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252400.9936Phenotypic and Genotype Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-Human Primates: An Overlooked "One Health" Concern. Non-human primates (NHPs) are close relatives of humans and can serve as hosts for many zoonotic pathogens. They play crucial role in spreading antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR) to humans across various ecological niches. The spread of antimicrobial resistance in NHPs may complicate wildlife conservation efforts, as it may threaten domestic livestock, endangered species as well as human's health. This review analyses the existing literature on the prevalence of AMR in NHP species, including Rhinopithecus roxellana, Macaca fascicularis, and Sapajus nigritus, to create awareness in all stake holders involve in the fight against AMR on the serious potential threats that these primates pose. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search using the PubMed (National Library of Medicine-NLM), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Springer Link (Springer), and Science Direct (Elsevier) databases until January, 2025. The search strategy combined terms from the areas of non-human primates, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, and antibacterial resistance genes (ARGs). Studies that isolated bacteria from NHPs and assessed phenotypic resistance to specific antibiotics as well as studies that identified ARGs in bacteria isolated from NHPs were included. Data were synthesised thematically across all included studies. RESULTS: A total of 37 studies were included (explained as Cercopithecidae (n = 23), Callithrix (n = 6), Cebidae (n = 4), Hominidae (n = 3), and Atelidae (n = 1)). The results showed that the most common ARB across the various NHPs and geographical settings was Staphylococcus spp. (45.95%) and Escherichia spp. (29.73%). The tested antibiotics that showed high levels of resistance in NHPs included Tetracycline (40.54%), Ciprofloxacin (32.43%), and Erythromycin (24.34%), whereas ermC, tetA, tetM, aadA, aph (3″)-II, and qnrS1 were the most widely distributed antibiotic resistance genes in the studies. CONCLUSION: NHPs are potential natural reservoirs of AMR, therefore global policy makers should consider making NHPs an indicator species for monitoring the spread of ARB.202541148677
179810.9936Impacts of Domestication and Veterinary Treatment on Mobile Genetic Elements and Resistance Genes in Equine Fecal Bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria is a threat to both human and animal health. We aimed to understand the impact of domestication and antimicrobial treatment on the types and numbers of resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and class 1 integrons (C1I) in the equine gut microbiome. Antibiotic-resistant fecal bacteria were isolated from wild horses, healthy farm horses, and horses undergoing veterinary treatment, and isolates (9,083 colonies) were screened by PCR for C1I; these were found at frequencies of 9.8% (vet horses), 0.31% (farm horses), and 0.05% (wild horses). A collection of 71 unique C1I(+) isolates (17 Actinobacteria and 54 Proteobacteria) was subjected to resistance profiling and genome sequencing. Farm horses yielded mostly C1I(+) Actinobacteria (Rhodococcus, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Arthrobacter, Glutamicibacter, Kocuria), while vet horses primarily yielded C1I(+) Proteobacteria (Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Acinetobacter, Leclercia, Ochrobactrum); the vet isolates had more extensive resistance and stronger P(C) promoters in the C1Is. All integrons in Actinobacteria were flanked by copies of IS6100, except in Micrococcus, where a novel IS5 family element (ISMcte1) was implicated in mobilization. In the Proteobacteria, C1Is were predominantly associated with IS26 and also IS1, Tn21, Tn1721, Tn512, and a putative formaldehyde-resistance transposon (Tn7489). Several large C1I-containing plasmid contigs were retrieved; two of these (plasmid types Y and F) also had extensive sets of metal resistance genes, including a novel copper-resistance transposon (Tn7519). Both veterinary treatment and domestication increase the frequency of C1Is in equine gut microflora, and each of these anthropogenic factors selects for a distinct group of integron-containing bacteria. IMPORTANCE There is increasing acknowledgment that a "one health" approach is required to tackle the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. This requires that the issue is examined from not only the perspective of human medicine but also includes consideration of the roles of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine and agriculture and recognizes the importance of other ecological compartments in the dissemination of ARGs and mobile genetic elements such as C1I. We have shown that domestication and veterinary treatment increase the frequency of occurrence of C1Is in the equine gut microflora and that, in healthy farm horses, the C1I are unexpectedly found in Actinobacteria, while in horses receiving antimicrobial veterinary treatments, a taxonomic shift occurs, and the more typical integron-containing Proteobacteria are found. We identified several new mobile genetic elements (plasmids, insertion sequences [IS], and transposons) on genomic contigs from the integron-containing equine bacteria.202336988354
