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705400.9817Effective removal of antibiotic resistance genes and potential links with archaeal communities during vacuum-type composting and positive-pressure composting. As a major reservoir of antibiotics, animal manure contributes a lot to the augmented environmental pressure of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This might be the first study to explore the effects of different ventilation types on the control of ARGs and to identify the relationships between archaeal communities and ARGs during the composting of dairy manure. Several ARGs were quantified via Real-time qPCR and microbial communities including bacteria and archaea were analyzed by High-throughput sequencing during vacuum-type composting (VTC) and positive-pressure composting (PPC). The total detected ARGs and class I integrase gene (intI1) under VTC were significantly lower than that under PPC during each stage of the composting (p<0.001). The relative abundance of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) which were identified based on sequencing information and correlation analysis decreased by 74.6% and 91.4% at the end of PPC and VTC, respectively. The composition of archaeal communities indicated that methane-producing archaea including Methanobrevibacter, Methanocorpusculum and Methanosphaera were dominant throughout the composting. Redundancy analysis suggested that Methanobrevibacter and Methanocorpusculum were positively correlated with all of the detected ARGs. Network analysis determined that the possible hosts of ARGs were different under VTC and PPC, and provided new sights about potential links between archaea and ARGs. Our results showed better performance of VTC in reducing ARGs and potential HPB and demonstrated that some archaea could also be influential hosts of ARGs, and caution the risks of archaea carrying ARGs.202031892399
306410.9807High Diversity but Monodominance of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Developing GVHD Are Not Associated with Changes in Gut Mycobiome. Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a severe complication after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Our study focused on identifying multidrug-resistant (MDR) gut bacteria associated with GvHD-prone guts and association with gut microbiota (GM) diversity, bacteriome, and mycobiome composition in post-HSCT patients. We examined 11 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including six with GvHD, within three time points: seven days pre-HSCT, seven days post-, and 28 days post-HSCT. The gut microbiome and its resistome were investigated using metagenomic sequencing, taxonomically classified with Kraken2, and statistically evaluated for significance using appropriate tests. We observed an increase in the abundance of MDR bacteria, mainly Enterococcus faecium strains carrying msr(C), erm(T), aac(6')-li, dfrG, and ant(6)-la genes, in GvHD patients one week post-HSCT. Conversely, non-GvHD patients had more MDR beneficial bacteria pre-HSCT, promoting immunosurveillance, with resistance genes increasing one-month post-HSCT. MDR beneficial bacteria included the anti-inflammatory Bacteroides fragilis, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Turicibacter, while most MDR bacteria represented the dominant species of GM. Changes in the gut mycobiome were not associated with MDR bacterial monodominance or GvHD. Significant α-diversity decline (Shannon index) one week and one month post-HSCT in GvHD patients (p < 0.05) was accompanied by increased Pseudomonadota and decreased Bacteroidota post-HSCT. Our findings suggest that MDR commensal gut bacteria may preserve diversity and enhance immunosurveillance, potentially preventing GvHD in pediatric ALL patients undergoing HSCT. This observation has therapeutic implications.202338136701
349720.9804Biomarkers of antibiotic resistance genes during seasonal changes in wastewater treatment systems. To evaluate the seasonal distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and explore the reason for their patterns in different seasons and different systems, two wastewater treatment systems were selected and analyzed using high-throughput qPCR. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) was used to discover the differential ARGs (biomarkers) and estimate the biomarkers' effect size. We found that the total absolute abundances of ARGs in inflows and excess sludge samples had no obvious seasonal fluctuations, while those in winter outflow samples decreased in comparison with the inflow samples. Eleven differentially abundant ARGs (biomarker genes, BmGs) (aadA5-02, aac-6-II, cmlA1-01, cmlA1-02, blaOXA10-02, aadA-02, tetX, aadA1, ereA, qacEΔ1-01, and blaTEM) in summer samples and 10 BmGs (tet-32, tetA-02, aacC2, vanC-03, aac-6-I1, tetE, ermB, mefA, tnpA - 07, and sul2) in winter samples were validated. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level exhibited significant seasonal changes in outflow water (OW), and biomarker bacteria (BmB) were discovered at the family (or genus) level. Synechococcus and vadinCA02 are BmB in summer, and Trichococcus, Lactococcus, Pelosinus, Janthinobacterium, Nitrosomonadaceae and Sterolibacterium are BmB in winter. In addition, BmB have good correlations with BmGs in the same season, which indicates that bacterial community changes drive different distributions of ARGs during seasonal changes and that LEfSe is an acute and effective method for finding significantly different ARGs and bacteria between two or more classes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the seasonal changes of BmGs and BmB at two wastewater treatment systems.201829169020
