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983400.9971Exploring the role of phage plasmids in gene transfers. Bacteriophages and plasmids drive horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in bacteria. Phage-plasmids (P-Ps) are hybrids of plasmid and phages. Pfeifer and Rocha recently demonstrated that P-Ps can serve as intermediates in gene exchanges between these two types of elements, identified categories of preferentially transferred genes, and reconstructed gene flows involving phage P1-like P-Ps.202438688811
971110.9968Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment. In the environment horizontal DNA transfer between various bacterial species and genera takes place by transformation, transduction, but mainly by conjugation. Conjugation is responsible for the spread of genes coding for antibiotic resistance and xenobiotic degradation. Transfer events are reported in animal, rhizosphere and phylloplane ecosystems and in non polluted and polluted water and soil. Genetic exchange between Bacteria and Archaea is also observed. Evaluation of the extent of interspecies gene transfer is crucial in view of the deliberate release of a variety of unmodified and genetically modified microorganisms into the natural environments.200314743976
984420.9968The role of Bacteroides conjugative transposons in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Investigations into the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance gene transfer utilized by Bacteroides species have led to a greater understanding of how bacteria transfer antibiotic resistance genes, and what environmental stimuli promote such horizontal transfer events. Although Bacteroides spp. harbor a variety of transmissible elements that are involved in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, it is one particular class of elements, the conjugative transposons, that are responsible for most of the resistance gene transfer in Bacteroides. The potential for Bacteroides conjugative transposons to transfer antibiotic resistance genes extends beyond those genes carried by the conjugative transposon itself, because Bacteroides conjugative transposons are able to mobilize coresident plasmids in trans and in cis, and also stimulate the excision and transfer of unlinked integrated elements called mobilizable transposons. These characteristics of conjugative transposons alone have significant implications for the ecology and spread of antibiotic resistance genes, and in terms of biotechnology. A novel feature of the most widespread family of Bacteroides conjugative transposons, the CTnDOT/ERL family, is that their transfer is stimulated 100- to 1000-fold by low concentrations of tetracycline. This is significant because the use of antibiotics not only selects for resistant Bacteroides strains, but also stimulates their transfer. Other Bacteroides conjugative transposons do not require any induction to stimulate transfer, and hence appear to transfer constitutively. The constitutively transferring elements characterized so far appear to have a broader host range than the CTnDOT/ERL family of conjugative transposons, and the prevalence of these elements is on the increase. Since these constitutively transferring elements do not require induction by antibiotics to stimulate transfer, they have the potential to become as pervasive as the CTnDOT/ERL family of conjugative transposons.200212568330
645430.9966Detection and various environmental factors of antibiotic resistance gene horizontal transfer. Bacterial antibiotic resistance in water environments is becoming increasingly severe, and new antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have also attracted the attention of researchers. The horizontal transfer of ARGs in water environments is considered one of the main sources of bacterial resistance in the natural environment. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mainly includes conjugation, natural transformation, and transduction, and conjugation has been investigated most. Several studies have shown that there are a large number of environmental factors that might affect the horizontal transfer of ARGs in water environments, such as nanomaterials, various oxidants, and light; however, there is still a lack of systematic and comprehensive reviews on the detection and the effects of the influence factors of on ARG horizontal transfer. Therefore, this study introduced three HGT modes, analysed the advantages and disadvantages of current methods for monitoring HGT, and then summarized the influence and mechanism of various factors on ARG horizontal transfer, and the possible reasons for the different effects caused by similar factors were mainly critically discussed. Finally, existing research deficiencies and future research directions of ARG horizontal transfer in water environments were discussed.202235413299
971940.9966Dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes in plasmids and bacteriophages. This brief review explores the intricate interplay between bacteriophages and plasmids in the context of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination. Originating from studies in the late 1950s, the review traces the evolution of knowledge regarding extrachromosomal factors facilitating horizontal gene transfer and adaptation in bacteria. Analyzing the gene repertoires of plasmids and bacteriophages, the study highlights their contributions to bacterial evolution and adaptation. While plasmids encode essential and accessory genes influencing host characteristics, bacteriophages carry auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) that augment host metabolism. The debate on phages carrying ARGs is explored through a critical evaluation of various studies, revealing contrasting findings from researchers. Additionally, the review addresses the interplay between prophages and plasmids, underlining their similarities and divergences. Based on the available literature evidence, we conclude that plasmids generally encode ARGs while bacteriophages typically do not contain ARGs. But extra-chromosomaly present prophages with plasmid characteristics can encode and disseminate ARGs.202538651513