210420.9936A systematic review and meta-analysis on antibiotic resistance genes in Ghana. BACKGROUND: Addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a complex challenge, primarily because of the limited understanding of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the spread of these genes across different domains. To bridge this knowledge gap in Ghana, we undertook a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify and estimate the prevalence of circulating ARGs in bacteria isolated from human, animal, and environmental sources. METHODS: A thorough literature search was conducted across three major databases-Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus-to retrieve all relevant articles related to ARGs in Ghana from the inception of the databases to February 25, 2024. A risk-of-bias evaluation was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and the data analysis involved descriptive statistics and proportional meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of the 371 articles initially obtained, 38 met the inclusion criteria. These studies adequately covered Ghana geographically. The most prevalent ESBL gene identified was bla(CTX-M), with a prevalence of 31.6% (95% CI: 17.6-45.7), followed by bla(TEM) (19.5% [95% CI: 9.7-29.3]), and bla(SHV) (3.5% [95% CI: 0.3-6.6]). The pooled prevalence of carbapenemase genes ranged from 17.2% (95% CI: 6.9-27.6) for bla(NDM) to 10.3% (95% CI: 1.9-18.7) for bla(OXA). Additionally, other ARGs, including sul1, qnrS, gyrA, erm(B), and mecA, were detected, with prevalence ranging from 3.9% (95% CI: 0.0-8.5) to 16.4% (95% CI: 3.1-29.8). Several ARGs were shared across human, animal, and environmental sources. CONCLUSION: This review revealed that bacteria obtained from human, animal, and environmental samples in Ghana shared genes associated with AMR. This finding provides evidence on the interconnection of AMR across these three domains. Horizontal gene transfer, which enables the dissemination of ARGs between genetically diverse bacteria, can occur, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to addressing antimicrobial resistance in Ghana.202540075357
252230.9935Identification and specificity validation of unique and antimicrobial resistance genes to trace suspected pathogenic AMR bacteria and to monitor the development of AMR in non-AMR strains in the environment and clinical settings. The detection of developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global issue. The detection of developing antimicrobial resistance has become a global issue. The growing number of AMR bacteria poses a new threat to public health. Therefore, a less laborious and quick confirmatory test becomes important for further investigations into developing AMR in the environment and in clinical settings. This study aims to present a comprehensive analysis and validation of unique and antimicrobial-resistant strains from the WHO priority list of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and previously reported AMR strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas spp., Anaeromonas frigoriresistens, Anaeromonas gelatinfytica, Bacillus spp., Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumonia subsp. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Thermanaeromonas toyohensis, and Vibrio proteolyticus. Using in-house designed gene-specific primers, 18 different antibiotic resistance genes (algJ, alpB, AQU-1, CEPH-A3, ciaB, CMY-1-MOX-7, CMY-1-MOX-9, CMY-1/MOX, cphA2, cphA5, cphA7, ebpA, ECP_4655, fliC, OXA-51, RfbU, ThiU2, and tolB) from 46 strains were selected and validated. Hence, this study provides insight into the identification of strain-specific, unique antimicrobial resistance genes. Targeted amplification and verification using selected unique marker genes have been reported. Thus, the present detection and validation use a robust method for the entire experiment. Results also highlight the presence of another set of 18 antibiotic-resistant and unique genes (Aqu1, cphA2, cphA3, cphA5, cphA7, cmy1/mox7, cmy1/mox9, asaI, ascV, asoB, oxa-12, acr-2, pepA, uo65, pliI, dr0274, tapY2, and cpeT). Of these sets of genes, 15 were found to be suitable for the detection of pathogenic strains belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Helicobacter, Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Salmonella, Haemophilus, and Bacillus. Thus, we have detected and verified sets of unique and antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria on the WHO Priority List and from published reports on AMR bacteria. This study offers advantages for confirming antimicrobial resistance in all suspected AMR bacteria and monitoring the development of AMR in non-AMR bacteria, in the environment, and in clinical settings.202338058762
210140.9934Antibiotic resistance genes circulating in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis from the One Health perspective. BACKGROUND: The misuse of antibiotics in developing countries has created serious threats to public healthcare systems and reduced treatment options. Multidrug-resistant bacteria harbour antibiotic resistance genes that help them subdue the effectiveness of several available antibiotics. This review aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance genes circulating in Nigeria via a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed using five electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Search, and African Journals Online (AJOL). Articles related to antibiotic resistance genes in Nigeria, published between January 1, 2015 and October 31, 2024, were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the risk of bias. The meta-analysis for random effects was performed to determine the proportions and pooled prevalence