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306300.9315Antibiotic resistance among coliform and fecal coliform bacteria isolated from the freshwater mussel Hydridella menziesii. Freshwater mussels (Hydridella menziesii) collected from Lakes Rotoroa, Rotoiti, and Brunner, South Island, New Zealand, contained coliform and fecal coliform bacteria. The majority of these bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics, but none transferred streptomycin, tetracycline, or kanamycin resistance to an antibiotic-susceptible strain of Escherichia coli K-12.1976779633
122610.9315Multi-drug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. We collected flies from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to examine for the presence of bacteria and to determine the sensitivity patterns of those bacteria. A total of 1,228 flies were collected from 6 sites around Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport from April to September 2011. The predominant species was Chrysomya megacephala (n=276, 22.5%). Antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria (n=48) were isolated from flies using MacConkey agar supplemented with cephalothin (20 microg/ml). These were identified as Escherichia coli (n=37), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3) and Aeromonas hydrophila (n=2). All isolated bacteria were tested for resistance to 21 commonly used antimicrobials: amoxicillin (100%), ticarcillin (100%), cephalothin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), ceftazidime 1 (93.8%), piperacillin (93.8%), cefotaxime (89.6%), ticarcillin-clavulanate (81.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), gentamicin (45.8%), cefepime (39.6%), tobramycin (39.6%), ceftazidime (22.9%), cefoxitin (16.7%), amikacin (16.7%), netilmicin (14.6%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (6.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (2.1%). No resistance to meropenem or imipenem was observed. Antibiotic resistance genes among the isolated bacteria were analyzed for by polymerase chain reaction. Thirty of the 48 bacteria with resistance (62.5%) possessed the blaTEM gene.201324450236
126920.9309Prevalence of Resistance Genes Among Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Waters of Rivers Swat and Kabul, Pakistan. The waters of rivers Swat and Kabul are the main water source for domestic and irrigation purposes in the northwestern part of Pakistan. However, this water has been contaminated due to human activities. This study aimed to analyze the water of these rivers for occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes among Gram-negative bacteria. Samples were collected from 10 different locations of these rivers. The samples were processed for the isolation of Gram-negative bacteria. Isolated bacteria were checked against 12 different antibiotics for susceptibility. The isolates were also analyzed for the presence of seven antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 50 bacterial isolates were recovered that belonged to five different bacterial genera, that is, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena (Klebsiella terrigena), and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Antibiotic resistance pattern was cefixime 72%, cephalothin 72%, ampicillin 68%, nalidixic acid 68%, kanamycin 54%, streptomycin 42%, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 28%, chloramphenicol 28%, meropenem 8%, gentamicin 8%, amikacin 2%, and tobramycin 2%. The prevalence of bla-TEM gene was 72% (n = 36), aadA gene 34% (n = 17), sul gene 32% (n = 16), bla-CTXM gene 12% (n = 6), int gene 66% (n = 33), and int1 gene 6% (n = 3). This information highlights the need for controlling and monitoring the release of domestic wastes to rivers.202539435695
138230.9306Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in Sheltered dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan. There is a lack of an established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system in animal welfare centers. Therefore, the AMR prevalence in shelter dogs is rarely known. Herein, we conducted a survey in animal shelters in Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures, in the Kanto Region, Japan, to ascertain the AMR status of Escherichia coli  (E. coli) prevalent in shelter dogs. E. coli was detected in the fecal samples of all 61 and 77 shelter dogs tested in Chiba and Kanagawa, respectively. The AMR was tested against 20 antibiotics. E. coli isolates derived from 16.4% and 26.0% of samples from Chiba and Kanagawa exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, respectively. E. coli in samples from Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures were commonly resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid; that from the Kanagawa Prefecture to cefazolin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin and that from Chiba Prefecture to chloramphenicol and imipenem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected in 18 dogs from both regions; β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaDHA-1, blaCTX-M-9 group CTX-M-14), quinolone-resistance protein genes (qnrB and qnrS), and mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (gyrA and parC) were detected. These results could partially represent the AMR data in shelter dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan.202235031646
