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137900.9524Antibiotic Resistance and Genetic Profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Farmed Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Ningde Regions. To better understand the antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and some related drug-resistance genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in farmed pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Ningde regions, Fujian province, we collected and isolated a total of 102 strains of V. parahaemolyticus from farmed pacific white shrimp in three different areas of Ningde in 2022. The Kirby-Bauer disk method was used to detect V. parahaemolyticus resistance to 22 antibiotics, and resistant genes (such as quinolones (qnrVC136, qnrVC457, qnrA), tetracyclines (tet A, tetM, tetB), sulfonamides (sulI, sulII, sulIII), aminoglycosides (strA, strB), phenicols (cat, optrA, floR, cfr), β-lactams (carB), and macrolides (erm)) were detected by using PCR. The findings in this study revealed that V. parahaemolyticus was most resistant to sulfamoxazole, rifampicin, and erythromycin, with resistance rates of 56.9%, 36.3%, and 33.3%, respectively. Flufenicol, chloramphenicol, and ofloxacin susceptibility rates were 97.1%, 94.1%, and 92.2%, respectively. In all, 46% of the bacteria tested positive for multi-drug resistance. The virulence gene test revealed that all bacteria lacked the tdh and trh genes. Furthermore, 91.84% and 52.04% of the isolates were largely mediated by cat and sulII, respectively, with less than 5% resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides. There was a clear mismatch between the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes, indicating the complexities of V. parahaemolyticus resistance.202438257979
135310.9519Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes, mobile genetic elements, and efflux genes in anthropogenically impacted riverine environments. Anthropogenically impacted surface waters are an important reservoir for multidrug-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes. The present study aimed at MDR, ESBL, AmpC, efflux genes, and heavy metals resistance genes (HMRGs) in bacterial isolates from four Indian rivers belonging to different geo-climatic zones, by estimating the mode of resistance transmission exhibited by the resistant isolates. A total 71.27% isolates exhibited MDR trait, showing maximum resistance towards β-lactams (P = 66.49%; AMX = 59.04%), lincosamides (CD = 65.96%), glycopeptides (VAN = 25.19%; TEI = 56.91%), cephalosporins (CF = 53.72%; CXM = 30.32%) sulphonamide (COT = 43.62%; TRIM = 12.77%), followed by macrolide and tetracycline. The dfrA1 and dfrB genes were detected in total 37.5% isolates whereas; dfrA1 genes were detected in 33.34%. The sul1 gene was detected in 9.76% and sul2 gene was detected in 2.44% isolates. A total of 69.40% MDR integron positive isolates were detected with intI1and intI2 detected at 89.25% and 1.07%, respectively; encoding class 1 and class 2 integron-integrase. ESBL production was confirmed in 73.13% isolates that harboured the genes blaTEM (96.84%), blaSHV (27.37%), blaOXA (13.68%) and blaCTXM (18.95%) while the frequency of HMRGs; 52.24% (zntB), 33.58% (chrA), and 6.72% (cadD). Efflux activity was confirmed in 96.26% isolates that harbored the genes acrA (93.02%), tolC (88.37%), and acrB (86.04%). AmpC (plasmid-mediated) was detected in 20.9% of the riverine isolates. Detection of such hidden molecular modes of antibiotic resistance in the rivers is alarming that requires urgent and stringent measures to control the resistance threats.202133524742
122520.9519Escherichia coli serogroups in slaughterhouses: Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of isolates. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of carcasses and slaughterhouse environment with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 serogroups (O45:H2, O103:H2, O121:H19, O145:H28, O26:H11, O111:H8). For this purpose, a total of 150 samples (30 carcasses, 30 shredding units, 30 knives, 30 slaughterhouse waste water and 30 wall surfaces) were collected from 5 different slaughterhouses in Kayseri, Turkey. The conventional and molecular methods were performed in order to detect Escherichia coli and its serogroups. Of the 150 samples, 55 (36%) were found to be contaminated with E. coli. Among isolates, E. coli serogroup (O157:H7) were detected in 2 (11%) carcass and 2 (11%) wastewater samples. None of the E. coli isolates harbored tested genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hylA). Effective infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship programs should be adopted to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. It was also deduced that these isolates resistance to different antibiotics could be hazardous for public health.202235427957
