# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8601 | 0 | 0.9931 | Herbicide promotes the conjugative transfer of multi-resistance genes by facilitating cellular contact and plasmid transfer. The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), especially via plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer, is becoming a pervasive health threat. While our previous study found that herbicides can accelerate the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs in soil bacteria, the underlying mechanisms by which herbicides promote the HGT of ARGs across and within bacterial genera are still unclear. Here, the underlying mechanism associated with herbicide-promoted HGT was analyzed by detecting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, extracellular polymeric substance composition, cell membrane integrity and proton motive force combined with genome-wide RNA sequencing. Exposure to herbicides induced a series of the above bacterial responses to promote HGT except for the ROS response, including compact cell-to-cell contact by enhancing pilus-encoded gene expression and decreasing cell surface charge, increasing cell membrane permeability, and enhancing the proton motive force, providing additional power for DNA uptake. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the risk of bacterial resistance spread promoted by herbicides, which elucidates a new perspective on nonantibiotic agrochemical acceleration of the HGT of ARGs. | 2022 | 34969463 |
| 8599 | 1 | 0.9930 | Artificial sweeteners stimulate horizontal transfer of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes through natural transformation. Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a global threat to human health. Natural transformation is an important pathway for horizontal gene transfer, which facilitates the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among bacteria. Although it is suspected that artificial sweeteners could exert antimicrobial effects, little is known whether artificial sweeteners would also affect horizontal transfer of ARGs via transformation. Here we demonstrate that four commonly used artificial sweeteners (saccharin, sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium) promote transfer of ARGs via natural transformation in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1, a model organism for studying competence and transformation. Such phenomenon was also found in a Gram-positive human pathogen Bacillus subtilis and mice faecal microbiome. We reveal that exposure to these sweeteners increases cell envelope permeability and results in an upregulation of genes encoding DNA uptake and translocation (Com) machinery. In addition, we find that artificial sweeteners induce an increase in plasmid persistence in transformants. We propose a mathematical model established to predict the long-term effects on transformation dynamics under exposure to these sweeteners. Collectively, our findings offer insights into natural transformation promoted by artificial sweeteners and highlight the need to evaluate these environmental contaminants for their antibiotic-like side effects. | 2022 | 34465899 |
| 8619 | 2 | 0.9928 | Bioavailability of pollutants and chemotaxis. The exposure of bacteria to pollutants induces frequently chemoattraction or chemorepellent reactions. Recent research suggests that the capacity to degrade a toxic compound has co-evolved in some bacteria with the capacity to chemotactically react to it. There is an increasing amount of data which show that chemoattraction to biodegradable pollutants increases their bioavailability which translates into an enhancement of the biodegradation rate. Pollutant chemoreceptors so far identified are encoded on degradation or resistance plasmids. Genetic engineering of bacteria, such as the transfer of chemoreceptor genes, offers thus the possibility to optimize biodegradation processes. | 2013 | 22981870 |
| 9331 | 3 | 0.9928 | Pneumococcal extracellular vesicles mediate horizontal gene transfer via the transformation machinery. Bacterial cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), the function of which is a matter of intense investigation. Here, we show that the EVs secreted by the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are associated with bacterial DNA on their surface and can deliver this DNA to the transformation machinery of competent cells. These findings suggest that EVs contribute to gene transfer in Gram-positive bacteria and, in doing so, may promote the spread of drug resistance genes in the population.IMPORTANCEThis work extends our understanding of horizontal gene transfer and the roles of extracellular vesicles in pneumococcus. This bacterium serves as the model for transformation, a process by which bacteria can take up naked DNA from the environment. Here, we show that extracellular vesicles secreted by the pneumococcus have DNA on their surface and that this DNA can be imported by the transformation machinery, facilitating gene transfer. Understanding EV-mediated gene transfer may provide new avenues to manage the spread of antibiotic drug resistance. | 2024 | 39503503 |
