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139500.9390Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Hybrid Pathotype Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O80 and Related Strains of Clonal Complex 165, Europe. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli serogroup O80, involved in hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with extraintestinal infections, has emerged in France. We obtained circularized sequences of the O80 strain RDEx444, responsible for hemolytic uremic syndrome with bacteremia, and noncircularized sequences of 35 O80 E. coli isolated from humans and animals in Europe with or without Shiga toxin genes. RDEx444 harbored a mosaic plasmid, pR444_A, combining extraintestinal virulence determinants and a multidrug resistance-encoding island. All strains belonged to clonal complex 165, which is distantly related to other major enterohemorrhagic E. coli lineages. All stx-positive strains contained eae-ξ, ehxA, and genes characteristic of pR444_A. Among stx-negative strains, 1 produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase, 1 harbored the colistin-resistance gene mcr1, and 2 possessed genes characteristic of enteropathogenic and pyelonephritis E. coli. Because O80-clonal complex 165 strains can integrate intestinal and extraintestinal virulence factors in combination with diverse drug-resistance genes, they constitute dangerous and versatile multidrug-resistant pathogens.201830457551
139610.9369Genomic Characterization of hlyF-positive Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, Italy and the Netherlands, 2000-2019. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O80:H2 has emerged in Europe as a cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with bacteremia. STEC O80:H2 harbors the mosaic plasmid pR444_A, which combines several virulence genes, including hlyF and antimicrobial resistance genes. pR444_A is found in some extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains. We identified and characterized 53 STEC strains with ExPEC-associated virulence genes isolated in Italy and the Netherlands during 2000-2019. The isolates belong to 2 major populations: 1 belongs to sequence type 301 and harbors diverse stx(2) subtypes, the intimin variant eae-ξ, and pO157-like and pR444_A plasmids; 1 consists of strains belonging to various sequence types, some of which lack the pO157 plasmid, the locus of enterocyte effacement, and the antimicrobial resistance-encoding region. Our results showed that STEC strains harboring ExPEC-associated virulence genes can include multiple serotypes and that the pR444_A plasmid can be acquired and mobilized by STEC strains.202133622476
520920.9358Complete Nucleotide Sequence of pGA45, a 140,698-bp IncFIIY Plasmid Encoding bla IMI-3-Mediated Carbapenem Resistance, from River Sediment. Plasmid pGA45 was isolated from the sediments of Haihe River using Escherichia coli CV601 (gfp-tagged) as recipients and indigenous bacteria from sediment as donors. This plasmid confers reduced susceptibility to imipenem which belongs to carbapenem group. Plasmid pGA45 was fully sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing system. The complete sequence of plasmid pGA45 was 140,698 bp in length with an average G + C content of 52.03%. Sequence analysis shows that pGA45 belongs to IncFIIY group and harbors a backbone region which shares high homology and gene synteny to several other IncF plasmids including pNDM1_EC14653, pYDC644, pNDM-Ec1GN574, pRJF866, pKOX_NDM1, and pP10164-NDM. In addition to the backbone region, plasmid pGA45 harbors two notable features including one bla IMI-3-containing region and one type VI secretion system region. The bla IMI-3-containing region is responsible for bacteria carbapenem resistance and the type VI secretion system region is probably involved in bacteria virulence, respectively. Plasmid pGA45 represents the first complete nucleotide sequence of the bla IMI-harboring plasmid from environment sample and the sequencing of this plasmid provided insight into the architecture used for the dissemination of bla IMI carbapenemase genes.201626941718
82530.9345Attaching effacement of the rabbit enterocyte brush border is encoded on a single 96.5-kilobase-pair plasmid in an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O111 strain. An enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPE) O111 serotype a,b,H- strain carried the following four plasmids: pLV501 (96.5 kilobase pairs [kbp]) specifying resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and kanamycin; pLV502 (8 kbp) specifying ampicillin resistance; pLV503 (1.9 kbp) specifying streptomycin resistance; and pLV504 (80 kbp) with no resistance markers. This EPEC attached to HEp-2 cells to produce localized clumps of bacteria (localized adhesion) and attached intimately to the enterocyte surface, leading to loss of the brush border (attaching effacement). Plasmid pLV501 was also found to specify the ability to produce localized adhesion on HEp-2 cells and attaching effacement in a rabbit ileal explant model system. Restriction maps showed considerable dissimilarities between pLV501 and pMAR-2, an EPEC plasmid carrying the EPEC adherence factor (EAF) genes. Furthermore, pLV501 did not hybridize with the EAF probe, whereas pLV504 did. There was sequence homology between pLV501 and large plasmids in all seven other well-characterized EPEC, only five of which hybridized with the EAF probe. These findings indicate that pLV501 carries at least one of the genes responsible for production of the brush border damage characteristic of EPEC.19902182541
