# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 505 | 0 | 0.9404 | Production of phytoalexins in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seed elicited by selected microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, the peanut plant demonstrates appreciable resistance to fungal invasion by producing and accumulating phytoalexins, antimicrobial stilbenoids. This mechanism for resistance is little understood, yet it is crucial for breeding and genetically modifying peanut plants to develop new cultivars with fungal resistance. The dynamics of phytoalexin production in peanut seeds and embryos challenged by selected important fungi and bacteria was investigated. Different biotic agents selectively elicited production of major peanut stilbenoids, resveratrol, arachidin-1, arachidin-3, and SB-1. Aspergillis species, compared to other biotic agents, were more potent elicitors of stilbenoids. Embryos demonstrated significantly higher production of stilbenoids compared to cotyledons and may serve as a convenient source of genetic material in isolating genes for peanut plant defense enhancement. | 2013 | 23387286 |
| 3759 | 1 | 0.9395 | Genes and environmental factors that influence disease resistance to microbes in the female reproductive tract of dairy cattle. Microbes commonly infect the female reproductive tract of cattle, causing infertility, abortion and post partum uterine diseases. When organisms reach the uterus, the resistance to disease depends on the balance between the classic triad of the virulence of the microbes, the host defence systems and the environment. The present review considers each aspect of this triad, using postpartum uterine disease as an exemplar for understanding disease resistance. The bacteria that cause postpartum uterine disease are adapted to the endometrium, and their microbial toxins cause tissue damage and inflammation. However, non-specific defence systems counter ascending infections of the female reproductive tract, and inflammatory responses in the endometrium are driven by innate immunity. Disease resistance to bacterial infection involves many genes involved in the maintenance or restoration of tissue homeostasis in the endometrium, including antimicrobial peptides, complement, cytokines, chemokines and Toll-like receptors. The most important environmental factors facilitating the development of postpartum uterine disease are related to trauma of the reproductive tract and to the metabolic stress of lactation in dairy cows. Long-term solutions for uterine disease will include genetic selection for disease resistance and optimising the care of the animal before, during and after parturition. | 2014 | 25472046 |
| 8423 | 2 | 0.9389 | Horizontal Gene Transfer From Bacteria and Plants to the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) belong to Glomeromycotina, and are mutualistic symbionts of many land plants. Associated bacteria accompany AMF during their lifecycle to establish a robust tripartite association consisting of fungi, plants and bacteria. Physical association among this trinity provides possibilities for the exchange of genetic materials. However, very few horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria or plants to AMF has been reported yet. In this study, we complement existing algorithms by developing a new pipeline, Blast2hgt, to efficiently screen for putative horizontally derived genes from a whole genome. Genome analyses of the glomeromycete Rhizophagus irregularis identified 19 fungal genes that had been transferred between fungi and bacteria/plants, of which seven were obtained from bacteria. Another 18 R. irregularis genes were found to be recently acquired from either plants or bacteria. In the R. irregularis genome, gene duplication has contributed to the expansion of three foreign genes. Importantly, more than half of the R. irregularis foreign genes were expressed in various transcriptomic experiments, suggesting that these genes are functional in R. irregularis. Functional annotation and available evidence showed that these acquired genes may participate in diverse but fundamental biological processes such as regulation of gene expression, mitosis and signal transduction. Our study suggests that horizontal gene influx through endosymbiosis is a source of new functions for R. irregularis, and HGT might have played a role in the evolution and symbiotic adaptation of this arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. | 2018 | 29887874 |