| 9330 | 4 | 0.9927 | Pneumococcal Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Horizontal Gene Transfer via the Transformation Machinery. Bacterial cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), the function of which is a matter of intense investigation. Here, we show that the EVs secreted by the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are associated with bacterial DNA on their surface and can deliver this DNA to the transformation machinery of competent cells. These findings suggest that EVs contribute to gene transfer in Gram-positive bacteria, and in doing so, may promote the spread of drug resistance genes in the population. | 2023 | 38168155 |
| 8557 | 5 | 0.9927 | Efficient inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria by iron-modified biochar and persulfate system: Potential for controlling antimicrobial resistance spread and mechanism insights. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, further intensified by the widespread dissemination of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which poses a significant challenge to the "One Health" concept. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) have emerged as effective disinfection methods, capable of degrading antibiotics, inactivating bacteria, and eliminating ARGs, whereas their efficacy towards blocking ARGs horizontal transfer remains elusive. This work constructed a series of Fe-modified soybean straw biochar (FeSSB) as persulfate (PS) activators through Fe-modification and temperature regulation. Among the tested systems, FeSSB800/PS achieved complete inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) with a 7.04-log reduction within 60 min, outperforming others. FeSSB800, featuring the highest exposed-Fe(II) sites, most CO groups, and lowest charge transfer resistance, obtaining optimal PS activation and reactive species generation, which caused irreversible damage to ARB cells and significantly inhibited the transformation and conjugation efficiency of plasmid RP4. The inhibition mechanism is driven by the aggressive action of free radicals, which injure cell envelopes, induce oxidative stress, disrupt ATP synthesis, and alter intercellular adhesion. These findings underscore the potential of PS-AOPs as a promising strategy to mitigate AMR by simultaneously inactivating ARB and impeding ARGs dissemination. | 2025 | 40203758 |
| 8526 | 6 | 0.9926 | Size-dependent enhancement on conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by micro/nanoplastics. Recently micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) have raised intensive concerns due to their possible enhancement effect on the dissemination of antibiotic genes. Unfortunately, data is still lacking to verify the effect. In the study, the influence of polystyrene MNPs on the conjugative gene transfer was studied by using E. coli DH5ɑ with RP4 plasmid as the donor bacteria and E. coli K12 MG1655 as the recipient bacteria. We found that influence of MNPs on gene transfer was size-dependent. Small MNPs (10 nm in radius) caused an increase and then a decrease in gene transfer efficiency with their concentration increasing. Moderate-sized MNPs (50 nm in radius) caused an increase in gene transfer efficiency. Large MNPs (500 nm in radius) had almost no influence on gene transfer. The gene transfer could be further enhanced by optimizing mating time and mating ratio. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) production did not affect the cell membrane permeability, indicating that the increase in cell membrane permeability was not related to ROS production. The mechanism of the enhanced gene transfer efficiency was attributed to a combined effect of the increased ROS production and the increased cell membrane permeability, which ultimately regulated the expression of corresponding genes. | 2022 | 35278945 |
| 8513 | 7 | 0.9926 | Chlorine disinfection facilitates natural transformation through ROS-mediated oxidative stress. The bacterial infection that involves antimicrobial resistance is a rising global threat to public health. Chlorine-based water disinfection processes can inactivate antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, at the same time, these processes may cause the release of antibiotic resistance genes into the water as free DNA, and consequently increase the risk to disseminate antibiotic resistance via natural transformation. Presently, little is known about the contribution of residual chlorine affecting the transformation of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigates whether chloramine and free chlorine promote the transformation of ARGs and how this may occur. We reveal that