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82800.9497Screening for Resistant Bacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Schistosoma spp. in Tissue Samples from Predominantly Vaginally Delivered Placentae in Ivory Coast and Ghana. Medical complications during pregnancy have been frequently reported from Western Africa with a particular importance of infectious complications. Placental tissue can either become the target of infectious agents itself, such as, e.g., in the case of urogenital schistosomiasis, or be subjected to contamination with colonizing or infection-associated microorganisms of the cervix or the vagina during vaginal delivery. In the retrospective cross-sectional assessment presented here, the quantitative dimension of infection or colonization with selected resistant or pathogenic bacteria and parasites was regionally assessed. To do so, 274 collected placental tissues from Ivory Coastal and Ghanaian women were subjected to selective growth of resistant bacteria, as well as to molecular screening for beta-lactamase genes, Schistosoma spp. and selected bacterial causative agents of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Panton-Valentine-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was grown from 1.8% of the tissue samples, comprising the spa types t008 and t688, as well as the newly detected ones, t12101 (n = 2) and t12102. While the culture-based recovery of resistant Enterobacterales and nonfermentative rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria failed, molecular assessments confirmed beta-lactamase genes in 31.0% of the samples with multiple detections of up to four resistance genes per sample and bla(CTX-M), bla(IMP), bla(GES), bla(VIM), bla(OXA-58)-like, bla(NDM), bla(OXA-23)-like, bla(OXA-48)-like and bla(KPC) occurring in descending order of frequency. The beta-lactamase genes bla(OXA-40/24)-like, bla(NMC_A/IMI), bla(BIC), bla(SME), bla(GIM) and bla(DIM) were not detected. DNA of the urogenital schistosomiasis-associated Schistosoma haematobium complex was recorded in 18.6% of the samples, but only a single positive signal for S. mansoni with a high cycle-threshold value in real-time PCR was found. Of note, higher rates of schistosomiasis were observed in Ghana (54.9% vs. 10.3% in Ivory Coast) and Cesarean section was much more frequent in schistosomiasis patients (61.9% vs. 14.8% in women without Schistosoma spp. DNA in the placenta). Nucleic acid sequences of nonlymphogranuloma-venereum-associated Chlamydia trachomatis and of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were recorded in 1.1% and 1.9% of the samples, respectively, while molecular attempts to diagnose Treponema pallidum and Mycoplasma genitalium did not lead to positive results. Molecular detection of Schistosoma spp. or STI-associated pathogens was only exceptionally associated with multiple resistance gene detections in the same sample, suggesting epidemiological distinctness. In conclusion, the assessment confirmed considerable prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and resistant bacterial colonization, as well as a regionally expected abundance of STI-associated pathogens. Continuous screening offers seem advisable to minimize the risks for the pregnant women and their newborns.202337623959
348010.9433Short-term inhalation exposure evaluations of airborne antibiotic resistance genes in environments. Antibiotic resistance is a sword of Damocles that hangs over humans. In regards to airborne antibiotic resistance genes (AARGs), critical knowledge gaps still exist in the identification of hotspots and quantification of exposure levels in different environments. Here, we have studied the profiles of AARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities in various atmospheric environments by high throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We propose a new AARGs exposure dose calculation that uses short-term inhalation (STI). Swine farms and hospitals were high-risk areas where AARGs standardised abundance was more abundant than suburbs and urban areas. Additionally, resistance gene abundance in swine farm worker sputum was higher than that in healthy individuals in other environments. The correlation between AARGs with MGEs and bacteria was strong in suburbs but weak in livestock farms and hospitals. STI exposure analysis revealed that occupational intake of AARGs (via PM(10)) in swine farms and hospitals were 110 and 29 times higher than in suburbs, were 1.5 × 10(4), 5.6 × 10(4) and 5.1 × 10(2) copies, i.e., 61.9%, 75.1% and 10.7% of the overall daily inhalation intake, respectively. Our study comprehensively compares environmental differences in AARGs to identify high-risk areas, and forwardly proposes the STI exposure dose of AARGs to guide risk assessment.202235717091
524520.9430Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. ABSTRACT: Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production.202133302298
