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82500.9406Attaching effacement of the rabbit enterocyte brush border is encoded on a single 96.5-kilobase-pair plasmid in an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O111 strain. An enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPE) O111 serotype a,b,H- strain carried the following four plasmids: pLV501 (96.5 kilobase pairs [kbp]) specifying resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and kanamycin; pLV502 (8 kbp) specifying ampicillin resistance; pLV503 (1.9 kbp) specifying streptomycin resistance; and pLV504 (80 kbp) with no resistance markers. This EPEC attached to HEp-2 cells to produce localized clumps of bacteria (localized adhesion) and attached intimately to the enterocyte surface, leading to loss of the brush border (attaching effacement). Plasmid pLV501 was also found to specify the ability to produce localized adhesion on HEp-2 cells and attaching effacement in a rabbit ileal explant model system. Restriction maps showed considerable dissimilarities between pLV501 and pMAR-2, an EPEC plasmid carrying the EPEC adherence factor (EAF) genes. Furthermore, pLV501 did not hybridize with the EAF probe, whereas pLV504 did. There was sequence homology between pLV501 and large plasmids in all seven other well-characterized EPEC, only five of which hybridized with the EAF probe. These findings indicate that pLV501 carries at least one of the genes responsible for production of the brush border damage characteristic of EPEC.19902182541
260810.9403The investigation of bacteria in the oral of Trichomonas gallinae infected pigeons and the antibiotic resistance analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from farm pigeons in Shandong Province of China. While the global dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates from various animals is well-documented, research on Klebsiella pneumoniae in Trichomonas gallinae-infected pigeons, particularly concerning antibiotic resistance genes in China, remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral harmful microbiota in pigeons and T. gallinae infection, as well as to isolate K. pneumoniae from the oral cavities of infected pigeons. Furthermore, we assessed the resistance profiles of K. pneumoniae isolates against quinolones, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides, and identified the carriers of related resistance genes, including bla genes encoding SHV, TEM, and CTX-M-9 ESBLs.Our results revealed that approximately 30% of pigeons from Laiwu City and Tai'an City in Shandong Province were infected with T. gallinae. Notably, the species diversity and abundance of oral bacteria were significantly higher in infected pigeons compared to their uninfected counterparts, indicating a positive correlation between T. gallinae infection and oral microbial alterations. Among the 14 bacterial species isolated from oral samples of infected pigeons, seven were identified as K. pneumoniae isolates. The majority of these isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and aminoglycosides. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M-9 genes in all seven K. pneumoniae isolates. The predominant plasmid-mediated resistance genes included qnrB (for quinolones), tetA (for tetracyclines), and aac(6')-Ⅰb (for aminoglycosides). These findings provide a overview of antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the emergence of resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from farm pigeons in Shandong, China. They underscore the widespread multidrug resistance in these isolates and highlight the potential risk of antibiotic resistance transmission between animals and humans.202540915084
365220.9388Distribution of Transferable Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Laboratory-Reared Edible Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.). In the present study, the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in laboratory-reared fresh mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.), their feeding substrates (carrots and wheatmeal), and frass was assessed. Microbial counts on selective media added with antibiotics highlighted the presence of lactic acid bacteria resistant to ampicillin and vancomycin and, more specifically, enterococci resistant to the latter antibiotic. Moreover, staphylococci resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin were detected. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin were also found, together with Pseudomonadaceae resistant to gentamicin. Some of the genes coding for resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B)) [erm(A), erm(C)], vancomycin [vanA, vanB], tetracycline [tet(O)], and β-lactams [mecA and blaZ] were absent in all of the samples. For the feeding substrates, organic wheatmeal was positive for tet(S) and tet(K), whereas no AR genes were detected in organic carrots. The genes tet(M), tet(K), and tet(S) were detected in both mealworms and frass, whereas gene aac-aph, coding for resistance to amynoglicosides was exclusively detected in frass. No residues for any of the 64 antibiotics belonging to 10 different drug classes were found in either the organic wheatmeal or carrots. Based on the overall results, the contribution of feed to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes and/or antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in mealworm larvae was hypothesized together with vertical transmission via insect egg smearing.201830510544