527830.9517Antibiotic resistance of culturable heterotrophic bacteria isolated from shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) aquaculture ponds. Shrimp aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food-producing avenues, where antibiotics usage has become an issue of great concern due to the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. A total of 2304 bacterial isolates from 192 samples (sediment, water, shrimp, and source water) from Andhra Pradesh, India were screened. Antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates was highest for oxytetracycline (23.4%) followed by erythromycin (12.7%), co-trimoxazole (10%) ciprofloxacin (9.6%), and chloramphenicol (6%), of which 11.9% isolates were multi-drug resistant. Bacterial isolates from shrimp (26.7%), water (23.9%), and sediment (19.6%) samples exhibited more resistance (p ≤ 0.05) towards oxytetracycline. Higher antibacterial resistance was observed from samples of southern Andhra Pradesh (locations L6 and L7). Gram negative bacteria were more prevalent (64%) and showed significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher resistance. This study indicated the wider distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in shrimp aquaculture ponds with potential risk to humans and the environment.202134450408
138140.9516Differences in antimicrobial resistance-related genes of Trueperella pyogenes between isolates detected from cattle and pigs. We investigated antimicrobial resistance-related genes in 109 isolates of Trueperella pyogenes that were isolated in cattle and pigs. All 89 tetracycline-resistant T. pyogenes isolates carried the resistance gene harbored either tetW, tetM, tetA(33), tetK, or tetL. The ermX or ermB were detected in 18 of 23 erythromycin-resistant isolates. Streptomycin-resistant aadA1, aadA9, aadA11, aadA24, strA, or strB were detected in 25 of 83 isolates. There were significant differences in the percentages of tetA(33), ermB, aadA1, aadA9, aadA11, or aadA24 carriage between cattle and pig isolates. In addition, the Class 1 gene cassette was detected only in 17 cattle isolates. This suggests that T. pyogenes isolates acquire resistance gene in each environment of cattle and pigs, and that the transmission of the bacteria between cattle and pigs is limited.202439293943
525950.9516Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacteria was quantified in 17 water samples collected across Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China. The heterotrophic plate count method was used to detect the levels of sulfonamide- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria, which have mean concentrations of 2.50×10(5) and 4.63×10(3) CFU/mL, respectively. The resistance genes of sulfonamide (sul1, sul2) and tetracycline (tetM, tetO and tetW) were detected, and results showed that all other ARGs except the tetO gene were obtained from all samples. Four of the obtained ARGs were further quantified, and results showed that the sulfonamide resistance genes were prevalent. The relative abundance was in the range of 2.81×10(-5) to 3.33×10(-3) for the sul1/16s-rRNA and 1.04×10(-5) to 3.80×10(-3) for the sul2/16s-rRNA. For the tet genes, the relative concentrations of tetM/16s-rRNA and tetW16s-rRNA ranged from 1.18×10(-5) to 2.46×10(-4) and 1.58×10(-6) to 4.19×10(-4), respectively. The concentration divergence among ARGs may be related to the different characteristics of each gene. This study validated that Bosten Lake was affected by ARGs and resistant bacteria, thus turning the lake into an important reservoir for the transfer of ARGs and resistant bacteria.201425225942
125960.9514Tetracycline resistance potential of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from freshwater fin-fish aquaculture system. AIMS: This study investigated the tetracycline resistance potential of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from twenty-four freshwater fin-fish culture ponds in Andhra Pradesh, India. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 261 tetracycline resistant bacteria (tetR) were recovered from pond water, pond sediment, fish gills, fish intestine, and fish feed. Bacteria with high tetracycline resistance (tetHR) (n = 30) that were resistant to tetracycline concentrations above 128  μg mL-1 were predominantly Lactococcus garvieae followed by Enterobacter spp., Lactococcus lactis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Staphylococcus arlettae, Streptococcus lutetiensis, Staphylococcus spp., Brevundimonas faecalis, Exiguobacterium profundum, Lysinibacillus spp., Stutzerimonas stutzeri, Enterobacter cloacae, and Lactococcus taiwanensis. Resistance to 1024 μg mL-1 of tetracycline was observed in L. garvieae, S. arlettae, Enterobacter spp., B. faecalis. Tet(A) (67%) was the predominant resistance gene in tetHR followed by tet(L), tet(S), tet(K), and tet(M). At similar concentrations of exposure, tetracycline procured at the farm level (69.5% potency) exhibited lower inhibition against tetHR bacteria compared to pure tetracycline (99% potency). The tetHR bacteria showed higher cross-resistance to furazolidone (100%) followed by co-trimoxazole (47.5%) and enrofloxacin (11%). CONCLUSIONS: The maximum threshold of tetracycline resistance at 1024 μg mL-1 was observed in S. arlettae, Enterobacter spp., B. faecalis, and L. garvieae and tet(A) was the major determinant found in this study.202336958862