| 8246 | 3 | 0.9389 | From Functional Characterization to the Application of SWEET Sugar Transporters in Plant Resistance Breeding. The occurrence of plant diseases severely affects the quality and quantity of plant production. Plants adapt to the constant invasion of pathogens and gradually form a series of defense mechanisms, such as pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and microbial effector-triggered immunity. Moreover, many pathogens have evolved to inhibit the immune defense system and acquire plant nutrients as a result of their coevolution with plants. The sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) are a novel family of sugar transporters that function as uniporters. They provide a channel for pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, to hijack sugar from the host. In this review, we summarize the functions of SWEETs in nectar secretion, grain loading, senescence, and long-distance transport. We also focus on the interaction between the SWEET genes and pathogens. In addition, we provide insight into the potential application of SWEET genes to enhance disease resistance through the use of genome editing tools. The summary and perspective of this review will deepen our understanding of the role of SWEETs during the process of pathogen infection and provide insights into resistance breeding. | 2022 | 35446562 |
| 8755 | 4 | 0.9384 | Improved Phytophthora resistance in commercial chickpea (Cicer arietinum) varieties negatively impacts symbiotic gene signalling and symbiotic potential in some varieties. Breeding disease-resistant varieties is one of the most effective and economical means to combat soilborne diseases in pulse crops. Commonalities between pathogenic and mutualistic microbe colonization strategies, however, raises the concern that reduced susceptibility to pathogens may simultaneously reduce colonization by beneficial microbes. We investigate here the degree of overlap in the transcriptional response of the Phytophthora medicaginis susceptible chickpea variety 'Sonali' to the early colonization stages of either Phytophthora, rhizobial bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. From a total of 6476 genes differentially expressed in Sonali roots during colonization by any of the microbes tested, 10.2% were regulated in a similar manner regardless of whether it was the pathogenic oomycete or a mutualistic microbe colonizing the roots. Of these genes, 49.7% were oppositely regulated under the same conditions in the moderately Phytophthora resistant chickpea variety 'PBA HatTrick'. Chickpea varieties with improved resistance to Phytophthora also displayed lower colonization by rhizobial bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi leading to an increased reliance on N and P from soil. Together, our results suggest that marker-based breeding in crops such as chickpea should be further investigated such that plant disease resistance can be tailored to a specific pathogen without affecting mutualistic plant:microbe interactions. | 2016 | 27103212 |
| 8239 | 5 | 0.9379 | Surviving bacterial sibling rivalry: inducible and reversible phenotypic switching in Paenibacillus dendritiformis. Natural habitats vary in available nutrients and room for bacteria to grow, but successful colonization can lead to overcrowding and stress. Here we show that competing sibling colonies of Paenibacillus dendritiformis bacteria survive overcrowding by switching between two distinct vegetative phenotypes, motile rods and immotile cocci. Growing colonies of the rod-shaped bacteria produce a toxic protein, Slf, which kills cells of encroaching sibling colonies. However, sublethal concentrations of Slf induce some of the rods to switch to Slf-resistant cocci, which have distinct metabolic and resistance profiles, including resistance to cell wall antibiotics. Unlike dormant spores of P. dendritiformis, the cocci replicate. If cocci encounter conditions that favor rods, they secrete a signaling molecule that induces a switch to rods. Thus, in contrast to persister cells, P. dendritiformis bacteria adapt to changing environmental conditions by inducible and reversible phenotypic switching. IMPORTANCE: In favorable environments, species may face space and nutrient limits due to overcrowding. Bacteria provide an excellent model for analyzing principles underlying overcrowding and regulation of density in nature, since their population dynamics can be easily and accurately assessed under controlled conditions. We describe a newly discovered mechanism for survival of a bacterial population during overcrowding. When competing with sibling colonies, Paenibacillus dendritiformis produces a lethal protein (Slf) that kills cells at the interface of encroaching colonies. Slf also induces a small proportion of the cells to switch from motile, rod-shaped cells to nonmotile, Slf-resistant, vegetative cocci. When crowding is reduced and nutrients are no longer limiting, the bacteria produce a signal that induces cocci to switch back to motile rods, allowing the population to spread. Genes encoding components of this phenotypic switching pathway are widespread among bacterial species, suggesting that this survival mechanism is not unique to P. dendritiformis. | 2011 | 21628502 |
