intestine; 46.5%, 67.2%, and 55.9% respectively in O. niloticus; 24%, 36%, and 23% respectively in summer with respect to fish organs, species, and season, respectively. Motility, H(2)S, indole, methyl red, and glucose tests gave positive results. Overall, E. tarda infected 27.2% of fish, which ultimately caused 7.69% mortality. The Chi-squared test of independence showed a significant difference in the occurrence of ABR genes of E. tarda with respect to sampling sites. In conclusion, the misuse of antibacterial agents has led to the emergence of ABR genes in E. tarda, which in association with high temperatures cause multiple abnormalities in infected fish and ultimately resulting in massive mortality.202336788450
3514180.9039Potential risks of microplastics combined with superbugs: Enrichment of antibiotic resistant bacteria on the surface of microplastics in mariculture system. Microplastics have become emerging pollutants and served as potential vectors for harmful bacteria, while rare information on the emergency and propagation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on the surface of microplastics is available. This study investigated the enrichment of ARB, especially multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB), on the surface of microplastics in mariculture system. Polyethylene terephthalate accounted for the highest proportion (75%) in the collected microplastics. The counts of cultivable ARB in microplastic samples were 6.40 × 10(6)-2.48 × 10(8) cfu/g, which were 100-5000 times higher than those in water samples. The ratios of cultivable ARB to total cultivable bacteria from microplastic samples were higher than those from water samples. High-throughput sequencing showed that the diversity and abundance of cultivable ARB in the microplastic samples was high with the predominant bacterial genera of Vibrio, Muricauda and Ruegeria. Total 160 MARB isolates were obtained and most of isolates were obtained from the microplastic samples. MARB isolates resisting or intermediating to four and three antibiotics accounted for much higher proportions in the microplastic samples, and the higher percentage of antibiotic resistance was to penicillin, sulfafurazole, erythromycin and tetracycline. The dominant multiple antibiotic resistance profile was TET-SFX-ERY-PEN, which accounted for 25.4% in microplastic samples and 23.9% in water samples. In typical MARB isolates, the positive detection rate of ARGs was up to 80.0% in microplastic samples while that was 65.3% in water samples. Five types of class 1 integrons (intI1) associated gene cassette arrays and seven types of gene cassettes were detected in microplastic samples, which were more than those in water samples. These results revealed that microplastics were hazardous pollutants for the enrichment of ARB, especially superbugs, and the spread of antibiotic resistance.202031670243
7756190.9038Mitigation of antibiotic resistance: the efficiency of a hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland in the removal of resistant bacteria in wastewater. This research investigates the effectiveness of a lab-scale hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSFCW) for removing wastewater contaminants, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), genes (ARGs) and antibiotics. The results suggested that HSSFCW demonstrated a high removal efficiency for COD (89%) and BOD (88.9%), while lower efficiencies were observed for salts, TDS, EC, and TKN. Further, various bacteria such as Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens and Serratia odorifera were detected in the plant rhizosphere, while Acinetobacter baumanii and Staphylococcus spp. were identified as biofilm formers on the wetland media. The mean removal efficiency of 70.44, 65.99, 70.66 and 51.49% was observed for total heterotrophic bacteria; Cefixime (Cef)-, Ciprofloxacin (Cip)-, and Linezolid (Lzd)-resistant bacteria. Upon chlorination of effluent samples, Cef-, Cip- and Lzd-resistant bacteria were effectively inactivated at 30, 15 and 7.5 mg Cl(2) min/L, respectively. The wetland achieved a removal efficiency of 83.85% for Cip and 100% for Lzd at week 12 with p = 0.040 and p < 0.001, respectively. Further, a log reduction of 0.66 for 16S, 0.82 for blaTEM, 0.61 for blaCTX, and 0.48 for blaOXA was observed. Thus, HSSFCW was observed to be efficient in removing organic contaminants, ARBs, ARGs and antibiotics from domestic wastewater and can be upgraded under natural environments.202540536145