801730.9804Dose-Dependent Effect of Tilmicosin Residues on ermA Rebound Mediated by IntI1 in Pig Manure Compost. The impact of varying antibiotic residue levels on antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) removal during composting is still unclear. This study investigated the impact of different residue levels of tilmicosin (TIM), a common veterinary macrolide antibiotic, on ARG removal during pig manure composting. Three groups were used: the CK group (no TIM), the L group (246.49 ± 22.83 mg/kg TIM), and the H group (529.99 ± 16.15 mg/kg TIM). Composting removed most targeted macrolide resistance genes (MRGs) like ereA, ermC, and ermF (>90% removal), and reduced ermB, ermX, ermQ, acrA, acrB, and mefA (30-70% removal). However, ermA increased in abundance. TIM altered compost community structure, driving succession through a deterministic process. At low doses, TIM reduced MRG-bacteria co-occurrence, with horizontal gene transfer via intI1 being the main cause of ermA rebound. In conclusion, composting reduces many MRG levels in pig manure, but the persistence and rebound of genes like ermA reveal the complex interactions between composting conditions and microbial gene transfer.202541011454
802140.9802The profile of antibiotic resistance genes in pig manure composting shaped by composting stage: Mesophilic-thermophilic and cooling-maturation stages. The variation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and influential factors in pig manure composting were investigated by conducting simulated composting tests using four different supplement materials (wheat straw, corn straw, poplar sawdust and spent mushroom). The results show that the relative abundance of total ARGs increased by 0.19-1.61 logs after composting, and tetX, sulI, sulII, dfrA1 and aadA were the major contributors. The variations of ARG profiles and bacterial communities throughout the composting were clearly divided into mesophilic-thermophilic and cooling-maturation stages in all tests, while different supplement materials did not exert a noticeable influence. Network analysis demonstrated the diversity of bacterial hosts for ARGs, the existence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria, and the weak correlations between ARGs and physicochemical factors in the composting piles. Of note, integron intI1 and Mycobacterium (a potential pathogen) were positively correlated with eight and four ARGs, respectively, that displayed increased abundance after composting.202032109697
811450.9802Reductive soil disinfestation attenuates antibiotic resistance genes in greenhouse vegetable soils. Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is an emerging technique that ameliorates soil degradation, but its effects against antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were unclear. Here, we examined soil properties, ARG types and numbers, and ARG profiles, and bacterial community compositions following 4 soil treatments: control; straw addition (SA); water flooding (WF); and RSD, both straw addition and water flooding. The results showed that the numbers of ARG types and subtypes decreased by 10.8% and 21.1%, respectively, after RSD, and the numbers of ARGs decreased by 18.6%. The attenuated multidrug, beta-lactam, macrolide, and phenicol resistance genes in the RSD soil corresponded to a decreased relative abundance of ARG subtypes (i.e., adeF, mdtM, TypeB_NfxB, mecA, nalC, OXA-60, and cmlA4). Taxa in phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Deinococcus-Thermus were the main hosts for dominant ARG subtypes and were inhibited by RSD. The selected bacterial genera and soil properties explained 83.4% of the variance in ARG composition, suggesting that the improved soil properties and the reduced potential ARG hosts produced by the interactions of straw addition and water flooding are likely responsible for ARG attenuation by RSD. Therefore, RSD has the potential to mitigate ARG pollution in soils.202134293692