of the resistance genes from the various One Health domains, as well as heterogeneity in the data, using R software (Version 4.3.3) and the metaprop package. RESULTS: Of the 762 articles retrieved, 56 (humans [n = 33], animals [n = 8], environment [n = 12], human/animal [n = 1], and human/animal/environment [n = 2]) from the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria met the inclusion criteria. The extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene with the highest pooled prevalence was blaSHV (24.0% [95% CI: 12.0–44.0]), followed by blaCTX-M (23.0% [95% CI: 14.0–37.0]), and the least was blaTEM (18.0% [95% CI: 8.0–37.0]). Among the carbapenemase genes, blaKPC (33.0% [95% CI: 7.0–76.0]) was the most prevalent, followed by blaNDM (21.0% [95% CI: 9.0–41.0]), blaOXA (11.0% [95% CI: 2.0–46.0]) and the least was blaVIM (9.0% [95% CI: 3.0–26.0]). The mecA gene also had a high pooled prevalence (51.0% [95% CI: 14.0–86.0]). The pooled prevalence of the erm, sul, tet, and qnr genes ranged from 19.0% (95% CI: 8.0–38.0) to 27.0% (95% CI: 13.0–47.0). Some antibiotic resistance genes were shared among the three domains. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis has demonstrated the co-existence of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria causing infection in Nigeria, via the One Health approach. There is a need for future research on the circulation of antibiotic resistance genes in developing countries using internationally approved approaches to track down this menace. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-025-02163-y.202540619397
262950.9933Occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. recovered from Corvus brachyrhynchos and Corvus corax roosting in Canada. The spread of antimicrobial resistance from human activity derived sources to natural habitats implicates wildlife as potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance transfer. Wild birds, including corvid species can disseminate mobile genetic resistance determinants through faeces. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates obtained from winter roosting sites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and common ravens (Corvus corax) in Canada. Faecal swabs were collected at five roosting sites across Canada. Selective media isolation and multiplex PCR screening was utilized to identify PMQR genes followed by gene sequencing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing to characterize isolates. Despite the low prevalence of E. coli containing PMQR (1·3%, 6/449), qnrS1, qnrB19, qnrC, oqxAB and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were found in five sequence types (ST), including E. coli ST 131. Conversely, one isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae contained the plasmid-mediated resistance gene qnrB19. Five different K. pneumoniae STs were identified, including two novel types. The occurrence of PMQR genes and STs of public health significance in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from corvids gives further evidence of the anthropogenic derived dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants at the human activity-wildlife-environment interface. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study examined large corvids as possible vector species for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in indicator and pathogenic bacteria as a means to assess the anthropogenic dissemination of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Although rare, PMQR genes were found among corvid populations across Canada. The clinically important Escherichia coli strain ST131 containing aac(6')-Ib-cr gene along with a four-class phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern as well as one Klebsiella pneumoniae strain containing a qnrB19 gene were identified in one geographical location. Corvids are a viable vector for the circulation of PMQR genes and clinically important clones in wide-ranging environments.201829675942
113960.9933Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Select Bacteria From Retail Seafood-United States, 2019. In 2019, the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveyed raw salmon, shrimp, and tilapia from retail grocery outlets in eight states to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the isolates. Prevalence of the targeted bacterial genera ranged among the commodities: Salmonella (0%-0.4%), Aeromonas (19%-26%), Vibrio (7%-43%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.8%-2.3%), Staphylococcus (23%-30%), and Enterococcus (39%-66%). Shrimp had the highest odds (OR: 2.8, CI: 2.0-3.9) of being contaminated with at least one species of these bacteria, as were seafood sourced from Asia vs. North America (OR: 2.7; CI: 1.8-4.7) and Latin America and the Caribbean vs. North America (OR: 1.6; CI: 1.1-2.3) and seafood sold at the counter vs. sold frozen (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.6-2.9). Isolates exhibited pan-susceptibility (Salmonella and P. aeruginosa) or low prevalence of resistance (<10%) to most antimicrobials tested, with few exceptions. Seafood marketed as farm-raised had lower odds of contamination with antimicrobial resistant bacteria compared to wild-caught seafood (OR: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.7). Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected for various classes of medically important antimicrobials. Clinically relevant ARGs included carbapenemases (bla (IMI-2), bla (NDM-1)) and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs; bla (CTX-M-55)). This population-scale study of AMR in seafood sold in the United States provided the basis for NARMS seafood monitoring, which began in 2020.202235814688