122740.9306Antibiotic resistance among coliform bacteria isolated from carcasses of commercially slaughtered chickens. A total of 322 coliform bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp. and Serratia spp., were isolated from 50 carcasses of commercially slaughtered chickens. Their resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, cephalotine, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin, were determined. The most commonly found resistance was to tetracycline followed by cephalotine, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. A large percentage of E. coli (41%) and Klebsiella spp. (38%) showed multiple antibiotic resistance.19902282290
127050.9303Multiantibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water samples in southwest Greece. In this study we monitored the sensitivity of 239 gram-negative bacteria (of fecal and non-fecal origin), isolated from the old drinking water distribution network of Patras in southwestern Greece, to 20 antibiotic agents. Two methods were used to find the multiresistant bacteria (bacteria resistant to two or more antibiotics): the diffusion disk method and a serial dilution method. The gram-negative bacteria tested were: Enterobacteriaceae (62), Pseudomonas (145), Vibrionaceae (24), Chromobacter (3), Acinetobacter (2) and others (4). The highest levels of antibiotic resistance were obtained for cephalothin (86.7%), ampicillin (77.5%) and carbenicillin (71%) followed by cefoxitin (55.4%) and cefuroxime (51.2%). Intermediate resistance levels were found for ticarcillin (31.3%), ceftizoxime (31.2%), chloramphenicol (30.3%), and cefotetan (25.2%). Low resistance levels were obtained for cefotaxime (17.9%), sulfisoxazole (15.2%), ceftriaxone (12.5%), tetracycline (11.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (7.4%) and piperacillin (2.4%). Overall 91.3% of the gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water were multiresistant. No resistant strains were found to quinolones, aminoglycosides, imipenem, aztreonam, ceftazidime or cefoperazone. The high antibiotic resistance rate of the isolated microorganisms from the Patras drinking water supply is discussed.200010949974
299560.9294Antibiotic resistance in bacteria from magpies (Pica pica) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from west Wales. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wild animal and bird populations is largely unknown, with little consistency among the few published reports. We therefore examined intestinal bacteria from magpies (Pica pica) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) collected in rural west Wales. Escherichia coli isolates resistant to multiple antibiotics were grown from eight of 20 magpies trapped in spring, 1999 and one of 17 in spring, 2000; the most prevalent resistance trait among these isolates was to tetracycline, but resistances to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, sulphonamide, tetracycline and trimethoprim were also found. Tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus spp. were found in one of 20 magpies in 1999 and three of 17 in 2000. Only one resistant E. coli isolate was detected among gut bacteria from 13 rabbits, and this strain was resistant only to tetracycline. Differences in the prevalence of resistance between bacteria from rabbits and magpies may reflect differences in diet: rabbits graze field edges, whereas magpies are omnivorous and opportunistic. The resistance genes found in E. coli isolates from magpies mostly corresponded to those common among human isolates, but those conferring tetracycline resistance were unique.200111722546
136770.9294Azorean wild rabbits as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an increasing problem that is not only constrained to the clinical setting but also to other environments that can lodge antibiotic resistant bacteria and therefore they may serve as reservoirs of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance. One hundred and thirty-six faecal samples from European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus) were collected on São Jorge Island in Azores Archipelago, and analysed for Escherichia coli isolates. Seventy-seven isolates (56.6%) were recovered and studied for antimicrobial resistance, one isolate per positive sample. Thirteen (16.9%), 19 (24.7%), 25 (32.4%) and 20 (26%) isolates were ascribed to A, B1, B2 and D phylogenetic groups, respectively, by specific primer polymerase chain reaction. Different E. coli isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin (16.9%), tetracycline (1.3%), streptomycin (42.9%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (1.3%), amikacin (1.3%), tobramycin (2.6%) and nalidixic acid (1.3%). Additionally, the blaTEM, tetA, strA/strB, aadA, sul1, intI, intI2 and qacEΔ+sul1 genes were found in most resistant isolates. This study showed that E. coli from the intestinal tract of wild rabbits from Azores Archipelago are resistant to widely prescribed antibiotics in medicine and they constitute a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant genes, which may play a significant role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, antibiotic resistant E. coli from Azorean wild rabbits may represent an ecological and public health problem.201425246166