264430.9384Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Migratory Greater White-Fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) and their Habitat in Miyajimanuma, Japan. The spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) in natural environments including wild animals is a concern for public health. Birds cover large areas, and some fly across borders to migrate in large flocks. As a migratory bird, the Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) travels to Miyajimanuma, North Japan, each spring and autumn. To investigate the ARB in migratory birds and their surroundings, we collected 110 fecal samples of A. albifrons and 18 water samples from Miyajimanuma in spring and autumn of 2019. Isolation of Escherichia coli was performed using selective agars with or without antimicrobials (cefazolin and nalidixic acid). Isolates of E. coli were recovered from 56 fecal samples (50.9%) and five water samples (27.8%) on agars without antimicrobials. No isolates were recovered on agars with antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate derived from a fecal sample exhibited resistance to β-lactams (ampicillin and cefazolin), whereas all other isolates exhibited susceptibility to all tested antimicrobials. The resistant isolate harbored blaACC, which could be transferred to other bacteria and confer resistance to β-lactams. These results suggest a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in wild migratory birds and their living environments; however, wild migratory birds sometimes carry ARB harboring transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes and therefore present a risk of spreading antimicrobial resistance.202134410412
619340.9384Giardia, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas enzymes activate metronidazole (nitroreductases) and inactivate metronidazole (nitroimidazole reductases). Infections with Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis, which cause diarrhea, dysentery, and vaginitis, respectively, are each treated with metronidazole. Here we show that Giardia, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas have oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase (ntr) genes which are homologous to those genes that have nonsense mutations in metronidazole-resistant Helicobacter pylori isolates. Entamoeba and Trichomonas also have nim genes which are homologous to those genes expressed in metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates. Recombinant Giardia, Entamoeba, and Trichomonas nitroreductases used NADH rather than the NADPH used by Helicobacter, and two recombinant Entamoeba nitroreductases increased the metronidazole sensitivity of transformed Escherichia coli strains. Conversely, the recombinant nitroimidazole reductases (NIMs) of Entamoeba and Trichmonas conferred very strong metronidazole resistance to transformed bacteria. The Ehntr1 gene of the genome project HM-1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica had a nonsense mutation, and the same nonsense mutation was present in 3 of 22 clinical isolates of Entamoeba. While ntr and nim mRNAs were variably expressed by cultured Entamoeba and Trichomonas isolates, there was no relationship to metronidazole sensitivity. We conclude that microaerophilic protists have bacterium-like enzymes capable of activating metronidazole (nitroreductases) and inactivating metronidazole (NIMs). While Entamoeba and Trichomonas displayed some of the changes (nonsense mutations and gene overexpression) associated with metronidazole resistance in bacteria, these changes did not confer metronidazole resistance to the microaerophilic protists examined here.200919015349
537650.9382In vitro Activity of Contezolid Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus, and Strains With Linezolid Resistance Genes From China. Contezolid is a novel oxazolidinone, which exhibits potent activity against gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP). In this study, the in vitro activity of contezolid was compared with linezolid (LZD), tigecycline (TGC), teicoplanin (TEC), vancomycin (VA), daptomycin (DAP), and florfenicol (FFC) against MRSA and VRE strains isolated from China. Contezolid revealed considerable activity against MRSA and VRE isolates with MIC(90) values of 0.5 and 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. For VRE strains with different resistance genotypes, including vanA- and vanM-type strains, contezolid did not exhibit significantly differential antibacterial activity. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of contezolid is similar to or slightly better than that of linezolid against MRSA and VRE strains. Subsequently, the activity of contezolid was tested against strains carrying linezolid resistance genes, including Staphylococcus capitis carrying cfr gene and Enterococcus faecalis carrying optrA gene. The results showed that contezolid exhibited similar antimicrobial efficacy to linezolid against strains with linezolid resistance genes. In general, contezolid may have potential benefits to treat the infections caused by MRSA and VRE pathogens.202134489919