924450.9966Antibiotics, Resistome and Resistance Mechanisms: A Bacterial Perspective. History of mankind is regarded as struggle against infectious diseases. Rather than observing the withering away of bacterial diseases, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a serious global health concern. Medium of antibiotic resistance in bacteria varies greatly and comprises of target protection, target substitution, antibiotic detoxification and block of intracellular antibiotic accumulation. Further aggravation to prevailing situation arose on observing bacteria gradually becoming resistant to different classes of antibiotics through acquisition of resistance genes from same and different genera of bacteria. Attributing bacteria with feature of better adaptability, dispersal of antibiotic resistance genes to minimize effects of antibiotics by various means including horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, and transduction), Mobile genetic elements (plasmids, transposons, insertion sequences, integrons, and integrative-conjugative elements) and bacterial toxin-antitoxin system led to speedy bloom of antibiotic resistance amongst bacteria. Proficiency of bacteria to obtain resistance genes generated an unpleasant situation; a grave, but a lot unacknowledged, feature of resistance gene transfer.201830298054
984060.9965The chromosomal organization of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Bacterial adaptation is accelerated by the acquisition of novel traits through horizontal gene transfer, but the integration of these genes affects genome organization. We found that transferred genes are concentrated in only ~1% of the chromosomal regions (hotspots) in 80 bacterial species. This concentration increases with genome size and with the rate of transfer. Hotspots diversify by rapid gene turnover; their chromosomal distribution depends on local contexts (neighboring core genes), and content in mobile genetic elements. Hotspots concentrate most changes in gene repertoires, reduce the trade-off between genome diversification and organization, and should be treasure troves of strain-specific adaptive genes. Most mobile genetic elements and antibiotic resistance genes are in hotspots, but many hotspots lack recognizable mobile genetic elements and exhibit frequent homologous recombination at flanking core genes. Overrepresentation of hotspots with fewer mobile genetic elements in naturally transformable bacteria suggests that homologous recombination and horizontal gene transfer are tightly linked in genome evolution.Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is an important mechanism for genome evolution and adaptation in bacteria. Here, Oliveira and colleagues find HGT hotspots comprising  ~ 1% of the chromosomal regions in 80 bacterial species.201729018197
400670.9965Targeting Plasmids to Limit Acquisition and Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global threat to both public health and the environment. The emergence and expansion of AMR is sustained by the enormous diversity and mobility of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Different mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), including conjugation, transduction, and transformation, have facilitated the accumulation and dissemination of ARGs in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. This has resulted in the development of multidrug resistance in some bacteria. The most clinically significant ARGs are usually located on different mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that can move intracellularly (between the bacterial chromosome and plasmids) or intercellularly (within the same species or between different species or genera). Resistance plasmids play a central role both in HGT and as support elements for other MGEs, in which ARGs are assembled by transposition and recombination mechanisms. Considering the crucial role of MGEs in the acquisition and transmission of ARGs, a potential strategy to control AMR is to eliminate MGEs. This review discusses current progress on the development of chemical and biological approaches for the elimination of ARG carriers.202032435238
924680.9965Horizontal Gene Transfer Systems for Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a significant global threat to public health due to the increasing difficulty in treatment. These bacteria acquire resistance by incorporating various antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through specialized gene transfer mechanisms, allowing them to evade antibiotic attacks. Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are well-established mechanisms that drive the acquisition and dissemination of ARGs in Gram-negative bacteria. In particular, the horizontal transfer of plasmids carrying multiple ARGs is highly problematic, as it can instantly convert susceptible bacteria into multidrug-resistant ones. Transduction, mediated by bacteriophages that package ARG-containing chromosomal DNA from host cells, also plays a crucial role in ARG spread without requiring direct cell-to-cell contact. Recently, a novel horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanism involving outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) has been identified as a key player in ARG dissemination. OMVs-nanoscale, spherical structures produced by bacteria during growth-have been found to carry small plasmids and chromosomal DNA fragments containing ARGs from their host bacteria. This newly discovered transfer process, termed "vesiduction," enables intercellular DNA exchange and further contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, mobile genetic elements such as transposons, insertion sequences, and site-specific recombination systems like integrons facilitate rearrangement of ARGs, including their translocation between chromosomes and plasmids. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying the HGT of ARGs, with a particular focus on clinically isolated antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.202540370256
401190.9965Horizontal Gene Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Biofilms. Most bacteria attach to biotic or abiotic surfaces and are embedded in a complex matrix which is known as biofilm. Biofilm formation is especially worrisome in clinical settings as it hinders the treatment of infections with antibiotics due to the facilitated acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Environmental settings are now considered as pivotal for driving biofilm formation, biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance development and dissemination. Several studies have demonstrated that environmental biofilms can be hotspots for the dissemination of ARGs. These genes can be encoded on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as conjugative and mobilizable plasmids or integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs). ARGs can be rapidly transferred through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) which has been shown to occur more frequently in biofilms than in planktonic cultures. Biofilm models are promising tools to mimic natural biofilms to study the dissemination of ARGs via HGT. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of biofilm studies and the techniques that visualize the three main HGT mechanisms in biofilms: transformation, transduction, and conjugation.202336830238
7422100.9964Microplastic-Mediated Transfer of Tetracycline Resistance: Unveiling the Role of Mussels in Marine Ecosystems. The global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is exacerbated by the mobilization of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) occurring in different environmental niches, including seawater. Marine environments serve as reservoirs for resistant bacteria and ARGs, further complicated by the ubiquity of microplastics (MPs). MPs can adsorb pollutants and promote bacterial biofilm formation, creating conditions favorable to the dissemination of ARGs. This study explores the dynamics of ARG transfer in the marine bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis within a seawater model, focusing on the influence of polyethylene MPs on the mobilization of the Tn916-carrying tetM gene and plasmid-encoded ermB. Experiments revealed that biofilm formation on MPs by Enterococcus faecium and Listeria monocytogenes facilitated the transfer of the tetM resistance gene, but not the ermB gene. Furthermore, the presence of MPs significantly increased the conjugation frequency of tetM within mussels, indicating that MPs enhance the potential for ARG mobilization in marine environments. These findings highlight the role of MPs and marine organisms in ARG spread, underscoring the ecological and public health implications.202439200027
8523110.9964Tebuconazole promotes spread of a multidrug-resistant plasmid into soil bacteria to form new resistant bacterial strains. The development of antibiotic resistance threatens human and environmental health. Non-antibiotic stressors, including fungicides, may contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We determined the promoting effects of tebuconazole on ARG dissemination using a donor, Escherichia coli MG1655, containing a multidrug-resistant fluorescent plasmid (RP4) and a recipient (E. coli HB101). The donor was then incorporated into the soil to test whether tebuconazole could accelerate the spread of RP4 into indigenous bacteria. Tebuconazole promoted the transfer of the RP4 plasmid from the donor into the recipient via overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhancement of cell membrane permeability and regulation of related genes. The dissemination of the RP4 plasmid from the donor to soil bacteria was significantly enhanced by tebuconazole. RP4 plasmid could be propagated into more genera of bacteria in tebuconazole-contaminated soil as the exposure time increased. These findings demonstrate that the fungicide tebuconazole promotes the spread of the RP4 plasmid into indigenous soil bacteria, revealing the potential risk of tebuconazole residues enhancing the dissemination of ARGs in soil environments.202438615769