132380.9293Detection of antibiotic resistant enterococci and Escherichia coli in free range Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus). Thirty fecal samples from wild specimens of Iberian lynx were collected and analyzed for Enterococcus spp. (27 isolates) and Escherichia coli (18 isolates) recovery. The 45 isolates obtained were tested for antimicrobial resistance, molecular mechanisms of resistance, and presence of virulence genes. Among the enterococci, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae were the most prevalent species (11 isolates each), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (5 isolates). High percentages of resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin (33% and 30%, respectively) were detected among enterococcal isolates. The tet(M) and/or tet(L), erm(B), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, or aph(3')-IIIa genes were detected among resistant enterococci. Virulence genes were detected in one E. faecalis isolate (cpd, cylB, and cylL) and one E. hirae isolate (cylL). High percentages of resistance were detected in E. coli isolates to tetracycline (33%), streptomycin (28%), nalidixic acid (28%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT, 22%). Additionally, the blaTEM, tet(A), aadA, cmlA, and different combinations of sul genes were detected among most ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and SXT-resistant isolates, respectively. Two isolates contained a class 1 integron with the gene cassette arrays dfrA1 + aadA1 and dfrA12 + aadA2. The E. coli isolates were ascribed to phylo-groups A (n=5); B1 (n=4); B2 (n=6), and D (n=3), with the virulence gene fimA present in all E. coli isolates. This study found resistance genes in wild specimens of Iberian lynx. Thus, it is important to notice that multiresistant bacteria have reached species as rare and completely non-synanthropic as the Iberian lynx. Furthermore, the susceptibility of this endangered species to bacterial infection may be affected by the presence of these virulence and resistance genes.201323588135
123090.9293Lentic and effluent water of Delhi-NCR: a reservoir of multidrug-resistant bacteria harbouring blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV type ESBL genes. Antimicrobial resistance is not restricted to clinics but also spreading fast in the aquatic environment. This study focused on the prevalence and diversity of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes among bacteria from lentic and effluent water in Delhi-NCR, India. Phenotypic screening of 436 morphologically distinct bacterial isolates collected from diverse sites revealed that 106 (∼24%) isolates were ESBL positive. Antibiotic profiling showed that 42, 60, 78 and 59% ESBL producing isolates collected from Ghazipur slaughterhouse, Lodhi garden pond, Hauz Khas lake and Jasola wastewater treatment plant, respectively, were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index varied from 0.20 to 0.32 among selected locations. The prevalence of ESBL gene variants blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M were found to be 17.64, 35.29 and 64%, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of obtained gene sequences showed three variants of blaCTX-M (15, 152 and 205) and two variants of blaTEM (TEM-1 and TEM-116) among ESBL producers. The co-existence of 2-3 gene variants was recorded among 48% ESBL positive isolates. New reports from this study include the blaCTX-M gene in Acinetobacter lwoffii, Enterobacter ludwigii, Exiguobacterium mexicanum and Aeromonas caviae. Furthermore, the identification of blaTEM and blaSHV in an environmental isolate of A. caviae is a new report from India.202134371496
1216100.9292Coexistence of multidrug resistance and ESBL encoding genes - bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M); its amplification and dispersion in the environment via municipal wastewater treatment plant. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are a global source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), collecting wastewater from a variety of sources, including hospital wastewater, domestic wastewater, runoff from agricultural and livestock farms, etc. These sources are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Such pollutants aided eutrophication and encouraged bacterial growth. During bacterial growth horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) of ARGs and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes may facilitate, resulting in the spread of antibiotic resistance exponentially. The current study investigated the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL encoding genes in various treatment units of MWWTP and their spread in the environment. A total of three sampling sites (BUT, BRO, and BFB) were chosen, and 33 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated. 14 of the 33 isolates tested positive for antibiotic resistance and were further tested for the coexistence of MDR and ESBL production. The selected 14 isolates showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim (85.71%), followed by ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ampicillin (71.42%), tetracycline (57.14%), and vancomycin, gentamicin, and colistin sulphate (50%). A total of 9 isolates (64.28%) were phenotypically positive for ESBL production (BUT2, BUT3, BUT5, BRO1, BRO2, BRO3, BRO4, BRO5 and BFB1). The molecular detection of ESBL encoding genes, i.e. bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M) was carried out. The most prevalent gene was bla(TEM) (69.23%), followed by bla(SHV) (46.15%), and bla(CTX-M) (23.07%). In this study, 9 isolates (64.28%) out of 14 showed the coexistence of MDR and ESBL encoding genes, namely BUT3, BUT4, BUT5, BUT6, BUT7, BRO1, BRO2, BRO4, and BFB1. The coexistence of ESBL encoding genes and resistance to other antibiotic classes exacerbates human health and the environment.202438992444