111470.9512Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance in Intrinsic Colistin-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolated from Retail Meat. Consumption of retail meat contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria is a common route for transmitting clinically relevant resistant bacteria to humans. Here, we investigated the genotypic and phenotypic resistance profiles of intrinsic colistin-resistant (ICR) Enterobacterales isolated from retail meats. ICR Enterobacterales were isolated from 103 samples of chicken, 103 samples of pork, and 104 samples of beef purchased from retail shops in Japan, using colistin-containing media, and their antimicrobial susceptibility was examined. Serratia spp. (440 isolates) showed resistance to cefotaxime (19 isolates, 4.3%), tetracycline (15 isolates, 3.4%), and other antimicrobials (<1%). Hafnia spp. (136) showed resistance to cefotaxime (12 isolates, 8.6%), ceftazidime (four isolates, 2.9%), and tetracycline (two isolates, 1.4%). Proteus spp. (39) showed resistance to chloramphenicol (four isolates, 10.3%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (four isolates, 10.3%), cefotaxime (two isolates, 5.1%), kanamycin (two isolates, 5.1%), and gentamicin (one isolate, 2.6%). Cedecea spp. (22) were resistant to tetracycline (two isolates, 9.1%) whereas Morganella spp. (11) were resistant to tetracycline (four isolates, 36.4%) and chloramphenicol (one isolate, 9.2%). The resistance genes bla(fonA), bla(ACC), and bla(DHA) were detected in cefotaxime-resistant Serratia spp., Hafnia spp., and Morganella spp. isolates, respectively. This emergence of antimicrobial resistance in ICR Enterobacterales may pose a public health risk.202134943649
524080.9511Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance Carriage in Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus) and Pteropid Bats (Pteropus Poliocephalus) Before, During and After Wildfires. In the 2019-2020 summer, wildfires decimated the Australian bush environment and impacted wildlife species, including koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and grey headed flying fox pups (Pteropid bats, Pteropus poliocephalus). Consequently, hundreds of koalas and thousands of bat pups entered wildlife hospitals with fire-related injuries/illness, where some individuals received antimicrobial therapy. This study investigated the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pre-fire, fire-affected and post-fire koalas and Pteropid bat pups. PCR and DNA sequencing were used to screen DNA samples extracted from faeces (koalas and bats) and cloacal swabs (koalas) for class 1 integrons, a genetic determinant of AMR, and to identify integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes. Class 1 integrons were detected in 25.5% of koalas (68 of 267) and 59.4% of bats (92 of 155). Integrons contained genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim and beta-lactams. Samples were also screened for blaTEM (beta-lactam) resistance genes, which were detected in 2.6% of koalas (7 of 267) and 25.2% of bats (39 of 155). Integron occurrence was significantly higher in fire-affected koalas in-care compared to wild pre-fire koalas (P < 0.0001). Integron and blaTEM occurrence were not significantly different in fire-affected bats compared to pre-fire bats (P > 0.05), however, their occurrence was significantly higher in fire-affected bats in-care compared to wild fire-affected bats (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0488 respectively). The observed shifts of AMR dynamics in wildfire-impacted species flags the need for judicious antibiotic use when treating fire-affected wildlife to minimise unwanted selective pressure and negative treatment outcomes associated with carriage of resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria.202438332161
