# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 402 | 0 | 0.9860 | The cme gene of Clostridium difficile confers multidrug resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. Antibiotic resistance in C. difficile by efflux has been previously suggested. The genome of C. difficile 630 was screened for sequences encoding putative proteins homologous to NorA from Staphylococcus aureus. Four ORFs homologous to efflux genes were cloned into the pAT79 shuttle vector under the control of transcription and translation signals of Gram-positive bacteria and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2 and S. aureus RN4220. One of these sequences, designated cme conferred resistance to ethidium bromide, safranin O, and erythromycin in E. faecalis. The three other ORFs did not confer detectable resistance in both bacteria. | 2004 | 15336408 |
| 407 | 1 | 0.9854 | Molecular cloning and characterization of two lincomycin-resistance genes, lmrA and lmrB, from Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11. Two different lincomycin-resistance determinants (lmrA and lmrB) from Streptomyces lincolnensis 78-11 were cloned in Streptomyces lividans 66 TK23. The gene lmrA was localized on a 2.16 kb fragment, the determined nucleotide sequence of which encoded a single open reading frame 1446 bp long. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence suggested the presence of 12 membrane-spanning domains and showed significant similarities to the methylenomycin-resistance protein (Mmr) from Streptomyces coelicolor, the QacA protein from Staphylococcus aureus, and several tetracycline-resistance proteins from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as to some sugar-transport proteins from Escherichia coli. The lmrB gene was actively expressed from a 2.7 kb fragment. An open reading frame of 837 bp could be localized which encoded a protein that was significantly similar to 23S rRNA adenine(2058)-N-methyltransferases conferring macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance. LmrB also had putative rRNA methyltransferase activity since lincomycin resistance of ribosomes was induced in lmrB-containing strains. Surprisingly, both enzymes, LmrA and LmrB, had a substrate specificity restricted to lincomycin and did not cause resistance to other lincosamides such as celesticetin and clindamycin, or to macrolides. | 1992 | 1328813 |
| 534 | 2 | 0.9854 | Plasmid shuttle vector with two insertionally inactivable markers for coryneform bacteria. A new shuttle vector pCEM500 replicating in Escherichia coli and in Brevibacterium flavum was constructed. It carries two antibiotic resistance determinants (Kmr/Gmr from plasmid pSa of Gram-negative bacteria and Smr/Spr from plasmid pCG4 of Corynebacterium glutamicum) which are efficiently expressed in both hosts and can be inactivated by insertion of DNA fragments into the unique restriction endonuclease sites located within them. This vector was found to be stably maintained in B. flavum and can be used for transfer of the cloned genes into this amino-acid-producing coryneform bacterium. | 1990 | 2148164 |
| 819 | 3 | 0.9852 | Trimethoprim resistance transposon Tn4003 from Staphylococcus aureus encodes genes for a dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthetase flanked by three copies of IS257. Trimethoprim resistance mediated by the Staphylococcus aureus multi-resistance plasmid pSK1 is encoded by a structure with characteristics of a composite transposon which we have designated Tn4003. Nucleotide sequence analysis of Tn4003 revealed it to be 4717 bp in length and to contain three copies of the insertion element IS257 (789-790 bp), the outside two of which are flanked by directly repeated 8-bp target sequences. IS257 has imperfect terminal inverted repeats of 27-28 bp and encodes for a putative transposase with two potential alpha-helix-turn-alpha-helix DNA recognition motifs. IS257 shares sequence similarities with members of the IS15 family of insertion sequences from Gram-negative bacteria and with ISS1 from Streptococcus lactis. The central region of the transposon contains the dfrA gene that specifies the S1 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) responsible for trimethoprim resistance. The S1 enzyme shows sequence homology with type I and V trimethoprim-resistant DHFRs from Gram-negative bacteria and with chromosomally encoded DHFRs from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 5' to dfrA is a thymidylate synthetase gene, designated thyE. | 1989 | 2548057 |