both chloramine and free chlorine, at practically relevant concentrations, significantly stimulated the transformation of plasmid-encoded ARGs by the recipient Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1, by up to a 10-fold increase. The underlying mechanisms underpinning the increased transformations were revealed. Disinfectant exposure induced a series of cell responses, including increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), bacterial membrane damage, ROS-mediated DNA damage, and increased stress response. These effects thus culminated in the enhanced transformation of ARGs. This promoted transformation was observed when exposing disinfectant-pretreated A. baylyi to free plasmid. In contrast, after pretreating free plasmid with disinfectants, the transformation of ARGs decreased due to the damage of plasmid integrity. These findings provide important insight on the roles of disinfectants affecting the horizontal transfer of ARGs, which could be crucial in the management of antibiotic resistance in our water systems. | 2021 | 33941886 |
| 8523 | 8 | 0.9926 | Tebuconazole promotes spread of a multidrug-resistant plasmid into soil bacteria to form new resistant bacterial strains. The development of antibiotic resistance threatens human and environmental health. Non-antibiotic stressors, including fungicides, may contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We determined the promoting effects of tebuconazole on ARG dissemination using a donor, Escherichia coli MG1655, containing a multidrug-resistant fluorescent plasmid (RP4) and a recipient (E. coli HB101). The donor was then incorporated into the soil to test whether tebuconazole could accelerate the spread of RP4 into indigenous bacteria. Tebuconazole promoted the transfer of the RP4 plasmid from the donor into the recipient via overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhancement of cell membrane permeability and regulation of related genes. The dissemination of the RP4 plasmid from the donor to soil bacteria was significantly enhanced by tebuconazole. RP4 plasmid could be propagated into more genera of bacteria in tebuconazole-contaminated soil as the exposure time increased. These findings demonstrate that the fungicide tebuconazole promotes the spread of the RP4 plasmid into indigenous soil bacteria, revealing the potential risk of tebuconazole residues enhancing the dissemination of ARGs in soil environments. | 2024 | 38615769 |
| 8488 | 9 | 0.9925 | Antihistamine drug loratadine at environmentally relevant concentrations promotes conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes: Coeffect of oxidative stress and ion transport. Due to the widespread use of loratadine (LOR) as an antihistamine, it is widely distributed in the environment as an emerging contaminant. However, its impact on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of LOR on the conjugative transfer of ARGs and elucidated the potential mechanisms through transcriptome analysis. The results showed that LOR significantly promoted the frequency of conjugative transfer up to 1.5- to 8.6-fold higher compared with the control group. Exposure to LOR increased reactive oxidative species (ROS) and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations, leading to the upregulation of expression of genes related to transmembrane transport and SOS response. Meanwhile, it stimulated the increase of cell membrane permeability. Moreover, LOR exposure could enhance H(+) efflux in donor bacteria, resulting in the decrease of intracellular pH and the elevation of transmembrane potential, which could induce the increase of ion transport, thereby promoting plasmid efflux from the cell membrane. Based on this, we inferred that LOR can induce an increase in ROS level and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations, and promoted the efflux of intracellular H(+). This, in turn, triggered the intensification of various ion transport processes on the cell membrane, thereby increasing membrane permeability and accelerating plasmid efflux. Ultimately, the coeffect of oxidative stress response and ion transport promoted conjugative transfer. This study demonstrated that LOR significantly promotes plasmid-mediated conjugative transfer of ARGs, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying this process. | 2025 | 39919578 |