94170.9932Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the feces of horses and hospital surfaces at two equine specialty hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the feces of hospitalized horses and on hospital surfaces. SAMPLE: Fecal and environmental samples were collected from The Ohio State University Galbreath Equine Center (OSUGEC) and a private referral equine hospital in Kentucky (KYEH). Feces were sampled within 24 hours after hospital admission and after 48 hours and 3 to 7 days of hospitalization. PROCEDURES: Fecal and environmental samples were enriched, and then selective media were inoculated to support growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that expressed resistance phenotypes to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones. RESULTS: 358 fecal samples were obtained from 143 horses. More samples yielded growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that expressed resistance phenotypes (AmpC β-lactamase, OR = 4.2; extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, OR = 3.2; and fluoroquinolone resistance, OR = 4.0) after 48 hours of hospitalization, versus within 24 hours of hospital admission. Horses hospitalized at KYEH were at greater odds of having fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria (OR = 2.2). At OSUGEC, 82%, 64%, 0%, and 55% of 164 surfaces had Enterobacteriaceae bacteria with AmpC β-lactamase phenotype, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype, resistance to carbapenem, and resistance to fluoroquinolones, respectively; prevalences at KYEH were similarly distributed (52%, 32%, 1%, and 35% of 315 surfaces). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae may be isolated from the feces of hospitalized horses and from the hospital environment. Hospitalization may lead to increased fecal carriage of clinically important antimicrobial-resistance genes.202133754819
97880.9932Beta-lactamase resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae from Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Beta-lactamase genes are one of the most important groups of antimicrobial resistance genes in human and animal health. Therefore, continuous surveillance of this group of resistance genes is needed for a better understanding of the local epidemiology within a country and global dissemination. AIM: This review was carried out to identify different beta-lactamase resistance genes reported in published literature from Nigeria. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on eligible Nigerian articles retrieved from electronic literature searches of PubMed(®), African Journals Online, and Google Scholar published between January 1990 and December 2019. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adopted to facilitate clarity and transparency in reporting review findings. RESULTS: Fifty-seven articles were included. All beta-lactamases reported were detected from Gram-negative bacteria, particularly from Enterobacteriaceae. Thirty-six different beta-lactamase genes were reported in Nigeria. These genes belong to the narrow-spectrum, AmpC, extended-spectrum and carbapenemase beta-lactamase resistance genes. The pooled proportion estimate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes in Nigeria was 31% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26% - 36%, p < 0.0001), while the estimate of the bla (CTX-M-15) gene in Nigeria was 46% (95% CI: 36% - 57%, p < 0.0001). The proportion estimate of AmpC genes was 32% (95% CI: 11% - 52%, p < 0.001), while the estimate for carbapenemases was 8% (95% CI: 5% - 12%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides information on beta-lactamase distribution in Nigeria. This is necessary for a better understanding of molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases, especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases in Nigeria.202235282396
272590.9932Hygiene practices and antibiotic resistance among dental and medical students: a comparative study. PURPOSE: Healthcare students' hand and smartphone hygiene is critical due to potential pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission. This study evaluates hygiene practices in medical and dental students at Kuwait University, exploring antibiotic resistance gene prevalence. METHODS: Swab samples were collected from the hands and smartphones of 32 medical and 30 dental students. These samples were cultured on Columbia Blood Agar and McConkey Agar plates to quantify bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs). The extracted DNA from these colonies underwent RT-PCR to identify antibiotic resistance genes, including tem-1, shv, blaZ, and mecA. Additionally, a questionnaire addressing hygiene practices was distributed post-sample collection. RESULTS: Medical students exhibited more frequent hand hygiene compared to dental students (P ≤ 0.0001). Although significantly fewer bacterial CFUs were found on medical students' smartphones (mean = 35 ± 53) than dental students' (mean = 89 ± 129) (P ≤ 0.05), no significant differences were observed in CFU counts on their hands (medical: mean = 17 ± 37; dental: mean = 96 ± 229). Detection of at least one of the targeted antibiotic resistance genes on medical (89% hands, 52% smartphones) and dental students' (79% hands, 63% smartphones) was not statistically significant. However, the prevalence of two genes, tem-1 and shv, was significantly higher on medical students' hands (78% and 65%, respectively) than on dental students' hands (32% and 28%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Clinically significant prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes were found on medical and dental students' hands and smartphones, emphasizing the importance of ongoing education regarding hand hygiene and smartphone disinfection. This continuous reinforcement in the curriculum is crucial to minimizing the risk of cross-contamination.202438514584