526190.9511Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes from effluent of coastal aquaculture, South Korea. The wide use of antibiotics in aquaculture for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes can potentially lead to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study reports for the first time the profile of ARGs from effluents of coastal aquaculture located in South Jeolla province and Jeju Island, South Korea. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), twenty-two ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetH, tetM, tetQ, tetX, tetZ, tetBP), sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2), quinolone resistance (qnrD, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr), β-lactams resistance (bla(TEM), bla(CTX), bla(SHV)), macrolide resistance (ermC), florfenicol resistance (floR) and multidrug resistance (oqxA) and a class 1 integrons-integrase gene (intI1) were quantified. In addition, Illumina Miseq sequencing was applied to investigate microbial community differences across fish farm effluents. Results from qPCR showed that the total number of detected ARGs ranged from 4.24 × 10(-3) to 1.46 × 10(-2) copies/16S rRNA gene. Among them, tetB and tetD were predominant, accounting for 74.8%-98.0% of the total ARGs. Furthermore, intI1 gene showed positive correlation with tetB, tetD, tetE, tetH, tetX, tetZ tetQ and sul1. Microbial community analysis revealed potential host bacteria for ARGs and intI1. Two genera, Vibrio and Marinomonas belonging to Gammaproteobacteria, showed significant correlation with tetB and tetD, the most dominant ARGs in all samples. Also, operational taxonomic units (OTUs)-based network analysis revealed that ten OTUs, classified into the phyla Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and an unclassified phylum, were potential hosts of tetracycline resistance genes (i.e., tetA, tetG, tetH, tetM, tetQ and tetZ). Further systematic monitoring of ARGs is warranted for risk assessment and management of antibacterial resistance from fish farm effluents.201829031406
7773100.9510Correlation of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics with corresponding resistance genes and resistant bacteria in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant. Antibiotics and corresponding resistance genes and resistant bacteria have been considered as emerging pollutants worldwide. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are potential reservoirs contributing to the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance. In this study, total concentrations of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics in final effluent were detected at 652.6 and 261.1ng/L, respectively, and in treated sludge, concentrations were at 1150.0 and 76.0μg/kg dry weight (dw), respectively. The quantities of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria in final effluent were quantified in the range of 9.12×10(5)-1.05×10(6) gene abundances /100mL (genomic copies/100mL) and 1.05×10(1)-3.09×10(3)CFU/mL, respectively. In treated sludge, they were quantified at concentrations of 1.00×10(8)-1.78×10(9) gene abandances/100mL and 7.08×10(6)-1.91×10(8)CFU/100mL, respectively. Significant reductions (2-3 logs, p<0.05) of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria were observed between raw influent and final effluent. The gene abundances of tetO and tetW normalized to that of 16S rRNA genes indicated an apparent decrease as compared to sulI genes, which remained stable along each treatment stage. Significant correlations (R(2)=0.75-0.83, p<0.05) between numbers of resistant bacteria and antibiotic concentrations were observed in raw influent and final effluent. No significance (R(2)=0.15, p>0.05) was found between tet genes (tetO and tetW) with concentration of tetracyclines identified in wastewater, while a significant correlation (R(2)=0.97, p<0.05) was observed for sulI gene and total concentration of sulfonamides. Correlations of the quantities of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria with corresponding concentrations of antibiotics in sludge samples were found to be considerably weak (R(2)=0.003-0.07).201222369865
7757110.9510Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Effect of flow configuration and plant species. This study aims to investigate the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in raw domestic wastewater by various mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different flow configurations or plant species including the constructed wetland with or without plant. Six mesocosm-scale CWs with three flow types (surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and vertical subsurface flow) and two plant species (Thaliadealbata Fraser and Iris tectorum Maxim) were set up in the outdoor. 