4012120.9964Augmented dissemination of antibiotic resistance elicited by non-antibiotic factors. The emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance seriously compromise the clinical efficacy of current antibiotic therapies, representing a serious public health threat worldwide. Generally, drug-susceptible bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance through genetic mutation or gene transfer, among which horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a dominant role. It is widely acknowledged that the sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics are the key drivers in promoting the transmission of antibiotic resistance. However, accumulating evidence in recent years has shown that in addition to antibiotics, non-antibiotics can also accelerate the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Nevertheless, the roles and potential mechanisms of non-antibiotic factors in the transmission of ARGs remain largely underestimated. In this review, we depict the four pathways of HGT and their differences, including conjugation, transformation, transduction and vesiduction. We summarize non-antibiotic factors accounting for the enhanced horizontal transfer of ARGs and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the limitations and implications of current studies.202337327521
4014130.9964Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Microbial Ecosystems through Horizontal Gene Transfer. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has been a rising problem for public health in recent decades. It is becoming increasingly recognized that not only antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) encountered in clinical pathogens are of relevance, but rather, all pathogenic, commensal as well as environmental bacteria-and also mobile genetic elements and bacteriophages-form a reservoir of ARGs (the resistome) from which pathogenic bacteria can acquire resistance via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT has caused antibiotic resistance to spread from commensal and environmental species to pathogenic ones, as has been shown for some clinically important ARGs. Of the three canonical mechanisms of HGT, conjugation is thought to have the greatest influence on the dissemination of ARGs. While transformation and transduction are deemed less important, recent discoveries suggest their role may be larger than previously thought. Understanding the extent of the resistome and how its mobilization to pathogenic bacteria takes place is essential for efforts to control the dissemination of these genes. Here, we will discuss the concept of the resistome, provide examples of HGT of clinically relevant ARGs and present an overview of the current knowledge of the contributions the various HGT mechanisms make to the spread of antibiotic resistance.201626925045
6455140.9964Bacteriophages: Underestimated vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes in the soil. Bacteriophages (phages), the most abundant biological entities on Earth, have a significant effect on the composition and dynamics of microbial communities, biogeochemical cycles of global ecosystems, and bacterial evolution. A variety of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been identified in phage genomes in different soil samples. Phages can mediate the transfer of ARGs between bacteria via transduction. Recent studies have suggested that anthropogenic activities promote phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer events. Therefore, the role of phages in the dissemination of ARGs, which are a potential threat to human health, may be underestimated. However, the contribution of phages to the transfer of ARGs is still poorly understood. Considering the growing and wide concerns of antibiotic resistance, phages should be considered a research focus in the mobile resistome. This review aimed to provide an overview of phages as vehicles of ARGs in soil. Here, we summarized the current knowledge on the diversity and abundance of ARGs in soilborne phages and analyzed the contribution of phages to the horizontal transfer of ARGs. Finally, research deficiencies and future perspectives were discussed. This study provides a reference for preventing and controlling ARG pollution in agricultural systems.202235992716
7497150.9964Microplastic biofilms promote the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in estuarine environments. As emerging pollutants, microplastics can aggregate microorganisms on their surfaces and form biofilms, enriching antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Consequently, microplastic biofilms have become a focal point of research. Horizontal gene transfer is one of the primary mechanisms by which bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance, with much of the research focusing on suspended bacteria. However, microplastic biofilms, as hotspots for horizontal gene transfer, also merit significant investigation. This study primarily explored and compared the frequency of ARG conjugative transfer between suspended bacteria and microplastic biofilms. The results demonstrated that, compared to suspended bacteria, microplastic biofilms enhanced the frequency of ARG conjugative transfer by 7.2-19.6 times. Among them, biofilms on polyethylene microplastics showed the strongest promotion of conjugation. After the formation of microplastic biofilms, there was a significant increase in bacterial density within the biofilms, which raised the collision frequency of donor and recipient bacteria. Then microplastic biofilms facilitated the gene expression levels of outer membrane proteins, enhanced bacterial gene transfer capabilities, promoted the synthesis of conjugative pili, accelerated the formation of conjugative pairing systems, and elevated the expression levels of genes related to DNA replication and transfer systems, thereby enhancing the conjugative transfer of ARGs within microplastic biofilms. Among different types of microplastic biofilms, polyethylene biofilms exhibited the highest bacterial density, thus showing the highest frequency of ARG conjugation. This study highlights the risks associated with ARG conjugative transfer following the formation of microplastic biofilms and provides insights into the risks of microplastic and antibiotic resistance propagation in estuarine environments.202439368156