125530.9413Emergence of quinupristin/dalfopristin resistance among livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus ST9 clinical isolates. Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) is a valuable alternative to vancomycin for the treatment of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. However, not long after Q/D was approved, bacteria with resistance to this newer antimicrobial agent were reported. To investigate the prevalence of Q/D resistance, a total of 1476 non-duplicate S. aureus isolates, including 775 MRSA, from a Chinese tertiary hospital were selected randomly from 2003 to 2013. Of the 775 MRSA, 3 (0.4%) were resistant to Q/D. All meticillin-susceptible S. aureus were susceptible to Q/D. The prevalence of Q/D resistance among S. aureus was 0.2% (3/1476). The three isolates with Q/D resistance had the same antimicrobial resistance profile, except for cefaclor and chloramphenicol. All three Q/D-resistant MRSA were positive for five streptogramin B resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA and msrB) and two streptogramin A resistance genes (vatC and vgaA) as determined by PCR and DNA sequencing. MRSA WZ1031 belonged to ST9-MRSA-SCCmecV-t899, whilst MRSA WZ414 and WZ480 belonged to ST9-MRSA-SCCmecNT(non-typeable)-t899. ST9 has been reported predominantly in livestock-associated (LA) MRSA in some Asian countries. The three patients with these MRSA isolates were not livestock handlers and did not keep close contact with livestock. The origin of these important LA-MRSA isolates causing human infections is not known. Taken together, Q/D resistance, which was caused by a combination of ermA-ermB-ermC-msrA-msrB-vatC-vgaA, was first found among S. aureus clinical isolates in China. The present study is the first report of the emergence of human infections caused by ST9 LA-MRSA isolates with Q/D resistance.201425218154
140740.9411World Health Organization priority antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium healthcare-associated bloodstream infections in Brazil (ASCENSION): a prospective, multicentre, observational study. BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) are listed by World Health Organization (WHO) as priority antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Data on WHO Priority Antimicrobial resistance Phenotype (WPAP) bacteria from low- and middle-income countries are scarce. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of WPAP in healthcare-associated bloodstream infections (BSI) in Brazil, an upper-middle-income country in South America. METHODS: ASCENSION was a prospective, multicentre, observational study conducted in 14 hospitals from four of five Brazilian regions. Enterobacterales, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. faecium BSIs in hospitalised patients were analysed. The primary outcome was the frequency of WPAP among all bacteria of interest. Secondary outcomes were incidence-density of bacteria isolates in hospitalised patients, WPAP proportions within bacterial species, and 28-day mortality. PCR for carbapenemase genes was performed in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. FINDINGS: Between August 15, 2022, and August 14, 2023, 1350 isolates (1220 BSI episodes) were included. WPAP accounted for 38.8% (n = 524; 95% Confidence Interval 32.0-46.1) of all isolates, with CRE (19.3%) as the most frequent, followed by CRAB (9.6%), MRSA (4.9%), VRE (2.7%), and CRPA (2.4%). Incidence-density of all and WPAP isolates were 1.91 and 0.77/1000 patients-day, respectively. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) was the most common CRE, corresponding to 14.2% of all BSIs. A. baumannii isolates presented the highest proportion of WPAP (87.8%). Mortality rates were higher in patients with BSIs by WPAP than non-WPAP isolates. KPC (64.4%) was the predominant carbapenemase in CRE, followed by NDM (28.4%) and KPC + NDM co-production (7.1%). OXA-23 was the most frequent in CRAB. INTERPRETATION: A high frequency of WPAP bacteria, particularly CRKP and CRAB, were found in healthcare-associated BSIs in Brazil, posing them as a major public health problem in this country. FUNDING: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil.202539957800
601250.9408Metal resistance-related genes are differently expressed in response to copper and zinc ion in six Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strains. Metal resistance of acidophilic bacteria is very significant during bioleaching of copper ores since high concentration of metal is harmful to the growth of microorganisms. The resistance levels of six Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strains to 0.15 M copper and 0.2 M zinc were investigated, and eight metal resistance-related genes (afe-0022, afe-0326, afe-0329, afe-1143, afe-0602, afe-0603, afe-0604, and afe-1788) were sequenced and analyzed. The transcriptional expression levels of eight possible metal tolerance genes in six A. ferrooxidans strains exposed to 0.15 M Cu(2+) and 0.2 M