828100.9932Screening for Resistant Bacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Schistosoma spp. in Tissue Samples from Predominantly Vaginally Delivered Placentae in Ivory Coast and Ghana. Medical complications during pregnancy have been frequently reported from Western Africa with a particular importance of infectious complications. Placental tissue can either become the target of infectious agents itself, such as, e.g., in the case of urogenital schistosomiasis, or be subjected to contamination with colonizing or infection-associated microorganisms of the cervix or the vagina during vaginal delivery. In the retrospective cross-sectional assessment presented here, the quantitative dimension of infection or colonization with selected resistant or pathogenic bacteria and parasites was regionally assessed. To do so, 274 collected placental tissues from Ivory Coastal and Ghanaian women were subjected to selective growth of resistant bacteria, as well as to molecular screening for beta-lactamase genes, Schistosoma spp. and selected bacterial causative agents of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Panton-Valentine-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was grown from 1.8% of the tissue samples, comprising the spa types t008 and t688, as well as the newly detected ones, t12101 (n = 2) and t12102. While the culture-based recovery of resistant Enterobacterales and nonfermentative rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria failed, molecular assessments confirmed beta-lactamase genes in 31.0% of the samples with multiple detections of up to four resistance genes per sample and bla(CTX-M), bla(IMP), bla(GES), bla(VIM), bla(OXA-58)-like, bla(NDM), bla(OXA-23)-like, bla(OXA-48)-like and bla(KPC) occurring in descending order of frequency. The beta-lactamase genes bla(OXA-40/24)-like, bla(NMC_A/IMI), bla(BIC), bla(SME), bla(GIM) and bla(DIM) were not detected. DNA of the urogenital schistosomiasis-associated Schistosoma haematobium complex was recorded in 18.6% of the samples, but only a single positive signal for S. mansoni with a high cycle-threshold value in real-time PCR was found. Of note, higher rates of schistosomiasis were observed in Ghana (54.9% vs. 10.3% in Ivory Coast) and Cesarean section was much more frequent in schistosomiasis patients (61.9% vs. 14.8% in women without Schistosoma spp. DNA in the placenta). Nucleic acid sequences of nonlymphogranuloma-venereum-associated Chlamydia trachomatis and of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were recorded in 1.1% and 1.9% of the samples, respectively, while molecular attempts to diagnose Treponema pallidum and Mycoplasma genitalium did not lead to positive results. Molecular detection of Schistosoma spp. or STI-associated pathogens was only exceptionally associated with multiple resistance gene detections in the same sample, suggesting epidemiological distinctness. In conclusion, the assessment confirmed considerable prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis and resistant bacterial colonization, as well as a regionally expected abundance of STI-associated pathogens. Continuous screening offers seem advisable to minimize the risks for the pregnant women and their newborns.202337623959
2102110.9932Phenotypic and genotypic landscape of antibiotic resistance through One Health approach in Sri Lanka: A systematic review. OBJECTIVES: Antibiotic resistance (ABR) constitutes a significant burden to economies in developing countries. In the 'One-Health' concept, ABR in human, animals, and environment is interconnected. The aim of this study was to critically appraise literature on ABR in all three domains in One Health, within the Sri Lankan geographical context. METHODS: The protocol was registered with PROSPERO and followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science databases and grey literature via Google Scholar. Out of 298 abstracts, 37 articles were selected following screening. A risk of bias assessment was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Following blinded data extraction, descriptive data analysis and narrative synthesis were performed. RESULTS: This review included studies published between 2016-2023. Of the included studies, 17 (45.9%) reported data on samples obtained from humans, 9 (24.3%) from animals, and 6 (16.2%) from environmental sources, two studies (5.4%) from humans and animals, one study on animal and environment; whereas two studies including all three domains. ABR of 32 different bacteria (Gram negative⸺17, Gram positive⸺14) was retrieved; E. coli was the most frequently studied bacteria followed by MRSA and ESBL. For E. coli, a median resistance over 50% was reported for sulfamethoxazole (88.8%), trimethoprim (79.1%), ampicillin (60%) and tetracycline (50.3%) with the highest resistance for erythromycin (98%). Of a total of 21 antibiotic-resistance genes in E. coli, the highest genotypic resistance was for tet-A (48.5%). CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive description of ABR for a total of 32 bacteria, 62 antibiotics and 46 ABR genes is presented. This review discusses the contemporary ABR landscape in Sri Lanka through the One Health lens, highlighting key methodological and empirical research gaps.202539763328