| 8869 | 6 | 0.9378 | Altered genomic methylation promotes Staphylococcus aureus persistence in hospital environment. Staphylococcus aureus can cause outbreaks and becomes multi-drug resistant through gene mutations and acquiring resistance genes. However, why S. aureus easily adapts to hospital environments, promoting resistance and recurrent infections, remains unknown. Here we show that a specific S. aureus lineage evolved from a clone that expresses the accessory gene regulator (Agr) system to subclones that reversibly suppressed Agr and caused an outbreak in the hospital setting. S. aureus with flexible Agr regulation shows increased ability to acquire antibiotic-resistant plasmids, escape host immunity, and colonize mice. Bacteria with flexible Agr regulation shows altered cytosine genomic methylation, including the decreased 5mC methylation in transcriptional regulator genes (pcrA and rpsD), compared to strains with normal Agr expression patterns. In this work, we discover how altered genomic methylation promotes flexible Agr regulation which is associated with persistent pathogen colonization in the hospital environment. | 2024 | 39511195 |
| 8404 | 7 | 0.9377 | Prospects of toll-like receptors in dairy cattle breeding. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in mediating the immune response against various microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, in innate and adaptive immunity. Ten functional TLRs (TLR1 to TLR10) have been identified and mapped in cattle, with each TLR recognising specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The variation in genes controlling the immune response contributes to susceptibility or resistance to various infectious diseases such as mastitis, bovine tuberculosis, and paratuberculosis. Identifying TLR SNPs shows promising results for future marker-assisted breeding strategies, screening for disease risks, and improving the genetic resistance of dairy cattle. This article aims not only to review the research into susceptibility or resistance to infectious diseases and milk production traits in dairy cattle but also to discuss the limitations in current studies and the prospects in dairy cattle breeding. | 2023 | 37051618 |
| 1473 | 8 | 0.9373 | Evaluation of the Unyvero i60 ITI® multiplex PCR for infected chronic leg ulcers diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: Unyvero i60 ITI multiplex PCR (mPCR) may identify a large panel of bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, we compared results obtained by mPCR to standard bacteriology in chronic leg ulcer (CLU) infections. METHODS: A prospective study, part of the interventional-blinded randomized study "ulcerinfecte" (NCT02889926), was conducted at Saint Joseph Hospital in Paris. Fifty patients with a suspicion of infected CLU were included between February 2017 and September 2018. Conventional bacteriology and mPCR were performed simultaneously on deep skin biopsies. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most detected pathogens. Regarding the global sensitivity, mPCR is not overcome to the standard culture. Anaerobes and slow growing bacteria were detected with a higher sensitivity rate by mPCR than standard culture. CONCLUSION: Unyvero i60 ITI multiplex PCR detected rapidly pathogenic bacteria in infected CLU especially anaerobes and slow growing bacteria and was particularly effective for patients previously treated with antibiotics. | 2020 | 31790779 |
| 8265 | 9 | 0.9372 | Mathematical modelling of CRISPR-Cas system effects on biofilm formation. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), linked with CRISPR associated (Cas) genes, can confer adaptive immunity to bacteria, against bacteriophage infections. Thus from a therapeutic standpoint, CRISPR immunity increases biofilm resistance to phage therapy. Recently, however, CRISPR-Cas genes have been implicated in reducing biofilm formation in lysogenized cells. Thus CRISPR immunity can have complex effects on phage-host-lysogen interactions, particularly in a biofilm. In this contribution, we develop and analyse a series of dynamical systems to elucidate and disentangle these interactions. Two competition models are used to study the effects of lysogens (first model) and CRISPR-immune bacteria (second model) in the biofilm. In the third model, the effect of delivering lysogens to a CRISPR-immune biofilm is investigated. Using standard analyses of equilibria, stability and bifurcations, our models predict that lysogens may be able to displace CRISPR-immune bacteria in a biofilm, and thus suggest strategies to eliminate phage-resistant biofilms. | 2017 | 28426329 |