8 antibiotics including erythromycin-H2O (ETM-H2O), monensin (MON), clarithromycin (CTM), leucomycin (LCM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfapyridine (SPD) and 12 genes including three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2 and sul3), four tetracycline resistance genes (tetG, tetM, tetO and tetX), two macrolide resistance genes (ermB and ermC), two chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA and floR) and 16S rRNA (bacteria) were determined in different matrices (water, particle, substrate and plant phases) from the mesocosm-scale systems. The aqueous removal efficiencies of total antibiotics ranged from 75.8 to 98.6%, while those of total ARGs varied between 63.9 and 84.0% by the mesocosm-scale CWs. The presence of plants was beneficial to the removal of pollutants, and the subsurface flow CWs had higher pollutant removal than the surface flow CWs, especially for antibiotics. According to the mass balance analysis, the masses of all detected antibiotics during the operation period were 247,000, 4920-10,600, 0.05-0.41 and 3500-60,000μg in influent, substrate, plant and effluent of the mesocosm-scale CWs. In the CWs, biodegradation, substrate adsorption and plant uptake all played certain roles in reducing the loadings of nutrients, antibiotics and ARGs, but biodegradation was the most important process in the removal of these pollutants.201627443461
1380120.9509Distribution of tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from dairy and nondairy farm soils. The prevalence of selected tetracycline and streptomycin resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae (n = 80) isolated from dairy farm soil and nondairy soils was evaluated. Among 56 bacteria isolated from dairy farm soils, 36 (64.3%) were resistant to tetracycline, and 17 (30.4%) were resistant to streptomycin. Lower frequencies of tetracycline (9 of 24 or 37.5%) and streptomycin (1 of 24 or 4.2%) resistance were observed in bacteria isolated from nondairy soils. Bacteria (n = 56) isolated from dairy farm soil had a higher frequency of tetracycline resistance genes including tetM (28.6%), tetA (21.4%), tetW (8.9%), tetB (5.4%), tetS (5.4%), tetG (3.6%), and tetO (1.8%). Among 24 bacteria isolated from nondairy soils, four isolates carried tetM, tetO, tetS, and tetW in different combinations; whereas tetA, tetB, and tetG were not detected. Similarly, a higher prevalence of streptomycin resistance genes including strA (12.5%), strB (12.5%), ant(3'') (12.5), aph(6)-1c (12.5%), aph(3'') (10.8%), and addA (5.4%) was detected in bacteria isolated from dairy farm soils than in nondairy soils. None of the nondairy soil isolates carried aadA gene. Other tetracycline (tetC, tetD, tetE, tetK, tetL, tetQ, and tetT) and streptomycin (aph(6)-1c and ant(6)) resistance genes were not detected in both dairy and nondairy soil isolates. A higher distribution of multiple resistance genes was observed in bacteria isolated from dairy farm soil than in nondairy soil. Among 36 tetracycline- and 17 streptomycin-resistant isolates from dairy farm soils, 11 (30.6%) and 9 (52.9%) isolates carried multiple resistance genes encoding resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin, respectively, which was higher than in bacteria isolated from nondairy soils. One strain each of Citrobacter freundii and C. youngae isolated from dairy farm soils carried class 1 integrons with different inserted gene cassettes. Results of this small study suggest that the presence of multiple resistance genes and class 1 integrons in Enterobacteriaceae in dairy farm soil may act as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes and could play a role in the dissemination of these antimicrobial resistance genes to other commensal and indigenous microbial communities in soil. However, additional longer-term studies conducted in more locations are needed to validate this hypothesis.200817701242
5245130.9508Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. ABSTRACT: Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production.202133302298
1247140.9508Antibiotic resistance determinants of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in Algeria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed on 71 Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates, and presence of antibiotic resistance genes was screened for by PCR amplification and sequencing. Resistance rates were very high for aminoglycosides (22-80%), fluoroquinolones (>90%), and cephalosporins (>90%) but remained low for rifampin (2.8%) or null for colistin. Antibiotic resistance encoding genes detected were as follows: blaTEM-128 gene (74.6%), aph(3')-VI (50.7 %), aadA (63.4%), ant(2″)-I (14.1%), aac(3)-Ia (91.1%), aac(6')-Ib (4.2%), mutation Ser83Leu in gyrA (94.4%), double mutations Ser83Leu and Ser80Leu (or Ser84Leu) in gyrA and parC (69.0%), and mutation I581N in RRDR of the rpoB gene.201323688522