537860.9381Genome-Wide Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 72 Isolates Provides Insights Into Resistance Against Antimicrobial Agents and Virulence Potential. Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 72 (ST72) is a major community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that has rapidly entered the hospital setting in Korea, causing mild superficial skin wounds to severe bloodstream infections. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the genomes of one methicillin-resistant human isolate and one methicillin-sensitive human isolate of ST72 from Korea, K07-204 and K07-561, respectively. We used a subtractive genomics approach to compare these two isolates to other 27 ST72 isolates to investigate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence potential. Furthermore, we validated genotypic differences by phenotypic characteristics analysis. Comparative and subtractive genomics analysis revealed that K07-204 contains methicillin (mecA), ampicillin (blaZ), erythromycin (ermC), aminoglycoside (aadD), and tetracycline (tet38, tetracycline efflux pump) resistance genes while K07-561 has ampicillin (blaZ) and tetracycline (tet38) resistance genes. In addition to antibiotics, K07-204 was reported to show resistance to lysostaphin treatment. K07-204 also has additional virulence genes (adsA, aur, hysA, icaABCDR, lip, lukD, sdrC, and sdrE) compared to K07-561, which may explain the differential virulence potential of these human isolates of ST72. Unexpectedly, the virulence potential of K07-561 was higher in an in vivo wax-worm infection model than that of K07-204, putatively due to the presence of a 20-fold higher staphyloxanthin concentration than K07-204. Comprehensive genomic analysis of these two human isolates, with 27 ST72 isolates, and S. aureus USA300 (ST8) suggested that acquisition of both virulence and antibiotics resistance genes by ST72 isolates might have facilitated their adaptation from a community to a hospital setting where the selective pressure imposed by antibiotics selects for more resistant and virulent isolates. Taken together, the results of the current study provide insight into the genotypic and phenotypic features of various ST72 clones across the globe, delivering more options for developing therapeutics and rapid molecular diagnostic tools to detect resistant bacteria.202033552024
122170.9381Invasive whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) act as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Latin America's most populous city. Invasive species represent a significant threat to ecological balance and the maintenance of native populations. Besides, these have been associated with the emergence of pathogens of public health importance, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to screen and describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of clinically important Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei), an invasive anuran species in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae strains (n = 35) were isolated from oral and skin swabs of 19 whistling frogs and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance encoding genes. Resistance to amoxicillin + clavulanate and cefoxitin were the most frequent (16.67%; 4/24), followed by cefotaxime (5.71%; 2/35), ceftriaxone (2.86%; 1/35), and tetracycline (2.86%; 1/35). Among the antimicrobial resistance genes screened, bla(CTX-M group 8), bla(TEM), and bla(CMY) were identified. The whole genome of the bla(CTX-M group 8)-positive E. coli strain was assessed and confirmed bla(CTX-M-8) presence and phylogenetic analysis. Given the synanthropic behavior of whistling frogs, these amphibians may act as carriers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.202540884707
301780.9379The ancient small mobilizable plasmid pALWED1.8 harboring a new variant of the non-cassette streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene aadA27. The small mobilizable plasmid pALWED1.8 containing a novel variant of the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance gene aadA27 was isolated from the permafrost strains of Acinetobacter lwoffii. The 4135bp plasmid carries mobА and mobC genes that mediate its mobilization by conjugative plasmids. The nucleotide sequences of mobА and mobC are similar to those of mobilization genes of the modern plasmid pRAY* and its variants, which contain aadB gene, and are widespread among the pathogenic strains of Acinetobacter baumannii. Almost identical pALWED1.8 variants were detected in modern environmental Аcinetobacter strains. A highly similar plasmid was revealed in a strain of Acinetobacter parvus isolated from mouse intestine. Furthermore, we discovered six previously unidentified variants of plasmids related to pALWED1.8 and pRAY* in public databases. In contrast to most known variants of aadA which are cassette genes associated with integrons, the aadA27 variant harbored by pALWED1.8 is a non-cassette, autonomously transcribed gene. Non-cassette aadA genes with 96% sequence identity to aadA27 were detected in the chromosomes of Acinetobacter gyllenbergii and several uncharacterized strains of Аcinetobacter sp. Moreover, we revealed that the autonomous aadA-like genes are present in the chromosomes of many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of all identified AadA proteins showed the following: (i) cassette aadA genes form a separate monophyletic group and mainly reside on plasmids and (ii) chromosomal non-cassette aadA genes are extremely diverse and can be inherited both vertical and via horizontal gene transfer.201626896789