| 9023 | 10 | 0.9372 | Repositioning secnidazole as a novel virulence factors attenuating agent in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Long-term treatment with antibiotics gives rise to the evolution of multi-drug resistant bacteria which are hard to be treated. Virulence factors inhibitors depend on disarming of microbial pathogens through reducing expression of virulence factors, abolishing the pathogen capability to harm the host. In the present study, the influence of secnidazole on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors expression was characterized. Production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors such as pyocyanin, pyoverdin, elastase, rhamnolipids, proteases and hemolysins was examined following treatment of bacteria with sub-inhibitory concentration of secnidazole. Interestingly, secnidazole showed a powerful inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors. Our results were further confirmed using qRT-PCR showing that there was a significant decrease in the expression of quorum sensing genes; lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, pqsA and pqsR that regulate expression of virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, in vivo experiment using mice as infection model showed that secnidazole-treated bacteria were less capable to kill mice as compared to untreated bacteria. Importantly, there was a significant reduction in mortality in mice injected with secnidazole-treated bacteria relative to mice inoculated with untreated bacteria. In summary, our data showed that secnidazole could play a role in attenuating Pseudomonas aeruginosa through reducing virulence factors production. Moreover, our data clearly suggest that secnidazole could be involved in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in order to control infection and lower the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. | 2019 | 30500409 |
| 2525 | 11 | 0.9371 | Review of antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes in livestock and meat in EU with focus on humans. OBJECTIVES: In this review, we describe surveillance programmes reporting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and resistance genes in bacterial isolates from livestock and meat and compare them with those relevant for human health. METHODS: Publications on AMR in European countries were assessed. PubMed was reviewed and AMR monitoring programmes were identified from reports retrieved by Internet searches and by contacting national authorities in EU/European Economic Area (EEA) member states. RESULTS: Three types of systems were identified: EU programmes, industry-funded supranational programmes and national surveillance systems. The mandatory EU-financed programme has led to some harmonization in national monitoring and provides relevant information on AMR and extended-spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria. At the national level, AMR surveillance systems in livestock apply heterogeneous sampling, testing and reporting modalities, resulting in results that cannot be compared. Most reports are not publicly available or are written in a local language. The industry-funded monitoring systems undertaken by the Centre Européen d'Etudes pour la Santé Animale (CEESA) examines AMR in bacteria in food-producing animals. CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of AMR genes in livestock is applied heterogeneously among countries. Most antibiotics of human interest are included in animal surveillance, although results are difficult to compare as a result of lack of representativeness of animal samples. We suggest that EU/EEA countries provide better uniform AMR monitoring and reporting in livestock and link them better to surveillance systems in humans. Reducing the delay between data collection and publication is also important to allow prompt identification of new resistance patterns. | 2018 | 28970159 |
| 2526 | 12 | 0.9371 | Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from peridomestic Rattus species: A scoping literature review. Rattus spp. may acquire and disseminate antimicrobial resistant bacteria or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. We conducted a scoping review to synthesize available research findings on AMR in Rattus spp. and to describe the size and scope of available literature on AMR epidemiology in Rattus spp. The review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The search focused on scientific peer-reviewed publications focusing on AMR in peridomestic Rattus spp. The review was limited to publications in English available in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus between 2000 and 2021. The results were summarized descriptively. Thirty-four studies conducted in twenty-one countries were included in this scoping review. Twelve bacterial species with AMR were identified with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus being the two most commonly reported. The resistant bacteria were isolated from species of peridomestic Rattus spp. in which R. norvegicus and R. rattus were the two most commonly studied. Rats were also found to carry multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria including extended-spectrum beta (β)-lactamase (ESBL), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CoRE), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). This scoping review suggests that peridomestic Rattus spp. can carry multiple antimicrobial resistant bacteria, indicating their potential to serve as reservoirs and spreaders of AMR thus posing a threat to human and animal health. | 2023 | 37363213 |