1202150.9508Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in ceftazidime non-susceptible bacterial pathogens from ready-to-eat street foods in three Taiwanese cities. Bacterial contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) street foods is a major concern worldwide. Dissemination of antibiotic resistant pathogens from food is an emerging public-health threat. To investigate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and ceftazidime resistance-associated efflux pumps in foodborne pathogens, 270 RTE street foods samples were collected in three densely populated Taiwanese cities. Among 70 ceftazidime non-susceptible isolates, 21 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 12 Pseudomonas spp., 22 Acinetobacter spp., and 15 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified. Phylogenetic analyses revealed high levels of genetic diversity between all of the different strains. Multi-drug resistance was observed in 86.4% (19/22) of Acinetobacter spp., 100% (12/12) of Pseudomonas spp., 71.4% (15/21) of S. maltophilia, and 93.3% (14/15) of Enterobacteriaceae. Of 70 ceftazidime non-susceptible isolates, 13 contained ESBLs or plasmid-mediated ampC genes and 23 contained ceftazidime resistance-associated efflux pumps, with Acinetobacter spp. identified as predominant isolate (69.6%; 16/23). AdeIJK pump RNA expression in Acinetobacter isolates was 1.9- to 2-fold higher in active efflux strains. Nine clinically resistant genes were detected: catIII and cmlA (chloramphenicol); aacC1, aacC2, aacC3, and aacC4 (gentamicin); tet(A), tet(C), and tet(D) (tetracycline). The scope and abundance of multidrug-resistant bacteria described in this report underscores the need for ongoing and/or expanded RTE monitoring and control measures.201729138446
1383160.9507Detection of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and Crested Porcupines (Hystrix cristata). Relatively little is known regarding the role of wildlife in the development of antibiotic resistance. Our aim was to assess the presence of the tetracycline resistance genes, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), tet(G), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(P), tet(Q), tet(S), and tet(X), in tissue samples of 14 hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and 15 crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata) using PCR assays. One or more tet genes were found in all but three hedgehogs and one crested porcupine. Of the 14 tetracycline resistance genes investigated, 13 were found in at least one sample; tet(G) was not detected. We confirmed the potential role of wild animals as bioindicators, reservoirs, or vectors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment.202031526277
1218170.9507Whole genome sequencing snapshot of multi-drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from hospitals and receiving wastewater treatment plants in Southern Romania. We report on the genomic characterization of 47 multi-drug resistant, carbapenem resistant and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates from the influent (I) and effluent (E) of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from Romanian hospital units which are discharging the wastewater in the sampled WWTPs. The K. pneumoniae whole genome sequences were analyzed for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes and sequence types (STs) in order to compare their distribution in C, I and E samples. Both clinical and environmental samples harbored prevalent and widely distributed ESBL genes, i.e. blaSHV, blaOXA, blaTEM and blaCTX M. The most prevalent carbapenemase genes were blaNDM-1, blaOXA-48 and blaKPC-2. They were found in all types of isolates, while blaOXA-162, a rare blaOXA-48 variant, was found exclusively in water samples. A higher diversity of carbapenemases genes was seen in wastewater isolates. The aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME) genes found in all types of samples were aac(6'), ant(2'')Ia, aph(3'), aaD, aac(3) and aph(6). Quinolone resistance gene qnrS1 and the multi-drug resistance oqxA/B pump gene were found in all samples, while qnrD and qnrB were associated to aquatic isolates. The antiseptics resistance gene qacEdelta1 was found in all samples, while qacE was detected exclusively in the clinical ones. Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole (dfrA, sul1 and sul2), tetracyclines (tetA and tetD) and fosfomycin (fosA6, known to be located on a transpozon) resistance genes were found in all samples, while for choramphenicol and macrolides some ARGs were detected in all samples (catA1 and catB3 / mphA), while other (catA2, cmIA5 and aac(6')Ib / mphE and msrE) only in wastewater samples. The rifampin resistance genes arr2 and 3 (both carried by class I integrons) were detected only in water samples. The highly prevalent ARGs preferentially associating with aquatic versus clinical samples could ascribe potential markers for the aquatic (blaSHV-145, qacEdelta1, sul1, aadA1, aadA2) and clinical (blaOXA-1, blaSHV-106,blaTEM-150, aac(3)Iia, dfrA14, oqxA10; oqxB17,catB3, tetD) reservoirs of AR. Moreover, some ARGs (oqxA10; blaSHV-145; blaSHV-100, aac(6')Il, aph(3')VI, armA, arr2, cmlA5, blaCMY-4, mphE, msrE, oqxB13, blaOXA-10) showing decreased prevalence in influent versus effluent wastewater samples could be used as markers for the efficiency of the WWTPs in eliminating AR bacteria