| 531 | 4 | 0.9852 | p-Aminobenzoic acid and chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae: gene sets for a key enzyme, 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase. Amplification of sequences from Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 genomic DNA using PCR with primers based on conserved prokaryotic pabB sequences gave two main products. One matched pabAB, a locus previously identified in S. venezuelae. The second closely resembled the conserved pabB sequence consensus and hybridized with a 3.8 kb NcoI fragment of S. venezuelae ISP5230 genomic DNA. Cloning and sequence analysis of the 3.8 kb fragment detected three ORFs, and their deduced amino acid sequences were used in BLAST searches of the GenBank database. The ORF1 product was similar to PabB in other bacteria and to the PabB domain encoded by S. venezuelae pabAB. The ORF2 product resembled PabA of other bacteria. ORF3 was incomplete; its deduced partial amino acid sequence placed it in the MocR group of GntR-type transcriptional regulators. Introducing vectors containing the 3.8 kb NcoI fragment of S. venezuelae DNA into pabA and pabB mutants of Escherichia coli, or into the Streptomyces lividans pab mutant JG10, enhanced sulfanilamide resistance in the host strains. The increased resistance was attributed to expression of the pair of discrete translationally coupled p-aminobenzoic acid biosynthesis genes (designated pabB/pabA) cloned in the 3.8 kb fragment. These represent a second set of genes encoding 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase in S. venezuelae ISP5230. In contrast to the fused pabAB set previously isolated from this species, they do not participate in chloramphenicol biosynthesis, but like pabAB they can be disrupted without affecting growth on minimal medium. The gene disruption results suggest that S. venezuelae may have a third set of genes encoding PABA synthase. | 2001 | 11495989 |
| 403 | 5 | 0.9850 | Nucleotide sequence and expression of the mercurial-resistance operon from Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258. The mercurial-resistance determinant from Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 is located on a 6.4-kilobase-pair Bgl II fragment. The determinant was cloned into both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Mercury resistance was found only in B. subtilis. The 6404-base-pair DNA sequence of the Bgl II fragment was determined. The mer DNA sequence includes seven open reading frames, two of which have been identified by homology with the merA (mercuric reductase) and merB (organomercurial lyase) genes from the mercurial-resistance determinants of Gram-negative bacteria. Whereas 40% of the amino acid residues overall were identical between the pI258 merA polypeptide product and mercuric reductases from Gram-negative bacteria, the percentage identity in the active-site positions and those thought to be involved in NADPH and FAD contacts was above 90%. The 216 amino acid organomercurial lyase sequence was 39% identical with that from a Serratia plasmid, with higher conservation in the middle of the sequences and lower homologies at the amino and carboxyl termini. The remaining five open reading frames in the pI258 mer sequence have no significant homologies with the genes from previously sequenced Gram-negative mer operons. | 1987 | 3037534 |
| 3053 | 6 | 0.9850 | Expression in Escherichia coli of cryptic tetracycline resistance genes from bacteroides R plasmids. The putative clindamycin resistance region of the Bacteroides fragilis R plasmid pBF4 was cloned in the vector R300B in Escherichia coli. This 3.8-kb EcoRI D fragment from pBF4 expressed noninducible tetracycline resistance in E. coli under aerobic but not anaerobic growth conditions. The fragment does not express tetracycline resistance in Bacteroides, a strict anaerobe. The separate tetracycline resistance transfer system in the Bacteroides host strain V479-1 has no homology to the cryptic determinant on pBF4. In addition, this aerobic tetracycline resistance determinant is not homologous to the three major plasmid mediated tetracycline resistance regions found in facultative gram-negative bacteria, represented by R100, RK2, and pBR322. A similar cryptic tetracycline resistance fragment was cloned from pCP1, a separate clindamycin resistance plasmid from Bacteroides that shares homology with the EcoRI D fragment of pBF4. This study identifies cryptic drug resistance determinants in Bacteroides that are expressed when inserted into an aerobically growing organism. | 1984 | 6379711 |
| 406 | 7 | 0.9848 | Naturally occurring macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance in Bacillus licheniformis. Resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS) group of antibiotics is widespread and of clinical importance. B. Weisblum and his coworkers have demonstrated that this resistance is associated with methylation of the 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid of the large ribosomal subunit which results in a diminished affinity of this organelle for these antibiotics (Lai et al, J. Mol. Biol. 74:67-72, 1973). We report that 10 of 15 natural isolates of Bacillus licheniformis, a common soil organism, are resistant to the MLS antibiotics. The properties of this resistance (high level of tolerance for erythromycin, broad cross-resistance spectrum, and inducibility) suggest that resistance is conferred as described above. The resistance determinant from one of these strains was cloned onto a B. subtilis plasmid vector, and the resulting hybrid plasmid (pBD90) was used to prepare radioactive probe deoxyribonucleic acid for hybridization studies. All of the resistance B. licheniformis strains studied exhibited homology with the pBD90 insert. Plasmid pBD90 showed no homology to the following staphylococcal and streptococcal MLS-resistance plasmids: pE194, pE5, pAM77, pI258. Plasmids pE194 and pE5, on the other hand, carry homologous MLS genes but showed no detectable homology to one another in their replication genes. pBD90 specified a 35,000-dalton erythromycin-inducible protein, detectable in minicells, which therefore appears different from the 29,000-dalton inducible resistance protein specified by pE194. We conclude that there are at least three distinct MLS resistance determinants to be found among gram-positive bacteria. | 1981 | 6780509 |