| 9194 | 13 | 0.9371 | Review on the immunology of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) is a marine species of great economic importance, particularly in Mediterranean aquaculture. However, numerous pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites affect the species, causing various infectious diseases and thereby leading to the most heavy losses in aquaculture production of sea bass. In this respect, knowledge on molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance to pathogens and specific features of immune response against various infectious agents should greatly benefit the development of effective vaccines and proper vaccination strategies in marker-assisted selection of fish resistant to a range of infections. To date, genetic knowledge on sea bass immune regulatory genes responsible for resistance to pathogens is relatively poor but tends to accumulate rapidly. In this review, we summarize and update current knowledge on the immune system and immune regulatory genes of the sea bass. | 2007 | 17382407 |
| 9496 | 14 | 0.9370 | Biofilm Lifestyle in Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent one of the most common infections that are frequently encountered in health care facilities. One of the main mechanisms used by bacteria that allows them to survive hostile environments is biofilm formation. Biofilms are closed bacterial communities that offer protection and safe hiding, allowing bacteria to evade host defenses and hide from the reach of antibiotics. Inside biofilm communities, bacteria show an increased rate of horizontal gene transfer and exchange of resistance and virulence genes. Additionally, bacterial communication within the biofilm allows them to orchestrate the expression of virulence genes, which further cements the infestation and increases the invasiveness of the infection. These facts stress the necessity of continuously updating our information and understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and eradication methods of this growing public health concern. This review seeks to understand the role of biofilm formation in recurrent urinary tact infections by outlining the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in different uropathogens, in addition to shedding light on some biofilm eradication strategies. | 2023 | 36676100 |
| 9139 | 15 | 0.9370 | Contribution of quorum sensing to virulence and antibiotic resistance in zoonotic bacteria. Quorum sensing (QS), which is a key part of cell/cell communication, is widely distributed in microorganisms, especially in bacteria. Bacteria can produce and detect the presence of QS signal molecule, perceive the composition and density of microorganisms in their complex habitat, and then dynamically regulate their own gene expression to adapt to their environment. Among the many traits controlled by QS in pathogenic bacteria is the expression of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance. Many pathogenic bacteria rely on QS to govern the production of virulence factors and express drug-resistance, especially in zoonotic bacteria. The threat of antibiotic resistant zoonotic bacteria has called for alternative antimicrobial strategies that would mitigate the increase of classical resistance mechanism. Targeting QS has proven to be a promising alternative to conventional antibiotic for controlling infections. Here we review the QS systems in common zoonotic pathogenic bacteria and outline how QS may control the virulence and antibiotic resistance of zoonotic bacteria. | 2022 | 35487393 |
| 8153 | 16 | 0.9370 | Dominant, Heritable Resistance to Stewart's Wilt in Maize Is Associated with an Enhanced Vascular Defense Response to Infection with Pantoea stewartii. Vascular wilt bacteria such as Pantoea stewartii, the causal agent of Stewart's bacterial wilt of maize (SW), are destructive pathogens that are difficult to control. These bacteria colonize the xylem, where they form biofilms that block sap flow leading to characteristic wilting symptoms. Heritable forms of SW resistance exist and are used in maize breeding programs but the underlying genes and mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we show that seedlings of maize inbred lines with pan1 mutations are highly resistant to SW. However, current evidence suggests that other genes introgressed along with pan1 are responsible for resistance. Genomic analyses of pan1 lines were used to identify candidate resistance genes. In-depth comparison of P. stewartii interaction with susceptible and resistant maize lines revealed an enhanced vascular defense response in pan1 lines characterized by accumulation of electron-dense materials in xylem conduits visible by electron microscopy. We propose that this vascular defense response restricts P. stewartii spread through the vasculature, reducing both systemic bacterial colonization of the xylem network and consequent wilting. Though apparently unrelated to the resistance phenotype of pan1 lines, we also demonstrate that the effector WtsE is essential for P. stewartii xylem dissemination, show evidence for a nutritional immunity response to P. stewartii that alters xylem sap composition, and present the first analysis of maize transcriptional responses to P. stewartii infection. | 2019 | 31657672 |