2606120.9932Pathogenic multiple antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli serotypes in recreational waters of Mumbai, India: a potential public health risk. Globally, coastal waters have emerged into a pool of antibiotic resistance genes and multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms, and pathogenicity of these resistant microorganisms in terms of serotypes and virulence genes has made the environment vulnerable. The current study underscores the presence of multiple antibiotic resistant pathogenic serotypes and pathotypes of Escherichia coli, the predominant faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), in surface water and sediment samples of famous recreational beaches (Juhu, Versova, Mahim, Dadar, and Girgaon) of Mumbai. Out of 65 faecal coliforms (FC) randomly selected, 38 isolates were biochemically characterized, serotyped (for 'O' antigen), antibiogram-phenotyped (for 22 antimicrobial agents), and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (for virulence factors). These isolates belonged to 16 different serotypes (UT, O141, O2, O119, O120, O9, O35, O126, O91, O128, O87, O86, R, O101, O118, and O15) out of which UT (18.4%), O141 (15.7%), and O2 (13.1%) were predominant, indicating its remarkable diversity. Furthermore, the generated antibiogram profile revealed that 95% of these isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant. More than 60% of aminoglycoside-sensitive E. coli isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin, extended penicillin, quinolone, and cephalosporin classes of antibiotic while resistance to other antibiotics was comparatively less. Antibiotic resistance (AR) indexing indicated that these isolates may have rooted from a high-risk source of contamination. Preliminary findings revealed the presence of enterotoxin-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2 specific for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, heat-stable toxin enterotoxin specific for enterotoxigenic E. coli) in pathogenic serotypes. Thus, government authorities and environmental planners should create public awareness and adopt effective measures for coastal management to prevent serious health risks associated with these contaminated coastal waters.201728316051
960130.9932Beta-lactamase genes in bacteria from food animals, retail meat, and human surveillance programs in the United States from 2002 to 2021. The spread of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria is a global public-health concern. This study aimed to explore the distribution of beta-lactamases reported in three sampling sources (cecal, retail meat, and human) collected as part of integrated surveillance in the United States. We retrieved and analyzed data from the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Systems (NARMS) from 2002 to 2021. A total of 115 beta-lactamase genes were detected in E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter, Shigella and Vibrio: including 35 genes from cecal isolates, 32 genes from the retail meat isolates, and 104 genes from the human isolates. Three genes in E. coli (bla(CMY-2,)bla(TEM-1A), and bla(TEM-1B)), 6 genes in Salmonella enterica (bla(CARB-2), bla(CMY-2), bla(CTXM-65), bla(TEM-1A), bla(TEM-1B), and bla(HERA-3)), and 2 genes in Campylobacter spp. (bla(OXA-61) and bla(OXA-449)) have been detected across food animals (cattle, chicken, swine, and turkey) and humans over the study period. bla(CTXM-55) has been detected in E. coli isolates from the four food animal sources while bla(CTXM-15) and bla(CTXM-27) were found only in cattle and swine. In Salmonella enterica, bla(CTXM-2), bla(CTXM-9), bla(CTXM-14), bla(CTXM-15), bla(CTXM-27), bla(CTXM-55), and bla(NDM-1) were only detected among human isolates. bla(OXAs) and bla(CARB) were bacteria-specific and the only beta-lactamase genes detected in Campylobacter spp. and Vibrio spp respectively. The proportions of beta-lactamase genes detected varies from bacteria to bacteria. This study provided insights on the beta-lactamase genes detected in bacteria in food animals and humans in the United States. This is necessary for better understanding the molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases in one health interface.202438325128
2641140.9931Carriage of CTX-M type extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in gulls across Europe. BACKGROUND: Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), a group of enzymes conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins have rapidly increased in Enterobacteriacae and pose a major challenge to human health care. Resistant isolates are common in domestic animals and clinical settings, but prevalence and genotype distribution varies on a geographical scale. Although ESBL genes are frequently detected in bacteria isolated from wildlife samples, ESBL dissemination of resistant bacteria to the environment is largely unknown. To address this, we used three closely related gull species as a model system and collected more than 3000 faecal samples during breeding times in nine European countries. Samples were screened for ESBL-producing bacteria, which were characterized to the level of ESBL genotype groups (SHV, TEM), or specific genotypes (CTX-M). RESULTS: ESBL-producing bacteria were frequently detected in gulls (906 of 3158 samples, 28.7 %), with significant variation in prevalence rates between countries. Highest