| 8604 | 10 | 0.9925 | Reactive chlorine species inhibiting interspecies spread of antibiotic resistance via disrupting donor - Recipient cells and regulating plasmid conjugation genes. Current drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) disinfection technologies face limitations, allowing plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transfer to occur among viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria, heightening the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections. While UV/Chlorine has been adopted to curb ARGs abundance, its impacts on the interspecies transfer of ARG-carrying plasmids remain hardly explored. This study investigated how reactive chlorine species (RCS) in the UV/Chlorine system inhibited the transfer of antibiotic resistance from antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (AR E. coli) to Bacillus subtilis (B.S) by inactivating both donor and recipient strains and regulating plasmid conjugation genes. RCS reduced plasmid transfer frequencies by 2.1-log and 3.2-log compared to UV or chlorine alone. By impairing (•)OH scavenging ability, it led to ROS accumulation in AR E. coli, disrupting cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, ultimately causing DNA degradation and membrane damage, resulting in AR E. coli inactivation rather than entering the VBNC state. Additionally, RCS induced structural and intracellular disruption in B.S, compromising its capacity for plasmid uptake and stable maintenance. Finally, RCS inhibited plasmid horizontal transfer while enhancing vertical transfer, with its damage to outer membrane proteins further restricting interspecies plasmid conjugation transfer. This study provides novel insights for DWTPs to better control ARGs interspecies transfer and improve drinking water safety. | 2025 | 40505407 |
| 8522 | 11 | 0.9925 | Electrochemical disinfection may increase the spread of antibiotic resistance genes by promoting conjugal plasmid transfer. Current in the milliampere range can be used for electrochemical inactivation of bacteria. Yet, bacteria-including antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) may be subjected to sublethal conditions due to imperfect mixing or energy savings measures during electrochemical disinfection. It is not known whether such sublethal current intensities have the potential to stimulate plasmid transfer from ARB. In this study, conjugal transfer of plasmid pKJK5 was investigated between Pseudomonas putida strains under conditions reflecting electrochemical disinfection. Although the abundance of culturable and membrane-intact donor and recipient cells decreased with applied current (0-60 mA), both transconjugant density and transconjugant frequency increased. Both active chlorine and superoxide radicals were generated electrolytically, and ROS generation was induced. In addition, we detected significant over expression of a core oxidative stress defense gene (ahpCF) with current. Expression of selected conjugation related genes (traE, traI, trbJ, and trbL) also significantly correlated with current intensity. ROS accumulation, SOS response and subsequent derepression of conjugation are therefore the plausible consequence of sublethal current exposure. These findings suggest that sublethal intensities of current can enhance conjugal plasmid transfer, and that it is essential that conditions of electrochemical disinfection (applied voltage, current density, time and mixing) are carefully controlled to avoid conjugal ARG transmission. | 2023 | 36328265 |
| 8525 | 12 | 0.9924 | Low-intensity ultrasound promotes the horizontal transfer of resistance genes mediated by plasmids in E. coli. Widespread of pathogenic bacteria resistant to antibiotics has become a worldwide public health concern. Conjugative transfer between bacteria is an important mechanism for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Ultrasound has been widely applied in many fields, but the effect of ultrasound on horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes is still not clear. We discovered that low-intensity (≤ 0.05 W/cm(2)) ultrasound had no effect on bacterial growth and survival rates, but increased the permeability of cell membrane, and consequentially elevated the transfer rates of plasmid. Low-intensity ultrasound enhanced conjugation between bacteria, induced expression of conjugation genes TrpBp and TrfAp, and inhibited expression of global regulatory genes KorA, KorB, TrbA, and TrbK. In conclusion, low-intensity ultrasound promoted horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes by enhancing conjugation and regulating expression of horizontal transfer-related genes. | 2018 | 29692961 |
| 8493 | 13 | 0.9924 | Effects and mechanisms of plant growth regulators on horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes through plasmid-mediated conjugation. A vast number of bacteria occur in both soil and plants, with some of them harboring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). When bacteria congregate on the interface of soil particles or on plant root surfaces, these ARGs can be transferred between bacteria via conjugation, leading to the formation of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that threaten human health. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely used in agricultural production, promoting plant growth and increasing crop yields. However, until now, little information has been known about the effects of PGRs on the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs. In this study, with Escherichia coli DH5α (carrying RP4 plasmid with Tet(R), Amp(R), Kan(R)) as the donor and E. coli HB101 as the recipient, a series of diparental conjugation experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of indoleacetic acid (IAA), ethel (ETH) and gibberellin (GA(3)) on HGT of ARGs via plasmid-mediated conjugation. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved were also clarified. The results showed that all three PGRs affected the ARG transfer frequency by inducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, changing the cell membrane permeability, and regulating the gene transcription of traA, traL, trfAp, trbBp, kilA, and korA in plasmid RP4. In detail, 50-100 mg⋅L(-1) IAA, 20-50 mg⋅L(-1) ETH and 1500-2500 mg⋅L(-1) GA(3) all significantly promoted the ARG conjugation. This study indicated that widespread use of PGRs in agricultural production could affect the HGT of ARGs via plasmid-mediated conjugation, and the application of reasonable concentrations of PGRs could reduce the ARG transmission in both soil environments and plants. | 2023 | 36720410 |
| 8606 | 14 | 0.9924 | Pheromone effect of estradiol regulates the conjugative transfer of pCF10 carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mediated by conjugative plasmids greatly contributes to bacteria evolution and the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In addition to the selective pressure imposed by extensive antibiotic use, environmental chemical pollutants facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, consequently posing a serious threat to the ecological environment. Presently, the majority of studies focus on the effects of environmental compounds on R plasmid-mediated conjugation transfer, and pheromone-inducible conjugation has largely been neglected. In this study, we explored the pheromone effect and potential molecular mechanisms of estradiol in promoting the conjugative transfer of pCF10 plasmid in Enterococcus faecalis. Environmentally relevant concentrations of estradiol significantly increased the conjugative transfer of pCF10 with a maximum frequency of 3.2 × 10(-2), up to 3.5-fold change compared to that of control. Exposure to estradiol induced the activation of pheromone signaling cascade by increasing the expression of ccfA. Furthermore, estradiol might directly bind to the pheromone receptor PrgZ and promote pCF10 induction and finally enhance the conjugative transfer of pCF10. These findings cast valuable insights on the roles of estradiol and its homolog in increasing antibiotic resistance and the potential ecological risk. | 2023 | 36889077 |
| 8527 | 15 | 0.9924 | Insight into the impacts and mechanisms of ketone stress on the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli. Accumulation of toxic organic has posed a substantial pressure on the proliferation of bacterial resistance. While aromatic organics have been demonstrated to enhance the antibiotic resistance in bacteria, no information is yet available on the effects of non-aromatic organics on the variations of bacterial resistance. Here, we investigated the effects of a typical ketone (i.e., methylisobutanone (MIBK)) on the variations of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results showed that the growth of resistant E. coli under environmental concentration of 50 μg/L MIBK was firstly inhibited as explained by the transient disruption in the cell membrane and then recovered possibly due to the reactive oxygen species. Exposure to 50 μg/L MIBK gradually raised the abundance of representative resistance gene (ampR) in E. coli. In contrast, the high concentration of 50 mg/L MIBK continuously inhibited the growth of resistant E. coli by disrupting cell membrane and notably promoted the proliferation of ampR through enhancing the horizontal transformation and up-regulating the expression of efflux pump gene. These findings provided the first evidence for the evolution of bacterial resistance in response to ketone organics. | 2022 | 35771331 |
| 8333 | 16 | 0.9924 | Role of Extracellular DNA in Bacterial Response to SOS-Inducing Drugs. The SOS response is a conserved stress response pathway that is triggered by DNA damage in the bacterial cell. Activation of this pathway can, in turn, cause the rapid appearance of new mutations, sometimes called hypermutation. We compared the ability of various SOS-inducing drugs to trigger the expression of RecA, cause hypermutation, and produce elongation of bacteria. During this study, we discovered that these SOS phenotypes were accompanied by the release of large amounts of DNA into the extracellular medium. The release of DNA was accompanied by a form of bacterial aggregation in which the bacteria became tightly enmeshed in DNA. We hypothesize that DNA release triggered by SOS-inducing drugs could promote the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes by transformation or by conjugation. | 2023 | 37107011 |