237490.9378Phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance of the intestinal microbiota isolated from two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) post mortem. INTRODUCTION: In Poland, alpacas are commonly companion animals and producers of wool. Human-alpaca-environment interactions raise One Health concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). No medications are licensed in Poland for camelids, and so all are prescribed under the cascade; they include β-lactams, cephalosporin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Human and animal bacterial AMR is a matter of global concern. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic AMR among bacteria isolated from alpaca intestines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and biochemical methods. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations and by the Kirby-Bauer method. RESULTS: Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Serratia spp. exhibited resistance to β-lactams, first-generation cephalosporins and tetracyclines, with Serratia spp. also resistant to colistin, polymyxin B and florfenicol. Enterococcus spp. were resistant to penicillin G, benzylpenicillin and erythromycin, but not to vancomycin, while Staphylococcus spp. showed resistance to amoxicillin and penicillins, but not to methicillin. Bacillus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. were resistant to some penicillins, tetracyclines and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Enterobacteriaceae isolates carried resistance genes (aadA, dfrA1, tetA, sul1, sul2, strA/strB and floR); therefore, the tested alpacas' microbiomes harboured AMR determinants. CONCLUSION: Alpacas should be monitored over an extended period to know the risk of transmission of AMR genes from components of their microbiome.202541064399
5446100.9378Antimicrobial sensitivity trends and virulence genes in Shigella spp. from the Oceania region. Shigella is a common cause of diarrhoea in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and other Oceania countries. However, little is known about the strains causing infection. Archived Shigella isolates (n = 72) were obtained from research laboratories in PNG and reference laboratories in Australia. Shigella virulence genes were detected by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The ipaH virulence gene was present in all 72 isolates. The prevalence of other virulence genes was variable, with ial, invE, ipaBCD, sen/ospD3 and virF present in 60% of isolates and set1A and set1B genes present in 42% of isolates. Most S. flexneri isolates contained genes encoding enterotoxin 1 and/or enterotoxin 2. Resistance to antibiotics was common, with 51/72 isolates resistant to 2-4 antimicrobials. A greater proportion of bacteria isolated since 2010 (relative to pre-2010 isolates) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; suggesting that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Shigella is increasing over time in the Oceania region. There is a need for improved knowledge regarding Shigella circulation in the Oceania region and further monitoring of AMR patterns.201829906636
5217110.9375UV Resistance of bacteria from the Kenyan Marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens. UV resistance of bacteria isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens has not been observed previously, findings which highlight how unsafe germicidal UV irradiation for sterilization of air, food, and water could be. Further, UV resistance of Bacillus licheniformis is being observed for the first time. This study focused on bacteria isolated from the marine cyanobacterium M. producens collected off the Kenyan coast at Shimoni, Wasini, Kilifi, and Mida. UV irradiance of isolates (302 nm, 70 W/m(2) , 0-1 hr) established B. licheniformis as the most UV resistant strain, with the following order of taxon resistance: Bacilli> γ proteobacteria > Actinobacteria. UV resistance was independent of pigmentation. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic distance determined for both B. licheniformis and Bacillus aerius relative to M. producens CCAP 1446/4 was 2.0. Survival of B. licheniformis upon UV irradiance followed first-order kinetics (k = 0.035/min, R(2)  = 0.88). Addition of aqueous extracts (2, 10, 20 and 40 mg/ml) of this B. licheniformis strain on the less resistant Marinobacterium stanieri was not significant, however, the commercial sunscreen benzophenone-3 (BP-3) positive control and the time of irradiance were significant. Detection of bacteria on M. producens filaments stained with acridine orange confirmed its nonaxenic nature. Although the chemistry of UV resistance in cyanobacteria has been studied in depth revealing for example the role of mycosporine like amino acids (MAAs) in UV resistance less is known about how bacteria resist UV irradiation. This is of interest since cyanobacteria live in association with bacteria.201930123980