| 404 | 8 | 0.9846 | Plasmid-borne cadmium resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes are similar to cadA and cadC of Staphylococcus aureus and are induced by cadmium. pLm74 is the smallest known plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes. It confers resistance to the toxic divalent cation cadmium. It contains a 3.1-kb EcoRI fragment which hybridizes with the cadAC genes of plasmid pI258 of Staphylococcus aureus. When introduced into cadmium-sensitive L. monocytogenes or Bacillus subtilis strains, this fragment conferred cadmium resistance. The DNA sequence of the 3.1-kb EcoRI fragment contains two open reading frames, cadA and cadC. The deduced amino acid sequences are similar to those of the cad operon of plasmid pI258 of S. aureus, known to prevent accumulation of Cd2+ in the bacteria by an ATPase efflux mechanism. The cadmium resistance determinant of L. monocytogenes does not confer zinc resistance, in contrast to the cadAC determinant of S. aureus, suggesting that the two resistance mechanisms are slightly different. Slot blot DNA-RNA hybridization analysis showed cadmium-inducible synthesis of L. monocytogenes cadAC RNA. | 1994 | 8188605 |
| 3047 | 9 | 0.9846 | Formaldehyde-resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification of resistance genes by DNA-hybridization. A 4.1. Kb large DNA fragment of a E. coli plasmid pVU 3695, on which the genes for formaldehyde-resistance are located, was used as a DNA probe to identify bacteria that carry this segment among formaldehyde-resistant bacteria. It was shown by Southern Blot-, Dot Blot-, and Colony Blot- Hybridization studies that the DNA of all formaldehyde-resistant E. coli, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains tested hybridize with the DNA probe from E. coli. In contrast the E. coli DNA probe does not hybridize with the DNA from formaldehyde-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. | 1991 | 1909132 |
| 5228 | 10 | 0.9845 | Mycobacterium bolletii respiratory infections. Contrary to other species in the Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex, we reidentified M. bolletii strains isolated from 4 respiratory patients and found these strains to be uniformly resistant to clarithromycin. No mutations previously associated with macrolide resistance in bacteria were detected in either the 23S rDNA or the genes encoding riboproteins L4 and L22. | 2009 | 19193279 |
| 533 | 11 | 0.9845 | Construction of broad-host-range cosmid cloning vectors: identification of genes necessary for growth of Methylobacterium organophilum on methanol. Four new cloning vectors have been constructed from the broad-host-range cloning vector pRK290. These vectors, pLA2901, pLA2905, pLA2910, and pLA2917, confer resistance to kanamycin and tetracycline. The latter two are cosmid derivatives of pLA2901. The new vectors can be mobilized into, and are stably maintained in, a variety of gram-negative bacteria. A Sau3A genomic bank of Methylobacterium organophilum strain xx DNA has been constructed in pLA2917, and complementation analysis, with a variety of mutants unable to grow on methanol, revealed at least five separate regions necessary for growth on methanol. Complementation analysis and Tn5 mutagenesis data suggest that at least three genes are responsible for expression of active methanol dehydrogenase. | 1985 | 2982796 |
| 3054 | 12 | 0.9845 | Acquisition by a Campylobacter-like strain of aphA-1, a kanamycin resistance determinant from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. A Campylobacter-like organism, BM2196, resistant to kanamycin and streptomycin-spectinomycin was isolated from the feces of a patient with acute enteritis. The kanamycin and streptomycin-spectinomycin resistances were not transferable to Camplylobacter sp. or to Escherichia coli, and no plasmid DNA was detected in this strain. The resistance genes were therefore tentatively assigned to a chromosomal locality. Analysis by the phosphocellulose paper-binding assay of extracts from BM2196 indicated that resistance to kanamycin and structurally related antibiotics was due to the synthesis of 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type I [APH(3')-I], an enzyme specific for gram-negative bacteria, and that resistance to streptomycin-spectinomycin was secondary to the presence of a 3",9-aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase. Homology between BM2196 and an APH(3')-I probe was detected by DNA-DNA hybridization. A 2.2-kilobase BM2196 DNA fragment conferring resistance to kanamycin was cloned in E. coli and was sequenced partially. The resistance gene appeared nearly identical to that of Tn903 from E. coli and was adjacent to IS15-delta, an insertion sequence widespread in gram-negative bacteria, thus indicating that Campylobacter species can act as a recipient for genes originating in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. | 1987 | 2821885 |