139740.9335Genomic Features of an MDR Escherichia coli ST5506 Harboring an IncHI2/In229/bla(CTX-M-2) Array Isolated from a Migratory Black Skimmer. Migratory birds have contributed to the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria across the continents. A CTX-M-2-producing Escherichia coli was isolated from a black skimmer (Rynchops niger) in Southeast Brazil. The whole genome was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform and de novo assembled by CLC. Bioinformatic analyses were carried out using tools from the Center for Genomic Epidemiology. The genome size was estimated at 4.9 Mb, with 4790 coding sequences. A wide resistome was detected, with genes encoding resistance to several clinically significant antimicrobials, heavy metals, and biocides. The bla(CTX-M-2) gene was inserted in an In229 class 1 integron inside a ∆TnAs3 transposon located in an IncHI2/ST2 plasmid. The strain was assigned to ST5506, CH type fumC19/fimH32, serotype O8:K87, and phylogroup B1. Virulence genes associated with survival in acid conditions, increased serum survival, and adherence were also identified. These data highlight the role of migratory seabirds as reservoirs and carriers of antimicrobial resistance determinants and can help to elucidate the antimicrobial resistance dynamics under a One Health perspective.202438251370
82650.9335Sequence identity with type VIII and association with IS176 of type IIIc dihydrofolate reductase from Shigella sonnei. An uncommon dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), type IIIc, was coded for by Shigella sonnei that harbors plasmid pBH700 and that was isolated in North Carolina. The trimethoprim resistance gene carried on pBH700 was subcloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding type IIIc DHFR was identical to the gene encoding type VIII DHFR. The type IIIc amino acid sequence was approximately 50% similar to those of DHFRs commonly found in enteric bacteria. Furthermore, this gene was flanked by IS176 (IS26), an insertion sequence usually associated with those of aminoglycoside resistance genes. The gene for type IIIc DHFR was located by hybridization within a 1,993-bp PstI fragment in each of eight conjugative plasmids from geographically diverse strains of S. sonnei. Each plasmid also conferred resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole and belonged to incompatibility group M. Plasmids carrying this new trimethoprim resistance gene, which is uniquely associated with IS176, have disseminated throughout the United States.19957695291
622260.9331A Sco homologue plays a role in defence against oxidative stress in pathogenic Neisseria. Sco proteins are found in mitochondria and in a variety of oxidase positive bacteria. Although Sco is required for the formation of the Cu(A) centre in a cytochrome oxidase of the aa(3) type, it was observed that oxidases with a Cu(A) centre are not present in many bacteria that contain a Sco homologue. Two bacteria of this type are the pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The sco genes of N. gonorrhoeae strain 1291 and N. meningitidis strain MC58 were cloned, inactivated by inserting a kanamycin resistance cassette and used to make knockout mutants by allelic exchange. Both N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis sco mutants were highly sensitive to oxidative killing by paraquat, indicating that Sco is involved in protection against oxidative stress in these bacteria.200312832079
175170.9329Strain Characterization of Streptococcus suis Serotypes 28 and 31, Which Harbor the Resistance Genes optrA and ant(6)-Ia. Streptococcus suis causes disease in pigs and is implicated increasingly in human disease worldwide. Although most clinical cases are associated with serotype 2, infections by other serotypes have sometimes been reported. Here, we sequenced the genome of a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 28 (strain 11313) and a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 31 (strain 11LB5). Strain 11313 was apathogenic in mouse infection models, whereas strain 11LB5 displayed ganglion demyelination, meningeal thickening, congestion, mononuclear cell infiltration, massive proliferation of cortical glial cells, and bacteria (>10(4) CFU/g) in the spinal cord and ganglia in mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry found that the heavily infiltrated glial cells were astrocytes. Strain 11313 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), optrA, tet(l), tet(o), and strain 11LB5 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(40), tet(o/w/32/o), aac(6')-aph(2″). Mouse studies showed that strain 11LB5 exhibited a similar virulence to serotype 2 strain 700794, highlighting the need for surveillance of the other serotype S. suis isolates, in addition to serotype 2, in farms. This is the first report of the aminoglycoside resistance gene ant(6)-Ia in S. suis from animals. This suggests that S. suis might serve as an antibiotic resistance reservoir, which spreads the resistance gene ant(6)-Ia or optrA to other streptococcal pathogens on farms.202133669225