Zn(2+) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), respectively. The copper resistance levels of six A. ferrooxidans strains declined followed by DY26, DX5, DY15, GD-B, GD-0, and YTW. The zinc tolerance levels of six A. ferrooxidans strains exposed to 0.2 M Zn(2+) from high to low were YTW > GD-B > DY26 > GD-0 > DX5 > DY15. Seven metal tolerance-related genes all presented in the genome of six strains, except afe-0604. The metal resistance-related genes showed different transcriptional expression patterns in six A. ferrooxidans strains. The expression of gene afe-0326 and afe-0022 in six A. ferrooxidans strains in response to 0.15 M Cu(2+) showed the same trend with the resistance levels. The expression levels of genes afe-0602, afe-0603, afe-0604, and afe-1788 in six strains response to 0.2 M Zn(2+) did not show a clear correlation between the zinc tolerance levels of six strains. According to the results of RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis, the proteins encoded by afe-0022, afe-0326, afe-0329, and afe-1143 were related to Cu(2+) transport of A. ferrooxidans strains.201425023638
524760.9404Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Food Service Ground Beef Products with and without a "Raised without Antibiotics" Claim. U.S. ground beef with "raised without antibiotics" (RWA) label claims are perceived as harboring fewer bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than are found in conventional (CONV) ground beef with no such label claim. A total of 370 ground beef samples from CONV ( n = 191) and RWA ( n = 179) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TET(r)) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC(r)) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TET(r) S. enterica, 3GC(r) S. enterica, nalidixic acid-resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., TET(r) Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. TET(r) E. coli was more frequently detected in CONV ground beef (CONV, 54.2%; RWA, 35.2%; P < 0.01), but supplier ( P < 0.01) and production system × suppler interaction ( P < 0.01) effects were also significant. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). The abundance of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, bla(CMY-2), bla(CTX-M), bla(KPC-2), erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. The tet(A) (2.9-log(2)-fold change, P = 0.04) and tet(B) (5.6-log(2)-fold change) ( P = 0.03) genes were significantly more abundant in RWA ground beef. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ground beef microbiomes differed more by supplier than by production system. These results were consistent with prior research suggesting antimicrobial use in U.S. beef cattle has minimal impact on the AMR of bacteria found in these products. These results should spur a reevaluation of assumptions regarding the impact of antimicrobial use during U.S. beef production on the AMR of bacteria in ground beef.201830476443
353970.9402Exposure Levels of Airborne Fungi, Bacteria, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Cotton Farms during Cotton Harvesting and Evaluations of N95 Respirators against These Bioaerosols. The USA is the third-leading cotton-producing country worldwide and cotton farming is common in the state of Georgia. Cotton harvest can be a significant contributor to airborne microbial exposures to farmers and nearby rural communities. The use of respirators or masks is one of the viable options for reducing organic dust and bioaerosol exposures among farmers. Unfortunately, the OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard (29 CFR Part 1910.134) does not apply to agricultural workplaces and the filtration efficiency of N95 respirators was never field-tested against airborne microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during cotton harvesting. This study addressed these two information gaps. Airborne culturable microorganisms were sampled using an SAS Super 100 Air Sampler in three cotton farms during cotton harvesting, and colonies were counted and converted to airborne concentrations. Genomic DNA was extracted from air samples using a PowerSoil(®) DNA Isolation Kit. A series of comparative critical threshold (2(-ΔΔCT)) real-time PCR was used to quantify targeted bacterial (16S rRNA) genes and major ARGs. Two N95 facepiece respirator models (cup-shaped and pleated) were evaluated for their protection against culturable bacteria and fungi, total microbial load in terms of surface ATP levels, and ARGs using a field experimental setup. Overall, culturable microbial exposure levels ranged between 10(3) and 10(4) CFU/m(3) during cotton harvesting, which was lower when compared with bioaerosol loads reported earlier during other types of grain harvesting. The findings suggested that cotton harvesting works can release antibiotic resistance genes in farm air and the highest abundance was observed for phenicol. Field experimental data suggested that tested N95 respirators did not provide desirable >95% protections against culturable microorganisms, the total microbial load, and ARGs during cotton harvesting.202337375063