| 456 | 13 | 0.9844 | Cloning and nucleotide sequences of the topoisomerase IV parC and parE genes of Mycoplasma hominis. The topoisomerase IV parC and parE genes from the wall-less organism Mycoplasma hominis PG21 were cloned and sequenced. The coupled genes are located far from the DNA gyrase genes gyrA and gyrB. They encode proteins of 639 and 866 amino acids, respectively. As expected, the encoded ParE and ParC proteins exhibit higher homologies with the topoisomerase IV subunits of the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae than with their Escherichia coli counterparts. The conserved regions include the Tyr residue of the active site and the region involved in quinolone resistance (quinolone resistance-determining region [QRDR]) in ParC and the ATP-binding site and the QRDR in ParE. | 1998 | 9687401 |
| 405 | 14 | 0.9844 | Characterization of a small plasmid (pMBCP) from bovine Pseudomonas pickettii that confers cadmium resistance. This is the first report of isolation of Pseudomonas pickettii from a normal adult bovine duodenum. This organism was one of several bacteria isolated as part of a study to examine cadmium resistance genes (cad(r)) for use in generating transgenic plants to reclaim cadmium-contaminated soils in Kansas. P. pickettii containing a plasmid of 2.2kb (designated pMBCP) grew in Luria-Bertani broth and agar containing up to 800 microM of cadmium chloride and was resistant to 16 antibiotics. Curing the organism of plasmid revealed that antibiotic resistances were not plasmid-mediated. Low-level cadmium resistance was conferred by the plasmid because uncured organism grew significantly better (P<0.05) at 55 microM compared to cured organism. Both plasmid and chromosomal DNA were probed by DNA-DNA hybridization for the presence of known cadmium resistance genes (cadA, cadC, and cadD from Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), but none were detected. The plasmid had one restriction site each for BamHI, PstI, SmaI, and XhoI; two sites each for HincII, SacI, and SphI; and multiple sites for AluI and XcmI. DNA sequence analyses of the cloned and original plasmids showed a GC content of greater than 60% and no homology to any published sequences in the GenBank, European Bioinformatics Institute, or Japanese Genome Net databases. The DNA sequence is contained in GenBank accession number AF144733. Thus, pMBCP offers low-level cadmium resistance to P. picketttii. | 2003 | 12651180 |
| 5223 | 15 | 0.9844 | Cloned ermTR Gene Confers Low Level Erythromycin but High Level Clindamycin Resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes NZ131. Objectives: The most common macrolide resistance mechanisms in streptococci are the presence of methylase encoding genes ermB and ermTR or the presence of efflux encoded by mef genes. In the present study we aimed to show the effects of the ermTR gene under isogenic conditions on the activities of macrolides and lincosamides in streptococci. Materials and Methods: Total DNA was extracted from Streptococcus pyogenes C1, and the ermTR gene was amplified with or without the regulatory region using modified primer with insertion of restriction sites to clone in to pUC18. Transformants were selected after electroporation of Escherichia coli DB10. The recombinant plasmids were purified and merged to pJIM2246 to transform Gram positive bacteria. Recombinant pJIM2246 plasmids with the ermTR gene were then introduced into S. pyogenes NZ131 by electroporation. Results: After transformation with ermTR without regulatory region the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for erythromycin and clindamycin increased from ≤0.06 to ≤0.06 to 8 and >128 mg/L, respectively. Induction with erythromycin affected the MICs for clindamycin of S. pyogenes transformed with ermTR with the regulatory region. Double disk testing showed that induction with erythromycin and azithromycin for the S. pyogenes transformed with ermTR, and regulatory regions decreased the clindamycin inhibition zone but not telithromycin. The ermTR gene in isogenic conditions confers low level resistance to erythromycin and high level resistance to clindamycin. Conclusion: The different induction and resistance profiles of ermTR compared to other erm genes suggest that the methylation of ErmTR may be different than well studied methylases. | 2020 | 31971866 |