138580.9329GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT EXTENDED-SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE FROM CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) FROM WILD AND SANCTUARY LOCATIONS IN UGANDA. Farm and wild animals may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of human health relevance. We investigated the occurrence and genomic characteristics of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in Ugandan chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) residing in two environments with or without close contact to humans. The ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from fecal material of chimpanzees from Budongo Forest and Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda and were more commonly isolated from chimpanzees in Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, where animals have close contact with humans. Selected ESBL isolates (E. coli n=9, K. pneumoniae n=7) were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing to determine the presence of resistance genes, as well as sequence type and virulence potential; the blaCTX-M-15 gene was present in all strains. Additionally, the ESBL genes blaSHV-11 and blaSHV-12 were found in strains in the study. All strains were found to be multidrug resistant. The E. coli strains belonged to four sequence types (ST2852, ST215, ST405, and ST315) and the K. pneumoniae strains to two sequence types (ST1540 and ST597). Virulence genes did not indicate that strains were of common E. coli pathotype, but strains with the same sequence types as isolated in the current study have previously been reported from clinical cases in Africa. The findings indicate that chimpanzees in close contact with humans may carry ESBL bacteria at higher frequency than those in the wild, indicating a potential anthropogenic transmission.202235255126
174290.9322Shelter dogs as reservoirs of international clones of Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1.1 and bla(CTX-M) resistance genes in Lima, Peru. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical public health threat worldwide, particularly at the human-animal interface where cross-transmission of critical priority Enterobacterales, such as Escherichia coli, have become increasingly reported. Worryingly, E. coli encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) has been documented in companion animals worldwide. Conversely, the presence of mcr genes, which confer resistance to polymyxins, in bacteria from pets remains more infrequent. In this study, we sequenced and reported on the first genomic data of E. coli strains carrying mcr-1 and/or bla(CTX-M) genes isolated from rectal swabs of stray dogs in a shelter in the city of Lima, Peru. Antimicrobial susceptibility revealed that E. coli strains exhibited a multidrug resistance profile. In addition to mcr-1 and bla(CTX-M) genes, other clinically relevant resistance determinants were identified, with notably presence of bla(TEM-176) and the novel bla(SCO-2) variant. The association of mcr-1.1 and IncI2 plasmid was confirmed. Several virulence genes were detected, classifying strains as putative extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Multilocus sequence typing prediction recognized diverse sequence types (ST), including ST155, ST189, ST657, ST746, ST1140, ST3014, and ST7188. This study represents the first report of mcr-positive E. coli in dogs from Peru, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and genomic characterization to better understand the transmission dynamics of these critical resistance genes at the human-animal interface. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that stray, and shelter dogs could be a reservoir for the spread of WHO priority pathogens, and/or polymyxin and β-lactam resistance genes, which is a public health and One Health concern that requires appropriate management strategies.202540339258
1391100.9320Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria among Danish army recruits. During May and June 2008, 84 Danish army recruits were tested for faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria. Three ESBL-producing (CTX-M-14a) Escherichia coli isolates, two AmpC-producing (CMY-2) E. coli isolates and one AmpC-producing (CMY-34) Citrobacter freundii isolate were detected. Two of the CTX-M-14a E. coli isolates had similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing profiles, indicating the same origin or transmission between the two army recruits. The bla(CTX-M-14a) genes were transferable to an E. coli recipient. These commensal bacteria therefore constitute a reservoir of resistance genes that can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria in the intestine.201120718802
1390110.9318Oxacillinase-484-Producing Enterobacterales, France, 2018-2023. We examined the emergence and characteristics of oxacillinase-484-producing Enterobacterales in France during 2012-2023. Genomic analysis identified 2 predominant sequence types in Escherichia coli: ST410 and ST1722. Plasmid analysis revealed that bla(OXA-484) genes were carried mostly on an IncX3-type plasmid associated with genetic elements including insertion sequences IS3000 and ISKpn19.202439320334