147580.9399Evaluation of the FilmArray(®) Pneumonia Plus Panel for Rapid Diagnosis of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Intensive Care Unit Patients. The FilmArray(®) Pneumonia plus Panel (FAPP) is a new multiplex molecular test for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), which can rapidly detect 18 bacteria, 9 viruses, and 7 resistance genes. We aimed to compare the diagnosis performance of FAPP with conventional testing in 100 intensive care unit (ICU) patients who required mechanical ventilation, with clinically suspected HAP. A total of 237 samples [76 bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL(DS)) and 82 endotracheal aspirates (ETA(DS)) obtained at HAP diagnosis, and 79 ETA obtained during follow-up (ETA(TT))], were analyzed independently by routine microbiology testing and FAPP. 58 patients had paired BAL(DS) and ETA(DS). The positivity thresholds of semi-quantified bacteria were 10(3)-10(4) CFUs/mL or 10(4) copies/mL for BAL, and 10(5) CFUs/mL or copies/mL for ETA. Respiratory commensals (H. influenzae, S. aureus, E. coli, S. pneumoniae) were the most common pathogens. Discordant results for bacterial identification were observed in 33/76 (43.4%) BAL(DS) and 36/82 (43.9%) ETA(DS), and in most cases, FAPP identified one supplemental bacteria (23/33 BAL(DS) and 21/36 ETA(DS)). An absence of growth, or polybacterial cultures, explained almost equally the majority of the non-detections in culture. No linear relationship was observed between bin and CFUs/mL variables. Concordant results between paired BAL(DS) and ETA(DS) were obtained in 46/58 (79.3%) patients with FAPP. One of the 17 resistance genes detected with FAPP (mecA/C and MREJ) was not confirmed by conventional testing. Overall, FAPP enhanced the positivity rate of diagnostic testing, with increased recognition of coinfections. Implementing this strategy may allow clinicians to make more timely and informed decisions.202032983057
524490.9395Potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations. BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are used in animal confinement buildings, such as cage-housed (CH) and floor-housed (FH) poultry operations, to lower the likeliness of disease transmission. In FH facilities, antibiotics may also be used at sub-therapeutic levels for growth promotion. Low levels of antibiotic create a selective pressure toward antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in chicken fecal bacteria. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare bacteria and AMR genes in bioaerosols from CH and FH poultry facilities. METHODS: Bioaerosols were collected from 15 CH and 15 FH poultry operations, using stationary area samplers as well as personal sampling devices. Bacteria concentrations were determined by genus- or species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AMR genes were detected using endpoint PCR. RESULTS: Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus spp. were significantly higher in bioaerosols of FH poultry operations than CH bioaerosols (P < 0.001) while Clostridium perfringens was significantly higher in area bioaerosols of CH operations than FH area bioaerosols (P < 0.05). Campylobacter spp. were detected only in bioaerosols of FH facilities. Zinc bacitracin resistance gene, bcrR, erythromycin resistance gene, ermA, and tetracycline resistance gene, tetA/C, were more prevalent in bioaerosols of FH facilities than CH bioaerosols (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Most bacteria are more concentrated and most AMR genes are more prevalent in bioaerosols of FH poultry operations, where growth-promoting antibiotics may be used.201222156572
1406100.9395Multicentre study of the burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the aetiology of infected diabetic foot ulcers. BACKGROUND: Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Very few published data on IDFU exist in most West African countries. OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the aetiology and antibacterial drug resistance burden of IDFU in tertiary hospitals in Osun state, Nigeria, between July 2016 and April 2017. METHODS: Isolates were cultured from tissue biopsies or aspirates collected from patients with IDFU. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase production were done by established protocols. Specific resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There were 218 microorganisms isolated from 93 IDFUs, comprising 129 (59.2%) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 59 (27.1%) Gram-positive cocci and 29 (13.3%) anaerobic bacteria. The top five facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (34; 15.6%), Escherichia coli (23; 10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20; 9.