1386120.9373ESBL/pAmpC-producing Enterobacterales in common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) and central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from Portugal. Common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) and central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) are widely kept as pets but can harbor pathogenic bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to research the frequency of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in these two reptile species. A total of 132 samples were collected from the oral and cloacal cavities of healthy common leopard geckos and central bearded dragons in the Lisbon area, Portugal. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed for third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacterales. The results revealed that 3GC-resistant Enterobacterales were observed in 17.9% (n = 14/78) of the reptiles. The most commonly identified species were: Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Furthermore, some isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) encoding genes such as bla (CMY-2), bla (CTX-M-15,) and bla (TEM-1). These findings emphasize the potential role of these reptiles in the spread of AMR bacteria, particularly in urban settings where human- animal interactions are frequent. Given the zoonotic risks, this study emphasizes the importance of continued surveillance and responsible antimicrobial use in both veterinary and human medicine to mitigate the spread of AMR bacteria.202540370835
2603130.9373Characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae carried by suburban mesocarnivores and locally owned and stray dogs. The role of wildlife in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment is of increasing concern. We investigated the occurrence, richness and transmissibility potential of ARGs detected in the faeces of three mesocarnivore species: the coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and of stray and owned dogs in suburban Chicago, IL, USA. Rectal swabs were collected from live-captured coyotes (n = 32), raccoons (n = 31) and Virginia opossums (n = 22). Fresh faecal samples were collected from locally owned (n = 13) and stray dogs (n = 18) and from the live-captured mesocarnivores, when available. Faecal samples and rectal swabs were enriched to select for Enterobacteriaceae and pooled by mesocarnivore species and dog type (owned or stray). Pooled enriched samples were then analysed for the presence of ARGs using shotgun sequencing. The three mesocarnivore and stray dog samples had twice as many unique ARGs compared to the owned dog sample, which was partly driven by a greater richness of beta-lactamase genes (genes conferring resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins). Raccoon and stray dog samples had the most ARGs in common, suggesting possible exposure to similar environmental sources of ARGs. In addition to identifying clinically relevant ARGs (e.g. bla(CMY) and qnrB), some ARGs were linked to the class 1 integrase gene, intI1, which may indicate anthropogenic origin. Findings from this pilot investigation suggest that the microbial communities of suburban mesocarnivores and stray dogs can host ARGs that can confer resistance to several antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine.202032034890
1906140.9373Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance by Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis between Close Domestic and Wild Environments. The Salmonellaenterica serovar Choleraesuis affects domestic pig and wild boar (WB), causing clinical salmonellosis. Iberian swine production is based on a free-range production system where WB and Iberian pig (IP) share ecosystems. This study focuses on the negative impact on the pork industry of infections due to this serotype, its role in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and its zoonotic potential. Antibiotic resistance (AR) and genetic relationships were analyzed among 20 strains of S. Choleraesuis isolated from diseased WB and IP sampled in the southwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. AR was studied using the Kirby-Bauer method with the exception of colistin resistance, which was measured using the broth microdilution reference method. Resistance and Class 1 integrase genes were measured using PCR, and the genetic relationship between isolates and plasmid content by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The results show a higher incidence of AR in isolates from IP. Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven profiles with two groups containing isolates from IP and WB, which indicates circulation of the same clone between species. Most pulsotypes presented with one plasmid of the same size, indicating vertical transmission. AR determinants bla(TEM) and tetA were routinely found in IP and WB, respectively. One isolate from IP expressed colistin resistance and presented the mcr-1 gene carried by a plasmid. This study suggests that S. Choleraesuis circulates between WB and IP living in proximity, and also that the mobilization of AR genes by plasmids is low. Furthermore, the detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in bacteria from IP is alarming and should be monitored.202033137987