425120.9318A novel ColV plasmid encoding type IV pili. Many septicaemic Escherichia coli strains harbour ColV virulence plasmids. This paper describes pO78V, a conjugative ColV plasmid from an avian pathogenic E. coli strain that encodes type IV pili in addition to other virulence-related genes and tetracycline resistance. Plasmid location of type IV pili genes was demonstrated using Southern hybridization and expression of the pili was demonstrated using RT-PCR and phage sensitivity assays. This is a first report of a ColV plasmid encoding type IV pili. Plasmid pO78V is a mosaic plasmid containing replicons and other genes typical to both IncI1 and IncFII groups. As type IV pili of Gram-negative bacteria are involved in several stages of infection, their presence on a ColV virulence plasmid could expand the repertoire of pathogenesis-related genes.200312576591
102130.9317Paradoxical behaviour of pKM101; inhibition of uvr-independent crosslink repair in Escherichia coli by muc gene products. In strains of Escherichia coli deficient in excision repair (uvrA or uvrB), plasmid pKM101 muc+ but not pGW219 mucB::Tn5 enhanced resistance to angelicin monoadducts but reduced resistance to 8-methoxy-psoralen interstrand DNA crosslinks. Thermally induced recA-441 (= tif-1) bacteria showed an additional resistance to crosslinks that was blocked by pKM101. Plasmid-borne muc+ genes also conferred some additional sensitivity to gamma-radiation and it is suggested that a repair step susceptible to inhibition by muc+ gene products and possibly involving double-strand breaks may be involved after both ionizing radiation damage and psoralen crosslinks.19853883148
1221140.9317Invasive whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) act as a reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Latin America's most populous city. Invasive species represent a significant threat to ecological balance and the maintenance of native populations. Besides, these have been associated with the emergence of pathogens of public health importance, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to screen and describe the antimicrobial resistance profile of clinically important Enterobacteriaceae species isolated from whistling frogs (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei), an invasive anuran species in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinically relevant Enterobacteriaceae strains (n = 35) were isolated from oral and skin swabs of 19 whistling frogs and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance encoding genes. Resistance to amoxicillin + clavulanate and cefoxitin were the most frequent (16.67%; 4/24), followed by cefotaxime (5.71%; 2/35), ceftriaxone (2.86%; 1/35), and tetracycline (2.86%; 1/35). Among the antimicrobial resistance genes screened, bla(CTX-M group 8), bla(TEM), and bla(CMY) were identified. The whole genome of the bla(CTX-M group 8)-positive E. coli strain was assessed and confirmed bla(CTX-M-8) presence and phylogenetic analysis. Given the synanthropic behavior of whistling frogs, these amphibians may act as carriers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.202540884707
1387150.9316Whole-Genome Characterisation of ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Drinking Water and Dog Faeces from Rural Andean Households in Peru. E. coli that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are major multidrug-resistant bacteria. In Peru, only a few reports have characterised the whole genome of ESBL enterobacteria. We aimed to confirm the identity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of two ESBL isolates from dog faeces and drinking water of rural Andean households and determine serotype, phylogroup, sequence type (ST)/clonal complex (CC), pathogenicity, virulence genes, ESBL genes, and their plasmids. To confirm the identity and AMR profiles, we used the VITEK(®)2 system. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis were performed subsequently. Both isolates were identified as E. coli, with serotypes -:H46 and O9:H10, phylogroups E and A, and ST/CC 5259/- and 227/10, respectively. The isolates were ESBL-producing, carbapenem-resistant, and not harbouring carbapenemase-encoding genes. Isolate 1143 ST5259 harboured the astA gene, encoding the EAST(1) heat-stable toxin. Both genomes carried ESBL genes (bla(EC-15), bla(CTX-M-8), and bla(CTX-M-55)). Nine plasmids were detected, namely IncR, IncFIC(FII), IncI, IncFIB(AP001918), Col(pHAD28), IncFII, IncFII(pHN7A8), IncI1, and IncFIB(AP001918). Finding these potentially pathogenic bacteria is worrisome given their sources and highlights the importance of One-Health research efforts in remote Andean communities.202235625336
1990160.9316Genomic Analysis of Aeromonas veronii C198, a Novel Mcr-3.41-Harboring Isolate from a Patient with Septicemia in Thailand. The resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to colistin, mediated by plasmid-borne mcr genes, is an emerging public health concern. The complete genome sequence (4.55 Mb) of a clinical isolate of Aeromonas veronii biovar veronii obtained from a patient with septicemia was determined using short-read and long-read platforms. This isolate (C198) was found to harbor a novel mcr-3 gene, designated mcr-3.41. Isolate C198 revealed adjacent mcr-3.41 and mcr-3-like genes. It contained one chromosome and two plasmids, both of which encoded a RepB replication protein. Other antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla(cphA3), bla(OXA-12), tetA, rsmA, and adeF, were also present. Isolate C198 was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-sulbactam and tetracycline, and showed intermediate resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolate was susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, carbapenem, third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides. Putative virulence genes in the C198 genome encoded type II, III, and VI secretion systems; type IV Aeromonas pili; and type I fimbria, flagella, hemagglutinin, aerolysin, and hemolysins. Multilocus sequence typing revealed a novel sequence type (ST), ST720 for C198. Phylogenetic analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in C198 demonstrated that the strain was closely related to A. veronii 17ISAe. The present study provides insights into the genomic characteristics of human A. veronii isolates.202033317051