9838160.9963Interactions between plasmids and other mobile genetic elements affect their transmission and persistence. Plasmids are genetic elements that play a role in bacterial evolution by providing new genes that promote adaptation to diverse conditions. Plasmids are also known to reduce bacterial competitiveness in the absence of selection for plasmid-encoded traits. It is easier to understand plasmid persistence when considering the evidence that plasmid maintenance can improve during co-evolution with the bacterial host, i.e. the chromosome. However, bacteria isolated from nature often harbor diverse mobile elements: phages, transposons, genomic islands and even other plasmids. Recent interest has emerged on the role such elements play on the persistence and evolution of plasmids. Here, we mainly review interactions between different plasmids, but also discuss their interactions with other genetic elements. We focus on interactions that impact fundamental plasmid traits, such as the fitness effect imposed on their hosts and the transfer efficiency into new host cells. We illustrate these phenomena with examples concerning clinically relevant organisms and the spread of plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors.201930771401
4013170.9963Correlation between Exogenous Compounds and the Horizontal Transfer of Plasmid-Borne Antibiotic Resistance Genes. The global spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a serious threat to public healthcare and undermined decades of progress made in the fight against bacterial infections. It has been demonstrated that the lack of novel effective antibiotics and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes via horizontal transfer in the ecosystem are mainly responsible for this crisis. Notably, plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is recognized as the most dominant dissemination pathway of ARGs in humans, animals and environmental settings. Antibiotic selective pressure has always been regarded as one of the crucial contributors to promoting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, the roles of exogenous compounds and particularly non-antibiotic drugs in the spread of ARGs are still underappreciated. In this review, we first summarize the major pathways of HGT in bacteria, including conjugation, transformation, transduction and vesiduction. Subsequently, an overview of these compounds capable of promoting the HGT is presented, which guides to the formulation of more reasonable dosing regimens and drug residue standards in clinical practice. By contrast, these compounds that display an inhibition effect on HGT are also highlighted, which provides a unique strategy to minimize the spread of ARGs. Lastly, we discuss the implementations and challenges in bringing these HGT inhibitors into clinical trials.202032784449
3780180.9963Is ICE hot? A genomic comparative study reveals integrative and conjugative elements as "hot" vectors for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. Different from other extensively studied mobile genetic elements (MGEs) whose discoveries were initiated decades ago (1950s-1980s), integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), a diverse array of more recently identified elements that were formally termed in 2002, have aroused increasing concern for their crucial contribution to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, the comprehensive understanding on ICEs' ARG profile across the bacterial tree of life is still blurred. Through a genomic study by comparison with two key MGEs, we, for the first time, systematically investigated the ARG profile as well as the host range of ICEs and also explored the MGE-specific potential to facilitate ARG propagation across phylogenetic barriers. These findings could serve as a theoretical foundation for risk assessment of ARGs mediated by distinct MGEs and further to optimize therapeutic strategies aimed at restraining antibiotic resistance crises.202338032189
8605190.9963Exposure to bisphenol compounds accelerates the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance plasmid. Antimicrobial resistance poses the most formidable challenge to public health, with plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer playing a pivotal role in its global spread. Bisphenol compounds (BPs), a group of environmental contaminants with endocrine-disrupting properties, are extensively used in various plastic products and can be transmitted to food. However, the impact of BPs on the plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we demonstrate that BPs could promote the conjugative transfer frequency of RP4-7 and clinically multidrug-resistant plasmids. Furthermore, the promoting effect of BPs on the plasmid transfer was also confirmed in a murine model. Microbial diversity analysis of transconjugants indicated an increase in α diversity in the BPAF-treated group, along with the declined richness of some beneficial bacteria and elevated richness of Faecalibaculum rodentium, which might serve as an intermediate repository for resistance plasmids. The underlying mechanisms driving the enhanced conjugative transfer upon BPAF treatment include exacerbated oxidative stress, disrupted membrane homeostasis, augmented energy metabolism, and the increased expression of conjugation-related genes. Collectively, our findings highlight the potential risk associated with the exacerbated dissemination of AMR both in vitro and in vivo caused by BPs exposure.202439278585