and ARGs. The highest number of virulence genes (75) was recorded for the I samples, while for E and C samples it was reduced to half. The most prevalent belong to three functional groups: adherence (fim genes), iron acquisition (ent, fep, fyu, irp and ybt genes) and the secretion system (omp genes). However, none of the genes associated with hypervirulent K. pneumoniae have been found. A total of 14 STs were identified. The most prevalent clones were ST101, ST219 in clinical samples and ST258, ST395 in aquatic isolates. These STs were also the most frequently associated with integrons. ST45 and ST485 were exclusively associated with I samples, ST11, ST35, ST364 with E and ST1564 with C samples. The less frequent ST17 and ST307 aquatic isolates harbored blaOXA-162, which was co-expressed in our strains with blaCTX-M-15 and blaOXA-1.202031999747
1296180.9507Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellaisolates from goose farms in Northeast China. BACKGROUND: Salmonella is one of the most important enteric pathogenic bacteria that threatened poultry health. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in goose farms. METHODS: A total of 244 cloacal swabs were collected from goose farms to detect Salmonella in Northeast China. Antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance gene distribution of Salmonella isolates were investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were identified. Overall prevalence of Salmonella in the present study was 8.6%. Among the Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance frequencies belonged to amoxicillin (AMX) (85.7%), tetracycline (TET) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (81%), followed by chloramphenicol (CHL) (76.2%), florfenicol (FLO) (71.4%), kanamycin (KAN) (47.6%), and gentamycin (GEN) (38.1%). Meanwhile, only 4.8% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cefotaxime (CTX). None of the isolates was resistant to cefoperazone (CFP) and colistin B (CLB). Twenty isolates (95%) were simultaneously resistant to at least two antimicrobials. Ten resistance genes were detected among which the bla (TEM-1), cmlA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, sul1, sul2, sul3, and mcr-1.1 were the most prevalent, and presented in all 21 isolates followed by tetB (20/21), qnrB (19/21), and floR (15/21). CONCLUSION: Results indicated that Salmonella isolates from goose farms in Northeast China exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR), harboring multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. Our results will be useful to design prevention and therapeutic strategies against Salmonella infection in goose farms.202033584841
1253190.9506Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, cagE, and babA2 Alleles of Helicobacter pylori Bacteria Isolated from Raw Meat. BACKGROUND: Foodstuffs with animal origins, particularly meat, are likely reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori. PURPOSE: An existing survey was accompanied to assess phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and genotyping of vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, oipA, and babA2 alleles amongst the H. pylori bacteria recovered from raw meat. METHODS: Six-hundred raw meat samples were collected and cultured. H. pylori isolates were tested using disk diffusion and PCR identification of antibiotic resistance genes and genotyping. RESULTS: Fifty-two out of 600 (8.66%) raw meat samples were contaminated with H. pylori. Raw ovine meat (13.07%) had the uppermost contamination. H. pylori bacteria displayed the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (82.69%), erythromycin (80.76%), trimethoprim (65.38%), levofloxacin (63.46%), and amoxicillin (63.46%). All H. pylori bacteria had at least resistance toward one antibiotic, even though incidence of resistance toward more than eight antibiotics was 28.84%. Total distribution of rdxA, pbp1A, gyrA, and cla antibiotic resistance genes were 59.61%, 51.92%, 69.23%, and 65.38%, respectively. VacA s1a (84.61%), s2 (76.92%), m1a (50%), m2 (39.13%), iceA1 (38.46%), and cagA (55.76%) were the most generally perceived alleles. S1am1a (63.46%), s2m1a (53.84%), s1am2 (51.92%), and s2m2 (42.30%) were the most generally perceived genotyping patterns. Frequency of cagA-, oipA-, and babA2- genotypes were 44.23%, 73.07%, and 80.76%, respectively. A total of 196 combined genotyping patterns were also perceived. CONCLUSION: The role of raw meat, particularly ovine meat, in transmission of virulent and resistant H. pylori bacteria was determined. VacA and cagA genotypes had the higher incidence. CagE-, babA2-, and oipA- H. pylori bacteria had the higher distribution. Supplementary surveys are compulsory to originate momentous relations between distribution of genotypes, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic resistance genes.202032099418