801960.9802In-feed antibiotic use changed the behaviors of oxytetracycline, sulfamerazine, and ciprofloxacin and related antibiotic resistance genes during swine manure composting. The dynamics of oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamerazine (SM1), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during swine manure composting were compared between manure collected from swine fed a diet containing these three antibiotics (T(D)) and manure directly spiked with these drugs (T(S)). The composting removal efficiency of OTC (94.9 %) and CIP (87.8 %) in the T(D) treatment was significantly higher than that of OTC (83.8 %, P <  0.01) and CIP (83.9 %, P <  0.05) in the T(S) treatment, while SM1 exhibited no significant difference (P >  0.05) between the two treatments. Composting effectively reduced the majority of ARGs in both T(D) and T(S) types of manure, especially tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs). Compared with the T(S) treatment, the abundance of some ARGs, such as tetG, qepA, sul1 and sul2, increased dramatically up to 309-fold in the T(D) treatment. The microbial composition of the composting system changed significantly during composting due to antibiotic feeding. Redundancy analysis suggested that the abundance of ARGs had a considerable impact on alterations in the physicochemical parameters (C/N, pH and temperature) and bacterial communities (Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes) during the composting of swine manure.202133254754
810970.9801The fate of antibiotic resistance genes and their influential factors in swine manure composting with sepiolite as additive. Manures are storages for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) entering the environment. This study investigated the effects of adding sepiolite at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% (CK, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) on the fates of ARGs during composting. The relative abundances (RAs) of the total ARGs in CK and T3 decreased by 0.23 and 0.46 logs, respectively, after composting. The RAs of 10/11 ARGs decreased in CK, whereas they all decreased in T3. The reduction in the RA of the total mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was 1.26 times higher in T3 compared with CK after composting. The bacterial community accounted for 47.93% of the variation in the abundances of ARGs. Network analysis indicated that ARGs and MGEs shared potential host bacteria (PHB), and T3 controlled the transmission of ARGs by reducing the abundances of PHB. Composting with 7.5% sepiolite is an effective strategy for reducing the risk of ARGs proliferating.202235063626
705880.9800Does organically produced lettuce harbor higher abundance of antibiotic resistance genes than conventionally produced? The demand for organic food products, especially for organic vegetables has been growing rapidly in the last few decades. However, the risk of introducing more antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) to the vegetables by organic production procedures has long been overlooked. In our study, by using high-throughput quantitative PCR and 16sRNA Illumina sequencing technology, we investigated the abundance and diversity of ARGs and the microbial communities in conventionally (CPL) and organically produced lettuce (OPL). A total of 134 ARGs were detected in the phyllosphere and leaf endophyte of the samples. Absolute copy numbers of ARGs in phyllosphere were 8-fold higher in the OPL than in CPL. We also observed a significant difference in the microbial communities between OPL and CPL, and a lower diversity of both phyllosphere and leaf endophytic bacteria in OPL than in CPL. The Mantel test and variation partitioning analysis (VPA) suggested that the profile of ARGs is strongly affected by bacterial community compositions. Network analysis between ARGs and bacterial taxa indicated that eight bacterial families were implicated to be the potential hosts of ARGs. These results provide insights into the impacts of organic farming on the profiles of bacterial and ARG compositions in vegetables.201727823798
811590.9799Effects of reductive soil disinfestation on potential pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in soil. Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is commonly employed for soil remediation in greenhouse cultivation. However, its influence on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil remains uncertain. This study investigated the dynamic changes in soil communities, potential bacterial pathogens, and ARG profiles under various organic material treatments during RSD, including distillers' grains, potato peel, peanut vine, and peanut vine combined with charcoal. Results revealed that applying diverse organic materials in RSD significantly altered bacterial community composition and diminished the relative abundance of potential bacterial pathogens (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of high-risk ARGs decreased by 10.7%-30.6% after RSD treatments, the main decreased ARG subtypes were AAC(3)_Via, dfrA1, ErmB, lnuB, aadA. Actinobacteria was the primary host of ARGs and was suppressed by RSD. Soil physicochemical properties, such as total nitrogen, soil pH, total carbon, were crucial factors affecting ARG profiles. Our findings demonstrated that RSD treatment inhibited pathogenic bacteria and could be an option for reducing high-risk ARG proliferation in soil.202539306413