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (19; 8.7%) and Citrobacter spp. (19; 8.7%). The most common anaerobes were Bacteroides spp. (7; 3.2%) and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (6; 2.8%). Seventy-four IDFUs (80%) were infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria, predominantly methicillin-resistant S. aureus and GNB producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases, mainly of the CTX-M variety. Only 4 (3.1%) GNB produced carbapenemases encoded predominantly by bla (VIM). Factors associated with presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria were peripheral neuropathy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.05, p = 0.04) and duration of foot infection of more than 1 month (AOR = 7.63, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Multidrug-resistant facultative anaerobic bacteria are overrepresented as agents of IDFU. A relatively low proportion of the aetiological agents were anaerobic bacteria.202133824857
1258110.9393Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy rabbits. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Methicillin-resistant globally, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of disease in both humans and animals. Several studies have documented the presence of MRSA in healthy and infected animals. However, there is less information on MRSA occurrence in exotic pets, especially healthy rabbits. This study aimed to look into the antimicrobial resistance profile, hidden antimicrobial-resistant genes in isolated bacteria, and to estimate prevalence of MRSA in healthy rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-hundreds and eighteen samples, including 42 eyes, 44 ears, 44 oral, 44 ventral thoracic, and 44 perineal swabs, were taken from 44 healthy rabbits that visited the Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, in Nakornpathom, Thailand, from January 2015 to March 2016. The traditional methods of Gram stain, mannitol fermentation, hemolysis on blood agar, catalase test, and coagulase production were used to confirm the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in all specimens. All bacterial isolates were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the antimicrobial-resistant genes (blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, msrA, tetK, gyrA, grlA, and dfrG) in isolates of MRSA with a cefoxitin-resistant phenotype. RESULTS: From 218 specimens, 185 S. aureus were isolated, with the majority of these being found in the oral cavity (29.73%) and ventral thoracic area (22.7%), respectively. Forty-seven (25.41%) MRSAs were found in S. aureus isolates, with the majority of these being found in the perineum (16, 34.04%) and ventral thoracic area (13, 27.66%) specimens. Among MRSAs, 29 (61.7%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Most of MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin (100%), followed by ceftriaxone (44.68%) and azithromycin (44.68%). In addition, these bacteria contained the most drug-resistance genes, blaZ (47.83%), followed by gyrA (36.17%) and tetK (23.4%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that MRSA could be found even in healthy rabbits. Some MRSAs strains were MDR-MRSA, which means that when an infection occurs, the available antibiotics were not effective in treating it. To prevent the spread of MDR-MRSA from pets to owners, it may be helpful to educate owners about effective prevention and hygiene measures.202236590129
2101120.9393Antibiotic resistance genes circulating in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the One Health perspective. BACKGROUND: The misuse of antibiotics in developing countries has created serious threats to public healthcare systems and reduced treatment options. Multidrug-resistant bacteria harbour antibiotic resistance genes that help them subdue the effectiveness of several available antibiotics. This review aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance genes circulating in Nigeria via a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using five electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Search, and African Journals Online (AJOL). Articles related to antibiotic resistance genes in Nigeria, published between January 1, 2015 and October 31, 2024, were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias. The meta-analysis for random effects was performed to determine the proportions and pooled prevalence of the resistance genes from the various One Health domains, as well as heterogeneity in the data, using R software (Version 4.3.3) and the metaprop package. RESULTS: Of the 762 articles retrieved, 56 (humans [n = 33], animals [n = 8], environment [n = 12], human/animal [n = 1], and human/animal/environment [n = 2]) from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria met the inclusion criteria. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene with the highest pooled prevalence was blaSHV (24.0% [95% CI: 12.0–44.0]), followed by blaCTX-M (23.0% [95% CI: 14.0–37.0]), and the least was blaTEM (18.0% [95% CI: 8.0–37.0]). Among the carbapenemase genes, blaKPC (33.0% [95% CI: 7.0–76.0]) was the most prevalent, followed by blaNDM (21.0% [95% CI: 9.0–41.0]), blaOXA (11.0% [95% CI: 2.0–46.0]) and the least was blaVIM (9.0% [95% CI: 3.0–26.0]). The mecA gene also had a high pooled prevalence (51.0% [95% CI: 14.0–86.0]). The pooled prevalence of the erm, sul, tet, and qnr genes ranged from 19.0% (95% CI: 8.0–38.0) to 27.0% (95% CI: 13.0–47.0). Some antibiotic resistance genes were shared among the three domains. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis has demonstrated the co-existence of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria causing infection in Nigeria, via the One Health approach. There is a need for future research on the circulation of antibiotic resistance genes in developing countries using internationally approved approaches to track down this menace. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-025-02163-y.202540619397
5246130.9392Food Service Pork Chops from Three U.S. Regions Harbor Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance Regardless of Antibiotic Use Claims. Pork products from animals "raised without antibiotics" (RWA) are assumed to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than conventional (CONV) pork products with no claims regarding use of antimicrobial agents during production. A total of 372 pork chop samples from CONV (n = 190) and RWA (n = 182) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TET(r)) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC(r)) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TET(r) Salmonella, 3GC(r) Salmonella, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, Enterococcus spp., TET(r) Enterococcus, erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Production system did not significantly impact the detection of cultured bacteria (P > 0.05). Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). Quantitative PCR was used to assess the abundances of the following 10 AMR genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, bla(CMY-2), bla(CTX-M), bla(KPC-2), erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). For all 10 AMR genes, abundances did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between production systems. These results suggest that use of antimicrobial agents during swine production minimally impacts the AMR of bacteria in pork chops.201931532250
2727140.9391Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria meningitidis and Enterobacteriaceae in Two Reference Hospitals of Yaoundé: An Overview before and during COVID-19 Pandemic Era. The COVID-19 pandemic led to tremendously use of antimicrobial due to the lack of proper treatment strategies, raising concerns about emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed at determining the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of selected bacteria isolates in 02 referral health facilities in Yaoundé before and during the COVID-19 pandemic era. We conducted a retrospective study over a period of 03 years (from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2021) in the bacteriology units of the Central and General Hospitals of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Data on bacteria genera (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Neisseria meningitidis and Enterobacteriaceae) as well as their corresponding specifics antibiotics: Cefixime, azythromycin and erythromycin were obtained from laboratory records. The global resistance rate of bacteria as well as their correlation with antibiotics according to COVID-19 pandemic era was determined and compared. For p < 0.05, the difference was statistically significant. In all, 426 bacterial strains were included. It appeared that the highest number of bacteria isolates and lowest rate of bacterial resistance were recorded during the pre-COVID-19 period in 2019 (160 isolates vs. 58.8% resistance rate). Conversely, lower bacteria strains but greater resistance burden were recorded during the pandemic era (2020 and 2021) with the lowest bacteria amount and peak of bacteria resistance registered in 2020, the year of COVID-19 onset (120 isolates vs. 70% resistance in 2020 and 146 isolates vs. 58.9% resistance in 2021). In contrast to almost all others groups of bacteria where the resistance burden was quite constant or decreasing over years, the Enterobacteriaceae exhibited greater resistance rate during the pandemic period [60% (48/80) in 2019 to 86.9% (60/69) in 2020 and 64.5% (61/95) in 2021)]. Concerning antibiotics, unlike erythromycin, azythromycin related resitance increased during the pandemic period and the resistance to Cefixim tends to decrease the year of the pandemic onset (2020) and re-increase one year therafter. A significant association was found between resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains and cefixime (R = 0.7; p = 0.0001) and also, between resistant Staphylococcus strains and erythromycin (R = 0.8; p = 0.0001). These retrospective data showed a herogeneous MDR bacteria rate and antibiotic resistance pattern over time before and during the COVID-19 pandemic era suggesting that antimicrobial resistance needs to be more closely monitored.202337237832