levels were found in Spain (74.8 %), The Netherlands (37.8 %) and England (27.1 %). Denmark and Poland represented the other extreme with no, or very few positive samples. Genotyping of CTX-M isolates identified 13 different variants, with bla CTX-M-1 and bla CTX-M-14 as the most frequently detected. In samples from England, Spain and Portugal, bla CTX-M-14 dominated, while in the rest of the sampled countries bla CTX-M-1 (except Sweden where bla CTX-M-15 was dominant) was the most frequently detected genotype, a pattern similar to what is known from studies of human materials. CONCLUSIONS: CTX-M type ESBLs are common in the faecal microbiota from gulls across Europe. The gull ESBL genotype distribution was in large similar to published datasets from human and food-production animals in Europe. The data suggests that the environmental dissemination of ESBL is high from anthropogenic sources, and widespread occurrence of resistant bacteria in common migratory bird species utilizing urban and agricultural areas suggests that antibiotic resistance genes may also be spread through birds.201526526188
2103150.9931Antibiotic resistance in hospital wastewater in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BACKGROUND: The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) has become a global menace and therefore increases morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Globally, hospital wastewater (HWW) has been identified as a significant source of antibiotic-resistant elements. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to systematically review and to perform meta-analyses from evidence on antibiotic resistance studies in HWW in West Africa. METHODS: The review was conducted in compliance with PRISMA and included studies published between 1990 and 2024 in West Africa from the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies that characterized resistant bacteria, genes, or antibiotic residues in HWW were included. Meta-analyses for resistant bacteria and genes as well risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale were conducted. RESULTS: Out of 23 studies reviewed, resistant bacteria were reported in 39% (E. coli), 26% (K. pneumoniae), and 17% (P. aeruginosa), while 17 studies reported ARGs, with blaTEM (29%), blaOXA- 48 (18%), blaSHV (18%), and mecA (18%) being the most common. Only 4% and 9% of studies focused on toxin genes and antibiotic residues, respectively. Meta-analysis showed pooled prevalence rates for resistant bacteria: E. coli 42.6% (95% CI: 26.7%-60.3%) and K. pneumoniae 32.1% (95% Cl: 28.8%- 36.5%), and ARGs: blaTEM 76.0% (95% CI = 64.6%-84.6%) and blaSHV 59.3% (95% CI = 19.5%-89.8%). CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlights significant findings of high levels of ARGs and ARBs of public health concern in HWW in West Africa. This highlights the need to improve upon the monitoring of antibiotic resistance and treatment of HWW in West Africa.202540217451
2632160.9931Environmental Spread of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli and ESBL Genes among Children and Domestic Animals in Ecuador. BACKGROUND: There is a significant gap in our understanding of the sources of multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes in community settings where human-animal interfaces exist. OBJECTIVES: This study characterized the relationship of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCR-EC) isolated from animal feces in the environment and child feces based on phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS: We examined 3GCR-EC isolated from environmental fecal samples of domestic animals and child fecal samples in Ecuador. We analyzed phenotypic and genotypic AMR, as well as clonal relationships (CRs) based on pairwise single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis of 3GCR-EC core genomes. CRs were defined as isolates with fewer than 100 different SNPs. RESULTS: A total of 264 3GCR-EC isolates from children (n = 21), dogs (n = 20), and chickens (n = 18) living in the same region of Quito, Ecuador, were identified. We detected 16 CRs total, which were found between 7 children and 5 domestic animals (5 CRs) and between 19 domestic animals (11 CRs). We observed that several clonally related 3GCR-EC isolates had acquired different plasmids and AMR genes. Most CRs were observed in different homes (n = 14) at relatively large distances. Isolates from children and domestic animals shared the same blaCTX-M allelic variants, and the most prevalent were blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-65, which were found in isolates from children, dogs, and chickens. DISCUSSION: This study provides evidence of highly dynamic horizontal transfer of AMR genes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the E. coli community and shows that some 3GCR-EC and (extended-spectrum β-lactamase) ESBL genes may have moved relatively large distances among domestic animals and children in semirural communities near Quito, Ecuador. Child-animal contact and the presence of domestic animal feces in the environment potentially serve as important sources of drug-resistant bacteria and ESBL genes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7729.202133617318