| 6777 | 17 | 0.9923 | Unveiling the role of uranium in enhancing the transformation of antibiotic resistance genes. Transformation represents one of the most important pathways for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which enables competent bacteria to acquire extracellular ARGs from the surrounding environment. Both heavy metals and irradiation have been demonstrated to influence the bacterial transformation process. However, the impact of ubiquitously occurring radioactive heavy metals on the transformation of ARGs remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that a representative radioactive nuclide, uranium (U), at environmental concentrations (0.005-5 mg/L), improved the transformation frequency of resistant plasmid pUC19 into Escherichia coli by 0.10-0.85-fold in a concentration-dependent manner. The enhanced ARGs transformation ability under U stress was demonstrated to be associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, membrane damage, and up-regulation of genes related to DNA uptake and recombination. Membrane permeability and ROS production were the predominant direct and indirect factors affecting transformation ability, respectively. Our findings provide valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms of the impacts of U on the ARGs transformation process and highlight concerns about the exacerbated spread of ARGs in radioactive heavy metal-contaminated ecosystems, especially in areas with nuclear activity or accidents. | 2024 | 39208634 |
| 8492 | 18 | 0.9923 | Promotion effects and mechanisms of molybdenum disulfide on the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes in soil. The rapid development of nanotechnology has aroused considerable attentions toward understanding the effects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) on the propagation of antibiotic resistance. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)) is an extensively used ENM and poses potential risks associated with environmental exposure; nevertheless, the role of MoS(2) toward antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transfer remains largely unknown. Herein, it was discovered that MoS(2) nanosheets accelerated the horizontal transfer of RP4 plasmid across Escherichia coli in a dose-dependent manner (0.5-10 mg/L), with the maximum transfer frequency 2.07-fold higher than that of the control. Integration of physiological, transcriptomics, and metabolomics analyses demonstrated that SOS response in bacteria was activated by MoS(2) due to the elevation of oxidative damage, accompanied by cell membrane permeabilization. MoS(2) promoted bacterial adhesion and intercellular contact via stimulating the secretion of extracellular polysaccharides. The ATP levels were maximally increased by 305.7 % upon exposure to MoS(2), and the expression of plasmid transfer genes was up-regulated, contributing to the accelerated plasmid conjugation and increased ARG abundance in soil. Our findings highlight the roles of emerging ENMs (e.g., MoS(2)) in ARGs dissemination, which is significant for the safe applications and risk management of ENMs under the development scenarios of nanotechnology. | 2023 | 37062264 |
| 8608 | 19 | 0.9923 | Bisphenols can promote antibiotic resistance by inducing metabolic adaptations and natural transformation. Whether bisphenols, as plasticizers, can influence bacterial uptake of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in natural environment, as well as the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Our results showed that four commonly used bisphenols (bisphenol A, S, F, and AF) at their environmental relative concentrations can significantly promote transmission of ARGs by 2.97-3.56 times in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. Intriguingly, we observed ADP1 acquired resistance by integrating plasmids uptake and cellular metabolic adaptations other than through reactive oxygen species mediated pathway. Metabolic adaptations including upregulation of capsules polysaccharide biosynthesis and intracellularly metabolic enzymes, which enabled formation of thicker capsules for capturing free plasmids, and degradation of accumulated compounds. Simultaneously, genes encoding DNA uptake and translocation machinery were incorporated to enhance natural transformation of antibiotic resistance carrying plasmids. We further exposed aquatic fish to bisphenols for 120 days to monitor their long-term effects in aquatic environment, which showed that intestinal bacteria communities were dominated by a drug resistant microbiome. Our study provides new insight into the mechanism of enhanced natural transformation of ARGs by bisphenols, and highlights the investigations for unexpectedly-elevated antibiotic-resistant risks by structurally related environmental chemicals. | 2024 | 38554512 |