1292150.9391Virulence Signatures, Integrons, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterial Strains Recovered from Selected Commercial Dairy Products and Fresh Raw Meat. Bacterial species responsible for food infections and intoxication are sometimes carried through the food production and processing. Very few published literatures exist on integrons among antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal strains from foods of animal origin in Gauteng Province, South Africa, hence this study. A total of 720 samples (360 meat and 360 dairies) from a community abattoir of a research farm in South Africa, using conventional bacteriological and molecular methods. Nine (9) bacterial strains, including Bacillus subtilis AYO-123, Acinetobacter baumannii AYO-241, Staphylococcus lentus AYO-352, among others were identified and submitted to GenBank. More bacterial strains were recovered from raw meat (90.5%) than dairy products (9.5%). Resistance was shown (0-100%) to Imipenem, Meropenem, Norfloxacin, Clindamycin, and 22 other antibiotics, without any carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin/vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus species (MRSS/VRSS). Virulence genes for fibronectin-binding protein A (FnbA) were predominant (56.24%) followed by the circulating nucleic acids (cna) gene (43.75%). Others were staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea, 41%), staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb, 23.5%). Co-presence of sea and seb genes occurred in 11.76% of the isolates, but no coa genes was amplified. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), tetK (70.58%), linA (29.4%), and ermA (11.76%) were detected, but none of the mecA and vat genes was amplified. Class 2 integron (50%) was more predominantly detected than integron 1 (25%), but no Class 3 integron was detected. Bacteria with both the detected virulence and antibiotic resistance genes are of potential risks to human health.202337355481
1139160.9390Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Select Bacteria From Retail Seafood-United States, 2019. In 2019, the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveyed raw salmon, shrimp, and tilapia from retail grocery outlets in eight states to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the isolates. Prevalence of the targeted bacterial genera ranged among the commodities: Salmonella (0%-0.4%), Aeromonas (19%-26%), Vibrio (7%-43%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.8%-2.3%), Staphylococcus (23%-30%), and Enterococcus (39%-66%). Shrimp had the highest odds (OR: 2.8, CI: 2.0-3.9) of being contaminated with at least one species of these bacteria, as were seafood sourced from Asia vs. North America (OR: 2.7; CI: 1.8-4.7) and Latin America and the Caribbean vs. North America (OR: 1.6; CI: 1.1-2.3) and seafood sold at the counter vs. sold frozen (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.6-2.9). Isolates exhibited pan-susceptibility (Salmonella and P. aeruginosa) or low prevalence of resistance (<10%) to most antimicrobials tested, with few exceptions. Seafood marketed as farm-raised had lower odds of contamination with antimicrobial resistant bacteria compared to wild-caught seafood (OR: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.7). Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected for various classes of medically important antimicrobials. Clinically relevant ARGs included carbapenemases (bla (IMI-2), bla (NDM-1)) and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs; bla (CTX-M-55)). This population-scale study of AMR in seafood sold in the United States provided the basis for NARMS seafood monitoring, which began in 2020.202235814688
9997170.9390RNAi screen of DAF-16/FOXO target genes in C. elegans links pathogenesis and dauer formation. The DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor is the major downstream output of the insulin/IGF1R signaling pathway controlling C. elegans dauer larva development and aging. To identify novel downstream genes affecting dauer formation, we used RNAi to screen candidate genes previously identified to be regulated by DAF-16. We used a sensitized genetic background [eri-1(mg366); sdf-9(m708)], which enhances both RNAi efficiency and constitutive dauer formation (Daf-c). Among 513 RNAi clones screened, 21 displayed a synthetic Daf-c (SynDaf) phenotype with sdf-9. One of these genes, srh-100, was previously identified to be SynDaf, but twenty have not previously been associated with dauer formation. Two of the latter genes, lys-1 and cpr-1, are known to participate in innate immunity and six more are predicted to do so, suggesting that the immune response may contribute to the dauer decision. Indeed, we show that two of these genes, lys-1 and clc-1, are required for normal resistance to Staphylococcus aureus. clc-1 is predicted to function in epithelial cohesion. Dauer formation exhibited by daf-8(m85), sdf-9(m708), and the wild-type N2 (at 27°C) were all enhanced by exposure to pathogenic bacteria, while not enhanced in a daf-22(m130) background. We conclude that knockdown of the genes required for proper pathogen resistance increases pathogenic infection, leading to increased dauer formation in our screen. We propose that dauer larva formation is a behavioral response to pathogens mediated by increased dauer pheromone production.201021209831