1224110.9292Prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli from Austrian sandpits. The aim was to determine the prevalence of E. coli and coliform bacteria in playground sand of all public children's sandpits in Graz (n = 45), Austria, and to assess the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli. Molecular characterization included the discrimination of O-serotypes and H-antigens and the determination of virulence and resistance genes, using a microarray technology. E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to a set of antibiotics by VITEK2 system and disk diffusion method. In total, 22 (49%) and 44 (98%) sandpits were positive for E. coli and coliform bacteria. Median concentrations of E. coli and coliform bacteria in the sand samples were: 2.6 × 10(4) CFU/100 g and 3.0 × 10(5) CFU/100 g. Resistance rates were: ampicillin, 12.5%; piperacillin, 10.4%; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 9.4%; cotrimoxazole, 6.3%; tetracycline, 6.3%; piperacillin/tazobactam, 5.2%. No ESBL- or carbapenemase-producing isolates were found. The most prevalent serogroups were O15, O6 and O4. Isolates harbored 0 up to 16 different virulence genes.201425089889
1220120.9291Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae in Wastewater Effluent in Blantyre, Malawi. Background/Objectives: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as a sink for both antimicrobial residues and bacteria carrying resistant genes, which are later disseminated into the environment, facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (Ec), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), and Enterobacter cloacae (Enc) in effluent from WWTP in Blantyre, Malawi, to generate evidence and provide baseline information for interventions. Methods: Selective chromogenic agar was used to identify ESBL-producing bacteria. Results: A total of 288 samples were collected between April 2023 and March 2024, and 97.6% (281/288) yielded one or more presumptive ESBL isolates. Bacterial growth was confirmed as 48.9% Ec (255/522), 33.0% Kp (172/522), and 10.0% Enc (52/522). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (Ec, 100.0%; Kp, 98.3%; Enc, 100.0%) and the lowest resistance to meropenem (Ec, 6.3%, Kp, 1.2%; Enc, 3.8%) among the antibiotics that were tested. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes were observed in 73.1% of the isolates, with the most prevalent phenotype being amoxicillin + clavulanate/cotrimoxazole/doxycycline/ciprofloxacin/gentamicin/azithromycin/ceftriaxone (55, 15.7%). Conclusions: The study demonstrated ongoing environmental contamination with antibiotic-resistant bacteria from sewage effluent. Therefore, the functionality of WWTPs should be improved to minimize the release of these organisms into the environment.202540558152
3628130.9289Antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from environmental sources. A total of 2,445 gram-negative bacteria belonging to fecal coliform, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga groups were isolated from the rivers and bay of Tillamook, Oregon, and their resistances to chloramphenicol (25 microgram/ml), streptomycin (10 microgram/ml), ampicillin (10 microgram/ml), tetracycline (25 microgram/ml), chlortetracycline (25 microgram/ml), oxytetracycline (25 microgram/ml), neomycin (50 microgram/ml), nitrofurazone (12.5 microgram/ml), nalidixic acid (25 microgram/ml), kanamycin (25 microgram/ml), and penicillin G (10 IU/ml) were determined. Among fecal coliforms the bay isolates showed greater resistance to antibiotics than those from tributaries or surface runoff. No such well-defined difference was found among other bacterial groups. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria from different sources correlated well, perhaps indicating their common origin. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria of different general also correlated well, perhaps indicating that bacteria which share a common environment also share a common mode for developing antibiotic resistance.1978727777
1324140.9288Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci and Escherichia coli isolates from European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 44 Escherichia coli and 64 enterococci recovered from 77 intestinal samples of wild European rabbits in Portugal were analyzed for resistance to antimicrobial agents. Resistance in E. coli isolates was observed for ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. None of the E. coli isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). The bla(TEM), aadA, aac(3)-II, tet(A) and/or tet(B), and the catA genes were demonstrated in all ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol-resistant isolates respectively, and the sul1 and/or sul2 and/or sul3 genes in 4 of 5 sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim resistant isolates. Of the enterococcal isolates, Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent detected species (39 isolates), followed by E. faecium (21 isolates) and E. hirae (4 isolates). More than one-fourth (29.7%) of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline; 20.3% were resistant to erythromycin, 14.1% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 10.9% were resistant to high-level-kanamycin. Lower level of resistance (<10%) was detected for ampicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin and high-level-gentamicin, -streptomycin. No vancomycin-resistance was detected in the enterococci isolates. Resistance genes detected included aac(6')-aph(2''), ant(6)-Ia, tet(M) and/or tet(L) in all gentamicin, streptomycin and tetracycline-resistant isolates respectively. The aph(3')-IIIa gene was detected in 6 of 7 kanamycin-resistant isolates, the erm(B) gene in 11 of 13 erythromycin-resistant isolates and the vat(D) gene in the quinupristin/dalfopristin-resistant E. faecium isolate. This survey showed that faecal bacteria such as E. coli and enterococci of wild rabbits could be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes.201020624632