| 3038 | 16 | 0.9844 | Biotinylated probes for epidemiological studies of drug resistance in Salmonella krefeld. A gene probe for ampicillin resistance and one for sulphonamide resistance were prepared to study the origin and the relation of multiple drug resistances in Salmonella krefeld. The resistance genes were cloned into the pACYC184 vector of Escherichia coli from a common plasmid of S. krefeld that encoded for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline resistance. Restriction map analysis and deletion analysis of a recombinant plasmid (pACSS1) showed that the gene determining ampicillin resistance was located on a 1.34 and 1.12 kb PstI fragment, and that the gene for sulphonamide resistance was located on a 0.85 kb PstI fragment. These fragments were used as probes. Their specificity was tested by colony hybridization with various bacterial species, including sensitive and resistance S. krefeld isolates. Further study indicated that the ampicillin resistance gene probe reacted with the gene for TEM-1 beta-lactamase and that the gene probe for sulphonamide resistance reacted with the gene for type II dihydropteroate synthase. The two probes were sufficiently specific to allow study of the epidemiology of resistance in S. krefeld and other enteric bacteria. | 1990 | 2190970 |
| 490 | 17 | 0.9843 | Mercuric resistance genes in gram-positive oral bacteria. Mercury-resistant bacteria isolated from the oral cavities of children carried one of two types of merA gene that appear to have evolved from a common ancestor. Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus mitis and a few other species had merA genes that were very similar to merA of Bacillus cereus strain RC607. Unlike the B. cereus RC607 merA gene, however, the streptococcal merA genes were not carried on Tn5084-like transposons. Instead, comparisons with microbial genomic sequences suggest the merA gene is located on a novel type II transposon. Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Streptococcus parasanguis had identical merA genes that represent a new merA variant. | 2004 | 15251199 |
| 434 | 18 | 0.9842 | Homologous Streptomycin Resistance Gene Present among Diverse Gram-Negative Bacteria in New York State Apple Orchards. The streptomycin resistance gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans Psp36 was cloned into Escherichia coli and used to develop a 500-bp DNA probe that is specific for streptomycin resistance in P. syringae pv. papulans. The probe is a portion of a 1-kb region shared by three different DNA clones of the resistance gene. In Southern hybridizations, the probe hybridized only with DNA isolated from streptomycin-resistant strains of P. syringae pv. papulans and not with the DNA of streptomycin-sensitive strains. Transposon insertions within the region of DNA shared by the three clones resulted in loss of resistance to streptomycin. Colony hybridization of bacteria isolated from apple leaves and orchard soil indicated that 39% of 398 streptomycin-resistant bacteria contained DNA that hybridized to the probe. These included all strains of P. syringae pv. papulans and some other fluorescent pseudomonads and nonfluorescent gram-negative bacteria, but none of the gram-positive bacteria. The same-size restriction fragments hybridized to the probe in P. syringae pv. papulans. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of this region was occasionally observed in strains of other taxonomic groups of bacteria. In bacteria other than P. syringae pv. papulans, the streptomycin resistance probe hybridized to different-sized plasmids and no relationship between plasmid size and taxonomic group or between plasmid size and orchard type, soil association, or leaf association could be detected. | 1991 | 16348415 |
| 3013 | 19 | 0.9841 | Nucleotide sequence and organization of the multiresistance plasmid pSCFS1 from Staphylococcus sciuri. OBJECTIVES: The multiresistance plasmid pSCFS1 from Staphylococcus sciuri was sequenced completely and analysed with regard to its gene organization and the putative role of a novel ABC transporter in antimicrobial resistance. METHODS: Plasmid pSCFS1 was transformed into Staphylococcus aureus RN4220, overlapping restriction fragments were cloned into Escherichia coli plasmid vectors and sequenced. For further analysis of the ABC transporter, a approximately 3 kb EcoRV-HpaI fragment was cloned into the staphylococcal plasmid pT181MCS and the respective S. aureus RN4220 transformants were subjected to MIC determination. RESULTS: A total of 14 ORFs coding for proteins of >100 amino acids were detected within the 17 108 bp sequence of pSCFS1. Five of them showed similarity to recombination/mobilization genes while another two were similar to plasmid replication genes. In addition to the previously described genes cfr for chloramphenicol/florfenicol resistance and erm(33) for inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance, a Tn554-like spectinomycin resistance gene and Tn554-related transposase genes were identified. Moreover, a novel ABC transporter was detected and shown to mediate low-level lincosamide resistance. CONCLUSION: Plasmid pSCFS1 is composed of various parts which show similarity to sequences known to occur on plasmids or transposons of Gram-positive, but also Gram-negative bacteria. It is likely that pSCFS1 represents the result of inter-plasmid recombination events also involving the truncation of a Tn554-like transposon. | 2004 | 15471995 |