| 8793 | 17 | 0.9370 | Enhanced Phytopathogen Biofilm Control in the Soybean Phyllosphere by the Phoresy of Bacteriophages Hitchhiking on Biocontrol Bacteria. Phage-based biocontrol has shown notable advantages in protecting plants against pathogenic bacteria in agricultural settings compared to chemical-based bactericides. However, the efficiency and scope of phage biocontrol of pathogenic bacteria are limited by the intrinsic properties of phages. Here, we investigated pathogen biofilm eradication in the phyllosphere using the phoresy system of hitchhiking phages onto carrier biocontrol bacteria. The phoresy system efficiently removed the pathogen biofilm in the soybean phyllosphere, reducing the total biomass by 58% and phytopathogens by 82% compared to the untreated control. Biofilm eradication tests demonstrated a significant combined beneficial effect (Bliss independence model, CI < 1) as phages improved carrier bacteria colonization by 1.2-fold and carrier bacteria facilitated phage infection by 1.4-fold. Transcriptomic analysis showed that phoresy significantly enhanced motility (e.g., fliC and pilD genes) and energy metabolism (e.g., pgm and pgk genes) of carrier bacteria and suppressed the defense system (e.g., MSH3 and FLS2 genes) and energy metabolism (e.g., petB and petC genes) of pathogens. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the phoresy system stimulated the secretion of beneficial metabolites (e.g., flavonoid and tropane alkaloid) that could enhance stress response and phyllosphere protection in soybeans. Overall, the phoresy of phages hitchhiking on biocontrol bacteria offers a novel and effective strategy for phyllosphere microbiome manipulation and bacterial disease control. | 2025 | 40315344 |
| 9816 | 18 | 0.9369 | A two-component system serves as a central hub for connecting energy metabolism and plasmid dissemination in bacteria. Mobile genetic elements such as conjugative plasmids play a key role in the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria. Resistance genes on plasmids can be transferred between bacteria using specialized conjugation machinery. Acinetobacter baumannii, the most common bacterium associated with nosocomial infections, harbors a large conjugative plasmid that encodes a type IV secretion system (T4SS). Feng et al. recently found that the A. baumannii T4SS is specialized for plasmid transfer, suggesting that it may be involved in multidrug resistance (Z. Feng, L. Wang, Q. Guan, X. Chu, and Z.-Q. Luo, mBio e02276-23, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02276-23), T4SS-encoding genes are shown to be controlled by a versatile GacA/S two-component regulatory system. GacA/S is also found to regulate genes involved in central metabolism. The coordinated regulation of metabolism and plasmid conjugation may be a bacterial strategy for adapting to selective pressure from antibiotics. | 2023 | 38032214 |
| 9497 | 19 | 0.9369 | The Complex Relationship between Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic resistance, prompted by the overuse of antimicrobial agents, may arise from a variety of mechanisms, particularly horizontal gene transfer of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, which is often facilitated by biofilm formation. The importance of phenotypic changes seen in a biofilm, which lead to genotypic alterations, cannot be overstated. Irrespective of if the biofilm is single microbe or polymicrobial, bacteria, protected within a biofilm from the external environment, communicate through signal transduction pathways (e.g., quorum sensing or two-component systems), leading to global changes in gene expression, enhancing virulence, and expediting the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Thus, one must examine a genetic change in virulence and resistance not only in the context of the biofilm but also as inextricably linked pathologies. Observationally, it is clear that increased virulence and the advent of antibiotic resistance often arise almost simultaneously; however, their genetic connection has been relatively ignored. Although the complexities of genetic regulation in a multispecies community may obscure a causative relationship, uncovering key genetic interactions between virulence and resistance in biofilm bacteria is essential to identifying new druggable targets, ultimately providing a drug discovery and development pathway to improve treatment options for chronic and recurring infection. | 2017 | 28106797 |