1793170.9314Comparative Genome Analysis of an Extensively Drug-Resistant Isolate of Avian Sequence Type 167 Escherichia coli Strain Sanji with Novel In Silico Serotype O89b:H9. Extensive drug resistance (XDR) is an escalating global problem. Escherichia coli strain Sanji was isolated from an outbreak of pheasant colibacillosis in Fujian province, China, in 2011. This strain has XDR properties, exhibiting sensitivity to carbapenems but no other classes of known antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a total of 32 known antibiotic resistance genes, many associated with insertion sequence 26 (IS26) elements. These were found on the Sanji chromosome and 2 of its 6 plasmids, pSJ_255 and pSJ_82. The Sanji chromosome also harbors a type 2 secretion system (T2SS), a type 3 secretion system (T3SS), a type 6 secretion system (T6SS), and several putative prophages. Sanji and other ST167 strains have a previously uncharacterized O-antigen (O89b) that is most closely related to serotype O89 as determined on the basis of analysis of the wzm-wzt genes and in silico serotyping. This O89b-antigen gene cluster was also found in the genomes of a few other pathogenic sequence type 617 (ST617) and ST10 complex strains. A time-scaled phylogeny inferred from comparative single nucleotide variant analysis indicated that development of these O89b-containing lineages emerged about 30 years ago. Comparative sequence analysis revealed that the core genome of Sanji is nearly identical to that of several recently sequenced strains of pathogenic XDR E. coli belonging to the ST167 group. Comparison of the mobile elements among the different ST167 genomes revealed that each genome carries a distinct set of multidrug resistance genes on different types of plasmids, indicating that there are multiple paths toward the emergence of XDR in E. coli. IMPORTANCE E. coli strain Sanji is the first sequenced and analyzed genome of the recently emerged pathogenic XDR strains with sequence type ST167 and novel in silico serotype O89b:H9. Comparison of the genomes of Sanji with other ST167 strains revealed distinct sets of different plasmids, mobile IS elements, and antibiotic resistance genes in each genome, indicating that there exist multiple paths toward achieving XDR. The emergence of these pathogenic ST167 E. coli strains with diverse XDR capabilities highlights the difficulty of preventing or mitigating the development of XDR properties in bacteria and points to the importance of better understanding of the shared underlying virulence mechanisms and physiology of pathogenic bacteria.201930834329
5211180.9313Pediococcus pentosaceus IMI 507025 genome sequencing data. The genome sequence data for the pickled cucumbers isolate, Pediococcus pentosaceus IMI 507025, is reported. The raw reads and analysed genome reads were deposited at NCBI under Bioproject with the accession number PRJNA814992. The number of contigs before and after trimming were 17 and 12 contigs, respectively. The total size of the genome was 1,795,439 bp containing 1,811 total genes, of which 1,751 were coding sequences. IMI 507025 identity was determined via average nucleotide identity (ANI), obtaining an identity value of 99.5994% between IMI 507025 and the type strain P. pentosaceus ATCC 33316, identifying the strain as P. pentosaceus. Screening for the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes in the genome of IMI 507025 showed no hits, confirming the safety of the tested strain. Presence of plasmids was not found.202235864877
2003190.9311Characterization of an Escherichia coli Isolate Coharboring the Virulence Gene astA and Tigecycline Resistance Gene tet(X4) from a Dead Piglet. tet(X4) is the critical resistance gene for tigecycline degradation that has been continually reported in recent years. In particular, pathogenic bacteria carrying tet(X4) are a severe threat to human health. However, information describing Escherichia coli coharboring tet(X4) with virulence genes is limited. Here, we isolated an E. coli strain coharboring tet(X4) and the heat-stable toxin gene astA from a dead piglet. The strain named 812A1-131 belongs to ST10. The genome was sequenced using the Nanopore and Illumina platforms. The virulence genes astA and tet(X4) are located on the chromosome and in the IncHI1-type plasmid p812A1-tetX4-193K, respectively. The plasmid could be conjugatively transferred to recipient E. coli J53 with high frequency. In vivo experiments showed that strain 812A1-131 is pathogenic to Galleria mellonella and could colonize the intestines of mice. In summary, pathogenic E. coli could receive a plasmid harboring the tet(X4) gene, which can increase the difficulty of treatment. The prevalence and transmission mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria coharboring the tet(X4) gene need more attention.202337513750