8118100.9799Effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermentation bacteria additions on the microbial community, functions and antibiotic resistance genes of prickly ash seed oil meal-biochar compost. This study evaluated the effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermenting bacteria addition on the microbial community, metabolic functions and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of new prickly ash seed oil meal (PSOM)-biochar composting. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation bacteria significantly increased the NH(4)(+)-N, bacterial abundance and fungal diversity of compost while decreasing the relative abundances (RAs) of carbon metabolism genes in mature compost. NH(4)(+)-N was significantly correlated with microbial abundance and diversity, and its increase was closely related to microbial amino acid metabolism. The addition of biocontrol and fermenting bacteria changed the RAs of ARGs, which was caused by changes in the potential hosts Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes in the compost. Consequently, adding Bacillus and fermenting bacteria into PSOM to make composting was suggested as an effective method to promote nutrient transformation, regulate microbial activity and decrease RAs of tetracycline and vancomycin ARGs.202134339999
8113110.9799Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) sludge. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) sludge and non-CEPT (conventional sedimentation) sludge were comparatively operated under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The highest methane yield (692.46±0.46mL CH(4)/g VS(removed) in CEPT sludge) was observed in mesophilic AD of CEPT sludge. Meanwhile, thermophilic conditions were more favorable for the removal of total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, no measurable difference in the fates and removal of ARGs and class 1 integrin-integrase gene (intI1) was observed between treated non-CEPT and CEPT sludge. However, redundancy analysis indicated that shifts in bacterial community were primarily accountable for the variations in ARGs and intI1. Network analysis further revealed potential host bacteria for ARGs and intI1.201728797965
7643120.9799Heterofermentative Lentilactobacillus buchneri and low dry matter reduce high-risk antibiotic resistance genes in corn silage by regulating pathogens and mobile genetic element. The study of antibiotic resistance in the silage microbiome has attracted initial attention. However, the influences of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and dry matter (DM) content on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) reduction in whole-plant corn silage remain poorly studied. This study accessed the ARGs' risk and transmission mechanism in whole-plant corn silage with different DM levels and treated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum or Lentilactobacillus buchneri. The macrolide and tetracycline were the main ARGs in corn silage. The dominant species (Lent. buchneri and Lactobacillus acetotolerans) were the main ARGs carriers in whole-plant corn silage. The application of Lent. buchneri increased total ARGs abundance regardless of corn DM. Whole-plant corn silage with 30 % DM reduced the abundances of integrase and plasmid compared with 40 % DM. The correlation and structural equation model analysis demonstrated that bacterial community succession, resulting from changes in DM content, was the primary driving factor influencing the ARGs distribution in whole-plant corn silage. Interestingly, whole-plant corn silage inoculated with Lent. buchneri reduced abundances of high-risk ARGs (mdtG, mepA, tetM, mecA, vatE and tetW) by regulating pathogens (Escherichia coli), mobile genetic elements (MGEs) genes (IS3 and IS1182), and this effect was more pronounced at 30 % DM level. In summary, although whole-plant corn silage inoculated with Lent. buchneri increased the total ARGs abundance at both DM levels, it decreased the abundance of high-risk ARGs by reducing the abundances of the pathogens and MGEs, and this effect was more noticeable at 30 % DM level.202439241365
8067130.9797Enhanced control of sulfonamide resistance genes and host bacteria during thermophilic aerobic composting of cow manure. Traditional composting has already shown a certain effect in eliminating antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). It is worth noting that the rebounding of ARGs and the succession of the bacterial community during conventional aerobic composting are still serious threats. Considering the probable risk, improved and adaptable technologies are urgently needed to control antibiotic resistance efficiently. This study monitored how thermophilic aerobic composting affected the ARGs, as well as the bacterial diversity during the composting of cow manure spiked with sulfamethoxazole (SMX) at different concentrations. Results showed that the degradation of SMX was enhanced during thermophilic aerobic composting (control > SMX25 > SMX50 > SMX100) and was no longer detected after 20 days of composting. High temperature or heat