5418150.9372Detection of optrA in the African continent (Tunisia) within a mosaic Enterococcus faecalis plasmid from urban wastewaters. OBJECTIVES: Oxazolidinone resistance is a serious limitation in the treatment of MDR Enterococcus infections. Plasmid-mediated oxazolidinone resistance has been strongly linked to animals where the use of phenicols might co-select resistance to both antibiotic families. Our goal was to assess the diversity of genes conferring phenicol/oxazolidinone resistance among diverse enterococci and to characterize the optrA genetic environment. METHODS: Chloramphenicol-resistant isolates (>16 mg/L, n = 245) from different sources (hospitals/healthy humans/wastewaters/animals) in Portugal, Angola and Tunisia (1996-2016) were selected. Phenicol (eight cat variants, fexA, fexB) or phenicol + oxazolidinone [cfr, cfr(B), optrA] resistance genes were searched for by PCR. Susceptibility (disc diffusion/microdilution), filter mating, stability of antibiotic resistance (500 bacterial generations), plasmid typing (S1-PFGE/hybridization), MLST and WGS (Illumina-HiSeq) were performed for optrA-positive isolates. RESULTS: Resistance to phenicols (n = 181, 74%) and phenicols + oxazolidinones (n = 2, 1%) was associated with the presence of cat(A-8) (40%, predominant in hospitals and swine), cat(A-7) (29%, predominant in poultry and healthy humans), cat(A-9) (2%), fexB (2%) and fexA + optrA (1%). fexA and optrA genes were co-located in a transferable plasmid (pAF379, 72 918 bp) of two ST86 MDR Tunisian Enterococcus faecalis (wastewaters) carrying several putative virulence genes. MICs of chloramphenicol, linezolid and tedizolid were stably maintained at 64, 4 and 1 mg/L, respectively. The chimeric pAF379 comprised relics of genetic elements from different Gram-positive bacteria and origins (human/porcine). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, we report the first detection of optrA in an African country (Tunisia) within a transferable mosaic plasmid of different origins. Its identification in isolates from environmental sources is worrisome and alerts for the need of a concerted global surveillance on the occurrence and spread of optrA.201729029072
2465160.9372Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Tigecycline-Resistant Strains Isolated from Herbivores in Northwest China. There is no doubt that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and safety, regardless of whether it’s caused by people or natural transmission. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics and variations of tigecycline-resistant Gram-negative isolates from herbivores in northwest China. In this study, a total of 300 samples were collected from various provinces in northwest China, and 11 strains (3.67%) of tigecycline-resistant bacteria were obtained. In addition, bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing against 14 antibiotics were performed. All isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to more than three kinds of antibiotics. Using an Illumina MiSeq platform, 11 tigecycline-resistant isolates were sequenced using whole genome sequencing (WGS). The assembled draft genomes were annotated, and then sequences were blasted against the AMR gene database and virulence factor database. Several resistance genes mediating drug resistance were detected by WGS, including fluoroquinolone resistance genes (gyrA_S83L, gyrA_D87N, S83L, parC_S80I, and gyrB_S463A), fosfomycin resistance genes (GlpT_E448K and UhpT_E350Q), beta-lactam resistance genes (FtsI_D350N and S357N), and the tigecycline resistance gene (tetR N/A). Furthermore, there were five kinds of chromosomally encoded genetic systems that confer MDR (MarR_Y137H, G103S, MarR_N/A, SoxR_N/A, SoxS_N/A, AcrR N/A, and MexZ_K127E). A comprehensive analysis of MDR strains derived from WGS was used to detect variable antimicrobial resistance genes and their precise mechanisms of resistance. In addition, we found a novel ST type of Escherichia coli (ST13667) and a newly discovered point mutation (K127E) in the MexZ gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. WGS plays a crucial role in AMR control, prevention strategies, as well as multifaceted intervention strategies.202236557685