2959170.9931Distribution of virulence-associated genes, antibiotic resistance and phylogenetic groups in Escherichia coli isolated from domestic and racing pigeons. Despite a lot of information about virulence and resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in poultry, very limited data are currently available on its occurrence in pigeon isolates, although this poses a threat to human and animal health. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the phylogenetic classification, antibiotic sensitivity, and virulence factors in E. coli isolated from cloacal swabs of domestic pigeons bred for meat (n = 47) and racing pigeons (n = 44). The most frequent phylogroup in racing pigeons was E (36, 82.00%), unlike domestic pigeons (B2- 19, 40.00%). The most abundant iron uptake system in both groups of bird was feoB (racing = 40, 90.90%; domestic = 44, 93.61%). The presence of ibeA (52, 57.10%) and kpsMTII (46, 50.50%) genes was detected in more than half of all strains belonging exclusively to phylogroups B2, D, E, F, clade I. Antibiotic resistance was higher in racing pigeons. All racing pigeon isolates were resistant to tetracycline and trimethoprim + sulphonamide. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was determined in three isolates (6.38%) of domestic and 33 isolates (75%) of racing pigeons. Aminoglycosides and β-lactamases resistance were also recorded. One of the important detected phenotypic mechanisms of resistance occurring in isolates from racing pigeons was AGL AAC(6´)I. Our study confirms that healthy pigeons are a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant E. coli containing an arsenal of virulence factors, thus capable of potentially causing infection. Pigeons with the option to fly to multiple places can transfer virulent and resistant bacteria. Direct contact with pigeons and their faeces and the contamination of water and food pose a threat of infection to humans and other animal species.202337076749
1388180.9931Snapshot Study of Whole Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli from Healthy Companion Animals, Livestock, Wildlife, Humans and Food in Italy. Animals, humans and food are all interconnected sources of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), allowing extensive and rapid exchange of AMR bacteria and genes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize 279 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals (livestock, companion animals, wildlife), food and humans in Italy. E. coli predominantly belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 (46.6%) and A (29%) using the original Clermont criteria. One hundred and thirty-six sequence types (STs) were observed, including different pandemic (ST69, ST95, ST131) and emerging (ST10, ST23, ST58, ST117, ST405, ST648) extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) lineages. Eight antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and five chromosomal mutations conferring resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) were identified (qnrS1, qnrB19, mcr-1, bla(CTX-M1,15,55), bla(CMY-2), gyrA/parC/parE, ampC and pmrB). Twenty-two class 1 integron arrangements in 34 strains were characterized and 11 ARGs were designated as intI1 related gene cassettes (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aad23, ant2_Ia, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA17, cmlA1). Notably, most intI1 positive strains belonged to rabbit (38%) and poultry (24%) sources. Three rabbit samples carried the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in association with IS6 family insertion elements. Poultry meat harbored some of the most prominent ExPEC STs, including ST131, ST69, ST10, ST23, and ST117. Wildlife showed a high average number of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) (mean = 10), mostly associated with an ExPEC pathotype and some predominant ExPEC lineages (ST23, ST117, ST648) were identified.202033172096
979190.9931Integrative phenotypic and genomic analysis of extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae strains isolated from animals in a Spanish Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat, exacerbated by globalization which facilitates the spread of resistant bacteria. Addressing this issue requires a One Health perspective, involving humans, animals, and the environment. This study aims to compare the phenotypic resistance profiles of 69 clinical bacterial isolates (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae) from a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Spain with their genotypic resistance profiles based on the presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC and carbapenemases -enconding genes. For the genotypical analysis, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used. Phenotypic characterization revealed that 37 isolates (53.6 %) grew on ESBL-selective medium. Phenotypic confirmatory tests showed that 12 strains (17.4 %) had some type of ESBL and 21 (30.4 %) could have an AmpC. Also, 24 isolates (34.8 %) grew in selective media for carbapenemases-producing bacteria, and 2 of these had a class A carbapenemase based on the KPC&MBL&OXA-48 disc kit. The genotypic analysis revealed 20 isolates (29 %) had bla(TEM), 8 (11.6 %) had bla(CTX-M) and 7 (10.1 %) bla(SHV). 27 (39.1 %) isolates had class C beta-lactamase genes. 35 isolates (50.7 %) had bla(OXA), class D beta-lactamase. 37 strains (53.6 %) had an Inc. plasmid replicon associated with the spread of AMR genes, including beta-lactamases and carbapenemases. This study emphasizes the value of combining phenotypic and genomic analyses to better understand and address antibiotic resistance, especially in veterinary contexts. Integrating these approaches enhances diagnostic accuracy by identifying strains with resistance genes that may not show phenotypically, helping clinicians in anticipating resistance under selective pressure.202539808975