3543180.9388Precipitation influences pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance gene abundance in storm drain outfalls in coastal sub-tropical waters. Stormwater contamination can threaten the health of aquatic ecosystems and human exposed to runoff via nutrient and pathogen influxes. In this study, the concentrations of 11 bacterial pathogens and 47 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were determined by using high-throughput microfluidic qPCR (MFQPCR) in several storm drain outfalls (SDOs) during dry and wet weather in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Data generated in this study were also compared with the levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and sewage-associated molecular markers (i.e., Bacteroides HF183 and crAssphage markers) in same SDOs collected in a recent study (Ahmed et al., 2018). Concentration of FIB, sewage-associated markers, bacterial pathogens and many ARGs in water samples were relatively high and SDOs may be potentially hotspots for microbial contamination in Tampa Bay. Mean concentrations of culturable E. coli and Enterococcus spp. were tenfold higher in wet compared to dry weather. The majority of microbiological contaminants followed this trend. E. coli eaeA, encoding the virulence factor intimin, was correlated with levels of 20 ARGs, and was more frequently detected in wet weather than dry weather samples. The bla(KPC) gene associated with carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and the beta-lactam resistant gene (bla(NPS)) were only detected in wet weather samples. Frequency of integron genes Intl2 and Intl3 detection increased by 42% in wet weather samples. Culturable E. coli and Enterococcus spp. significantly correlated with 19 of 47 (40%) ARG tested. Sewage-associated markers crAssphage and HF183 significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the following ARGs: intl1, sul1, tet(M), ampC, mexB, and tet(W). The presence of sewage-associated marker genes along with ARGs associated with sewage suggested that aging sewage infrastructure contributed to contaminant loading in the Bay. Further research should focus on collecting spatial and temporal data on the microbiological contaminants especially viruses in SDOs.201829754026
1402190.9388Detection of β-lactam resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria from positive blood cultures using a microchip-based molecular assay. BACKGROUND: Accurate detection of β-lactam resistance genes in bloodstream infections is critical for guiding antimicrobial therapy. This study evaluates the Alifax Gram-negative resistance (GNR) microchip assay for detecting β-lactam resistance genes directly from positive blood cultures (PBCs) for Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, including Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. METHODS: Simulated (n=146) and clinical (n=106) GN-PBC samples were tested for bla (KPC), bla (VIM), bla (NDM), bla (IMP), bla (OXA-23)-like, bla (OXA-48)-like, bla (SHV)-ESBL, bla (CTX-M-1/9) group, and bla (CMY-2)-like genes using the GNR microchip assay. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) served as the reference assay for simulated samples and, selectively, for clinical samples. The bioMérieux BioFire Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) panel assay was used as a comparator for clinical samples. RESULTS: The GNR microchip assay correctly identified 203 (99.5%) of 204 β-lactam resistance genes in simulated samples. One sample tested false negative for a bla (SHV)-ESBL gene but true positive for a bla (KPC) gene. In clinical samples, GNR results were concordant with BCID2 for 113 (100%) of 113 genes included in both assays. Additionally, the GNR assay detected bla (CMY-2) -like (n=6), bla (OXA-23)-like (n=5), and bla (SHV)-ESBL (n=2), which are not targeted by BCID2, all confirmed by WGS. In two β-lactam-resistant P. aeruginosa samples but negative by the GNR assay, WGS confirmed the absence of acquired β-lactam resistance genes, suggesting alternative resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSION: The GNR microchip assay demonstrated high concordance and broader β-lactam resistance gene coverage compared to BCID2, supporting its potential role in routine diagnostics. Further validation in larger, prospective studies is warranted.202540529307