1294150.9287Isolation and detection of antibiotics resistance genes of Escherichia coli from broiler farms in Sukabumi, Indonesia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to isolate and identify Escherichia coli from broiler samples from Sukabumi, Indonesia. Also, antibiogram studies of the isolated bacteria were carried out considering the detection of the antibiotic resistance genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cloaca swabs (n = 45) were collected from broilers in Sukabumi, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out according to standard bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests, followed by confirmation of the polymerase chain reaction targeting the uspA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity test, using several antibiotics [tetracycline (TE), oxytetracycline (OT), ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (CN), nalidixic acid (NA), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), chloramphenicol, and erythromycin] was carried out following the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance coding genes was carried out by PCR using specific oligonucleotide primers. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The results showed that 55.6% (25/45) of the samples were associated with the presence of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the E. coli isolates were resistant to TE (88%; 22/25), OT (88%; 22/25), AMP (100%; 25/25), CN (64%; 16/25), NA (100%; 22/25), CIP (88%; 22/25), ENR (72%; 18/25), chloramphenicol (0%; 0/25), and erythromycin (92%; 23/25). On the other hand, the antibiotic resistance coding genes were tetA (86.4%; 19/22), blaTEM (100%; 25/25), aac(3)-IV (0%; 0/16), gyrA (100%; 25/25), and ermB (13%; 3/23). It was found that chloramphenicol is markedly different from other antibiotic treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Escherichia coli was successfully isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler in Sukabumi, Indonesia. The bacteria were resistant to TE, OT, AMP, CN, NA, CIP, ENR, and erythromycin. Chloramphenicol was more sensitive and effective than other antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance genes detected were tetA, blaTEM, gyrA, and ermB.202133860017
2099160.9287Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance-genes in drinking water source in north Shoa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. BACKGROUND: The growing number of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a range of environments poses a serious challenge to infectious disease prevention. Good water quality is critical to human health and has a direct impact on a country's socio-economic growth. Therefore, assessing the bacteriological quality of drinking water provides benchmark data and provides insight into the development of further protection and treatment measures. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1, 2022, to September 31, 2023, in the diarrhea hotspot areas of North Shewa Zone (Minjar-Shenkora and Mojana-Wedera districts). Water samples were collected from drinking water sources (hand-pumps, boreholes, wells, spring water and ponds) to assess the quality following WHO guidelines. The collected water samples were processed for bacterial isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. RESULTS: A total of (49/138, 35.5%) bacteria were isolated from 138 drinking water samples, with a positive rate of (41/138, 29.7%). Among the isolates, (16/138, 11.6%) were Staphylococcus aureus while (33/138, 23.9%) were members of Enterobacteriaceae. Relatively high resistance rate among all isolates were observed for the most prescribed antibiotics in Ethiopia, including erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. However, a low resistance was observed for early introduced antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and recently introduced antibiotics such as cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and meropenem. Among the 49 bacteria isolates, (32/49, 65.3%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens while (12/49, 24.5%) were ESβL producers. Different ESβL genes were detected in most bacterial isolates. The predominant ESβL genes were blaCTX-M-gp8/25 (6/33, 18.2%), blaCTX-M-gp9 (5/33, 15.2%), and blaCTX-M-gp1 (5/33, 15.2%). CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggests that most water sources in the study area were contaminated by various bacterial species that are resistant to different antibiotics. Various ESβL resistance genes have also been detected. Therefore, regular sanitary inspection and bacteriological analysis should be mandatory to protect drinking water sources from contamination and the persistence of resistant bacteria.202439310913