significantly stimulated the rebounding of certain genes. After 35 days, the abundance of detected genes (sul2, sulA, dfrA7, and dfrA1) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in control and antibiotic-spiked treatments, except for sul1. The addition of three concentrations of SMX elicited a sharp effect on bacterial diversity, and microbial structure in SMX25 led to significant differences with others (p < 0.05). The network analysis revealed more rigorous interactions among ARGs and abundant genera, suggesting that the host of ARGs potentially increased at low concentrations of SMX. Especially, genera g_norank_f__Beggiatoaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Caldicoprobacter, g_norank_o_MBA03, Hydrogenispora, and Ruminiclostridium_1 were major potential hosts for sul1. In conclusion, the rebounding of ARGs could be intermitted partially, and more efficient control of antibiotic resistance could be achieved in the thermophilic composting compared to conventional methods.202133582626
7160140.9797High-throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in the Yellow River of Henan Province, China. Profiling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Yellow River of China's Henan Province is essential for understanding the health risks of antibiotic resistance. The profiling of ARGs was investigated using high-throughput qPCR from water samples in seven representative regions of the Yellow River. The absolute and relative abundances of ARGs and moble genetic elements (MGEs) were higher in summer than in winter (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The diversity and abundance of ARGs were higher in the Yellow River samples from PY and KF than the other sites. Temperature (r = 0.470 ~ 0.805, p < 0.05) and precipitation (r = 0.492 ~ 0.815, p < 0.05) positively influenced the ARGs, while pH had a negative effect (r = - 0.462 ~ - 0.849, p < 0.05). Network analysis indicated that the pathogenic bacteria Rahnella, Bacillus, and Shewanella were the possible hub hosts of ARGs, and tnpA1 was the potential MGE hub. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing ARG dynamics and the complex interaction among the MGEs, pathogenic bacteria and environmental parameters in enriching ARGs in the Yellow River of Henan Province.202439080455
8054150.9797Effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron on the performance and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes during thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. The effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the performance of food waste anaerobic digestion and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in thermophilic (TR) and mesophilic (MR) reactors. Results showed that nZVI enhanced biogas production and facilitated ARGs reduction. The maximum CH(4) production was 212.00 ± 4.77 ml/gVS with 5 g/L of nZVI in MR. The highest ARGs removal ratio was 86.64 ± 0.72% obtained in TR at nZVI of 2 g/L. nZVI corrosion products and their contribution on AD performance were analyzed. The abundance of tetracycline genes reduced significantly in nZVI amended digesters. Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes showed significant positive correlations with various ARGs (p < 0.05) in MR and TR. Redundancy analysis indicated that microbial community was the main factor that influenced the fate of ARGs. nZVI changed microbial communities, with decreasing the abundance bacteria belonging to Firmicutes and resulting in the reduction of ARGs.201931505392
7995160.9797Risk of penicillin fermentation dreg: Increase of antibiotic resistance genes after soil discharge. Penicillin fermentation dreg (PFD) is a solid waste discharged by pharmaceutical enterprises in the fermentation production process. Due to the residual antibiotic of PFD, the risk of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) generation should be considered in the disposal process. High-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to investigate the effect of PFD on the dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial community during a lab-scale soil experiment. After the application of PFD, the bacterial number and diversity showed an obvious decrease in the initial days. The abundances of Streptomyces and Bacillus, which are the most widespread predicted source phyla of ARGs, increased remarkably from 4.42% to 2.59%-22.97% and 21.35%. The increase of ARGs was observed during the PFD application and the ARGs carried by PFD itself contributed to the initiation of soil ARGs. The results of redundancy analysis (RDA) show that the shift in bacterial community induced by variation of penicillin content is the primary driver shaping ARGs compositions.202032023801