5485170.9372Detection and genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant staphylococci isolated from public areas in an international airport. The environmental realm has been acknowledged as a pivotal arena for the emergence and propagation of antimicrobial resistance. To further explore insight into antimicrobial resistance dynamics beyond clinical and veterinary settings, we embarked on an environmental surveillance initiative targeting the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within the bustling confines of an international airport in Japan. Our findings illuminate a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci (46.3%) on frequently contacted surfaces in the public domain. Notably, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and S. epidermidis emerged as the preeminent carriers of the mecA gene. Intriguingly, we encountered a virulent strain of livestock-associated MRSA harboring a PVL-positive ST1232 clone, CC398 lineage. Further scrutiny unveiled a repertoire of resistance mechanisms, the methicillin-resistant isolates exhibited two or more resistance genes conferring resistance against different types of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, and fosfomycin. Revealing multidrug-resistant CoNS and a LA-MRSA across various surfaces in urban public areas unearths a looming public health hazard. Thus, implementation of molecular surveillance is imperative, augmenting our capacity for early detection and mitigation of the insidious spread and potential transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors amidst urban settings, notably within pivotal nodes such as airports.202439532959
5386180.9371Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Chinese yogurts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of 43 strains of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from Chinese yogurts made in different geographical areas, to 11 antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin G, roxithromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, lincomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamycin). The 43 isolates (18 Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 25 Streptococcus thermophilus) were identified at species level and were typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Thirty-five genotypically different strains were detected and their antimicrobial resistance to 11 antibiotics was determined using the agar dilution method. Widespread resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, tetracyclines, lincomycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamycin was found among the 35 strains tested. All of the Strep. thermophilus strains tested were susceptible to penicillin G and roxithromycin, whereas 23.5 and 64.7% of Lb. bulgaricus strains, respectively, were resistant. All of the Strep. thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus strains were found to be resistant to kanamycin. The presence of the corresponding resistance genes in the resistant isolates was investigated through PCR, with the following genes detected: tet(M) in 1 Lb. bulgaricus and 2 Strep. thermophilus isolates, ant(6) in 2 Lb. bulgaricus and 2 Strep. thermophilus isolates, and aph(3')-IIIa in 5 Lb. bulgaricus and 2 Strep. thermophilus isolates. The main threat associated with these bacteria is that they may transfer resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, which has been a major cause of concern to human and animal health. To our knowledge, the aph(3')-IIIa and ant(6) genes were found in Lb. bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus for the first time. Further investigations are required to analyze whether the genes identified in Lb. bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus isolates might be horizontally transferred to other species.201222916881
1990190.9371Genomic Analysis of Aeromonas veronii C198, a Novel Mcr-3.41-Harboring Isolate from a Patient with Septicemia in Thailand. The resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to colistin, mediated by plasmid-borne mcr genes, is an emerging public health concern. The complete genome sequence (4.55 Mb) of a clinical isolate of Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii obtained from a patient with septicemia was determined using short-read and long-read platforms. This isolate (C198) was found to harbor a novel mcr-3 gene, designated mcr-3.41. Isolate C198 revealed adjacent mcr-3.41 and mcr-3-like genes. It contained one chromosome and two plasmids, both of which encoded a RepB replication protein. Other antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla(cphA3), bla(OXA-12), tetA, rsmA, and adeF, were also present. Isolate C198 was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam and tetracycline, and showed intermediate resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolate was susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, carbapenem, third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides. Putative virulence genes in the C198 genome encoded type II, III, and VI secretion systems; type IV Aeromonas pili; and type I fimbria, flagella, hemagglutinin, aerolysin, and hemolysins. Multilocus sequence typing revealed a novel sequence type (ST), ST720 for C198. Phylogenetic analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in C198 demonstrated that the strain was closely related to A. veronii 17ISAe. The present study provides insights into the genomic characteristics of human A. veronii isolates.202033317051