1314170.9286Antibiotic resistance genes, colistin-resistant Escherichia coli, and physicochemicals in health care wastewater in Vinh Long General Hospital, Vietnam. This study collected ten treated wastewater samples from Vinh Long General Hospital to determine their physicochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties. All treated wastewater samples collected during the monitoring periods complied with national regulations. In addition, these samples did not contain bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae. The investigation yielded a total of 25 Escherichia coli isolates. The E. coli isolates exhibied highest antibiotic resistance rate to ampicillin (100%), followed by ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cefazolin (96%, 92%, and 92%, respectively). The resistance rate to fosfomycin was 88%, whereas 80% of the isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The resistance rate to gentamicin was 72%, whereas that to imipenem and tetracycline was 52%. In addition, 44% isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, and 32% of isolates were colistin-resistant. Among analyzed isolates, three were resistant to 10 of 11 tested antibiotics but only displayed intermediate resistance to imipenems (carbapenems). Surprisingly, 23 out of 25 isolates showed a positive ESBL phenotype. Eleven of them had both the bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M-1) group structural genes, while twelve only had the bla(CTX-M-1) group gene. Furthermore, none of the isolated E. coli isolates exhibited the bla(SHV) gene. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin exceeded 4 μg/mL in 8 out of 25 (32%) isolates. Seven of eight isolates (87.5%) carried the mcr-1 gene, while one (12.5%) carried the mcr-8 gene. None of the other mcr (mcr-2 to mcr-9) genes were found.202439528737
1260180.9286Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Bacteria from the Conjunctival Sacs of Dogs with Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Different Regions of Wuhan, China. In order to investigate the bacterial species present in the conjunctival sacs of dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in Wuhan (Hongshan District, Wuchang District, Jiangxia District, and Huangpi District) and their resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, samples of conjunctival sac secretions were collected from 56 dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in various regions of Wuhan. Drug susceptibility testing for aminoglycoside antibiotics was performed on the most commonly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The expression of two aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes, aacA-aphD and aac (6')-Ib, and three 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes, rmtB, rmtE and npmA, were analyzed by PCR. The results showed that a total of 123 bacterial strains were cultured from 56 conjunctival sac secretion samples, with Staphylococcus being the most commonly isolated species, followed by Escherichia. Among them, 14 strains of Staphylococcus pseudointermedius were not resistant to tobramycin, amikacin, gentamicin or neomycin, but the resistance rates to streptomycin and kanamycin were 35.71% and 42.86%, respectively. Among them, 14 Escherichia coli strains were not resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin, but they showed high resistance rates to neomycin and kanamycin (both at 50%). The detection rate of the aacA-aphD gene in Staphylococcus pseudointermedius strains was 100%. The detection rates of the rmtB gene and rmtE gene in Escherichia coli were 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively, while the aac(6')-Ib gene and npmA gene were not detected.202539852896
5275190.9286Characterization of antibiotic-resistance genes in antibiotic resistance Escherichia coli isolates from a lake. The spread of antibiotic-resistance bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) has been of concern worldwide. In this study, 114 Escherichia coli isolates were isolated from surface water samples of a lake to identify their susceptibility to antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), gentamicin (GN), ampicillin (AMP), streptomycin (ST), oxytetracycline (OC), levofloxacin (LEV), nalidixic acid (NA), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SFT). Isolates showing resistance to TC, GN, AMP, ST, OC, LEV, NA, and SFT occurred in 50, 76, 68, 71, 55, 32, 82, and 85 % of the total isolates, respectively. Thirty-seven different resistance patterns were identified, and the most abundant resistance profile (28 of 104) was TC/GN/AMP/ST/OC/LEV/NA/SFT. The occurrence of 29 ARGs were detected in their corresponding resistance clones, and 88 % of TC-resistance, 94 % of SFT-resistance, 90 % of AMP-resistance, 78 % of ST-resistance, and 72 % of quinolone-resistance clones can be described by their corresponding ARGs. It should be noted that most of these antibiotic-resistance clones harbored at least two corresponding ARGs, indicating that high frequencies of combined ARGs occurred in these isolates. In addition, 9 new types of DNA sequence of qnr(B) gene were obtained and were clustered into the same group as showed by phylogenetic trees analysis. These results suggest that the development of antibiotic resistance can be ascribed to the high frequency in the recombination of ARGs through horizontal gene transfer.201323846774