8028170.9796The fate of antibiotic resistance genes, microbial community, and potential pathogens in the maricultural sediment by live seaweeds and oxytetracycline. Three common seaweeds including Ulva fasciata, Codium cylindricum and Ishige okamurai were used for the remediation of maricultural wastewater and sediment in the presence/absence of trace level of oxytetracycline (OTC) in lab-scale experiments. Higher NO(3)(-)-N and PO(4)(3-)-P removal rates were achieved due to the presence of seaweeds, and trace OTC also had a positive effect on NO(3)(-)-N removal. A slight variation of 2.10-2.15% were observed in the total relative abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of different sediment samples after one-month operation. However, the variation of ARGs profiles by the co-existence of different seaweeds and OTC was in the descending order of Ishige okamurai > Codium cylindricum > Ulva fasciata, which was in accordance with the variation of microbial hosts at genus level. The abundance of dominant tetracycline resistance genes promoted by the co-existence of different seaweeds and OTC in compared with the presence of single seaweed or OTC via metagenomic sequencing and qPCR analysis, and the co-existence of Ishige okamurai and OTC exhibited the largest impact. The potential pathogens were more sensitive to the co-existence of seaweed and OTC than single seaweeds. Meanwhile, a variety of ARGs were enriched in the pathogens, and the dominant pathogenic bacteria of Vibrio had 133 Vibrio species with 28 subtypes of ARGs. The variation of ARGs profiles in the sediment were strongly related with the dominant phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes and Cyanobacteria. Besides, Nitrate level exhibited more significant effect on ∑ARGs, ARGs resistant to vancomycin and streptogramin_a, while phosphate level exhibited more positively significant effect on ARGs resistant to fosmidomycin, ATFBT and cephalosporin.202235780677
7539180.9795Effect of booster disinfection on the prevalence of microbial antibiotic resistance and bacterial community in a simulated drinking water distribution system. Booster disinfection was often applied to control the microorganism's growth in long-distance water supply systems. The effect of booster disinfection on the changing patterns of antibiotic resistance and bacterial community was investigated by a simulated water distribution system (SWDS). The results showed that the antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were initially removed after dosing disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine), but then increased with the increasing water age. However, the relative abundance of ARGs significantly increased after booster disinfection both in buck water and biofilm, then decreased along the pipeline. The pipe materials and disinfectant type also affected the antibiotic resistance. Chlorine was more efficient in controlling microbes and ARGs than chloramine. Compared with UPVC and PE pipes, SS pipes had the lowest total bacteria, ARB concentration, and ARB percentage, mainly due to higher disinfectant residuals and a smoother surface. The significant correlation (r(s) = 0.77, p < 0.001) of the 16S rRNA genes was observed between buck water and biofilm, while the correlations of targeted ARGs were found to be weak. Bray-Curtis similarity index indicated that booster disinfection significantly changed the biofilm bacterial community and the disinfectant type also had a marked impact on the bacterial community. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium significantly increased after booster disinfection. Mycobacterium increased after chloramination while decreased after chlorination, indicating Mycobacterium might resist chloramine. Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium, and Phreatobacter were found to correlate well with the relative abundance of ARGs. These results highlighted antibiotic resistance shift and bacterial community alteration after booster disinfection, which may be helpful in controlling potential microbial risk in drinking water.202437949160
7214190.9795Long-term application of fresh and composted manure increase tetracycline resistance in the arable soil of eastern China. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence, abundance, and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes (tet) in agricultural soils after 6 years' application of fresh or composted swine manure. Soil samples were collected from fresh or composted manure-treated farmland at three depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-20 cm). Nine classes of tet genes [tetW, tetB(P), tetO, tetS, tetC, tetG, tetZ, tetL, and tetX] were detected; tetG, tetZ, tetL, and tetB(P) were predominant in the manure-treated soil. The abundances of tetB(P), tetW, tetC, and tetO were reduced, while tetG and tetL were increased by fertilizing with composted versus fresh manure; thus, the total abundance of tet genes was not significantly reduced by compost manuring. tetG was the most abundant gene in manure-treated soil; the predominant tetG genotypes shared high homology with pathogenic bacteria. The tetG isolates were more diverse in soils treated with fresh versus composted manure, although the residual tet genes in composted manure remain a pollutant and produce a different influence on the tet gene resistome in field soil.201525460961