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260800.9961The investigation of bacteria in the oral of Trichomonas gallinae infected pigeons and the antibiotic resistance analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from farm pigeons in Shandong Province of China. While the global dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in clinical isolates from various animals is well-documented, research on Klebsiella pneumoniae in Trichomonas gallinae-infected pigeons, particularly concerning antibiotic resistance genes in China, remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral harmful microbiota in pigeons and T. gallinae infection, as well as to isolate K. pneumoniae from the oral cavities of infected pigeons. Furthermore, we assessed the resistance profiles of K. pneumoniae isolates against quinolones, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides, and identified the carriers of related resistance genes, including bla genes encoding SHV, TEM, and CTX-M-9 ESBLs.Our results revealed that approximately 30% of pigeons from Laiwu City and Tai'an City in Shandong Province were infected with T. gallinae. Notably, the species diversity and abundance of oral bacteria were significantly higher in infected pigeons compared to their uninfected counterparts, indicating a positive correlation between T. gallinae infection and oral microbial alterations. Among the 14 bacterial species isolated from oral samples of infected pigeons, seven were identified as K. pneumoniae isolates. The majority of these isolates exhibited multidrug resistance to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and aminoglycosides. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of TEM, SHV, and CTX-M-9 genes in all seven K. pneumoniae isolates. The predominant plasmid-mediated resistance genes included qnrB (for quinolones), tetA (for tetracyclines), and aac(6')-Ⅰb (for aminoglycosides). These findings provide a overview of antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the emergence of resistance genes in K. pneumoniae isolates from farm pigeons in Shandong, China. They underscore the widespread multidrug resistance in these isolates and highlight the potential risk of antibiotic resistance transmission between animals and humans.202540915084
119010.9961Co-occurrence of mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7 and clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in environmental and fecal samples. Multidrug-resistant bacteria harboring different antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected worldwide. The association of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-like) and other ARGs in bacteria isolated from animals is a huge concern worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of mcr-like genes and clinically relevant ARGs as well as plasmids in samples from a zoo. Fecal and environmental (soil and water) samples were collected from a zoo and the DNA of cultivable aerobic bacteria was extracted. ARGs were screened by PCR and the plasmids were detected using the PCR-based replicon typing method. A total of 74 amplicons from 27 ARGs [mcr-1, mcr-3, mcr-7.1, bla(CTX-M-Gp1), bla(CTX-M-Gp2), bla(CTX-M-Gp9), bla(VEB), bla(PER), bla(CMY), tetA, tetB, tetC, aadA, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia, ant(2'')-Ia, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB, sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, mefAE, ermB] and 21 amplicons from eight plasmid families (IncY, ColE-like, IncF(repB), IncFIA, IncFIB, IncHI1, IncFIC, IncP) were detected. These findings reinforce that the zoo acts as a reservoir of clinically relevant ARGs, including mcr-like, and call attention to the monitoring studies in the zoo. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the world of mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-7.1 in environmental samples from the zoo.202032382766
264420.9959Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli in Migratory Greater White-Fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) and their Habitat in Miyajimanuma, Japan. The spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) in natural environments including wild animals is a concern for public health. Birds cover large areas, and some fly across borders to migrate in large flocks. As a migratory bird, the Greater White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) travels to Miyajimanuma, North Japan, each spring and autumn. To investigate the ARB in migratory birds and their surroundings, we collected 110 fecal samples of A. albifrons and 18 water samples from Miyajimanuma in spring and autumn of 2019. Isolation of Escherichia coli was performed using selective agars with or without antimicrobials (cefazolin and nalidixic acid). Isolates of E. coli were recovered from 56 fecal samples (50.9%) and five water samples (27.8%) on agars without antimicrobials. No isolates were recovered on agars with antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate derived from a fecal sample exhibited resistance to β-lactams (ampicillin and cefazolin), whereas all other isolates exhibited susceptibility to all tested antimicrobials. The resistant isolate harbored blaACC, which could be transferred to other bacteria and confer resistance to β-lactams. These results suggest a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in wild migratory birds and their living environments; however, wild migratory birds sometimes carry ARB harboring transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes and therefore present a risk of spreading antimicrobial resistance.202134410412
263530.9959Presence and Diversity of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin Resistance Among Escherichia coli from Urban Wastewater and Feedlot Cattle in Alberta, Canada. A recent preliminary study from our group found that extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistance determinants can be detected in the majority of composite fecal samples collected from Alberta feedlot cattle. Most notably, bla(CTX-M) genes were detected in 46.5% of samples. Further isolate characterization identified bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CTX-M-27), which are widespread in bacteria from humans. We hypothesized that Escherichia coli of human and beef cattle origins share the same pool of bla(CTX-M) genes. In this study, we aimed to assess and compare the genomic profiles of a larger collection of bla(CTX-M)-positive E. coli recovered from fecal composite samples from Canadian beef feedlot cattle and human wastewater through whole-genome sequencing. The variants bla(CTX-M-55), bla(CTX-M-32), bla(CTX-M-27), bla(CTX-M-15), and bla(CTX-M-14) were found in both urban wastewater and cattle fecal isolates. Core genome multilocus sequence typing showed little similarity between the fecal and wastewater isolates. Thus, if the dissemination of genes between urban wastewater and feedlot cattle occurs, it does not appear to be related to the expansion of specific clonal lineages. Further investigations are warranted to assemble and compare plasmids carrying these genes to better understand the modalities and directionality of transfer.202031553261
294840.9959Fecal cultivable aerobic microbiota of dairy cows and calves acting as reservoir of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes. Antimicrobial resistance has become a global threat to public health since multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have been reported worldwide carrying different antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), and animals have been described as a reservoir of ARGs. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and ARGs in the food matrix is a risk to public health. This study aimed to research the presence of clinically relevant ARGs for important antimicrobials and genetic elements in fecal samples from dairy cows and calves on a Brazilian farm. In this study, a total of 21 fecal samples were collected, and then, the DNA of cultivable aerobic bacteria was extracted. Fifty-seven ARGs and twenty-three genetic elements were researched by PCR and confirmed by sequencing. Several ARGs that confer resistance to β-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamides, phenicols, aminoglycoside, glycopeptides, and macrolides were detected. A total of 200 amplicons from 23 ARGs (bla(CTX-M-Gp2), bla(CMY), bla(SHV), tetA, tetB, tetC, qepA, qnrB, qnrS, oqxA, oqxB, vanC1, vanC2/3, aadA, sul1, sul2, sul3, ermB, mefAE, floR, cmlA, aadA, aph(3')-Ia, aac(3')-Ia), and 145 amplicons from 12 genetic elements (IncF, IncFIA, IncFIB, IncI1, IncY, IncU, IncK, IncP, IncR, IncHI1, ColE-like, intI1) were detected. The results presented in this study call attention to the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in dairy farms worldwide. MDR bacteria and ARGs can spread to different sources, including milk products, which are one of the most consumed products worldwide, representing a potential risk to human health.202032246396
264050.9959Enterobacteriaceae Harboring AmpC (bla(CMY)) and ESBL (bla(CTX-M)) in Migratory and Nonmigratory Wild Songbird Populations on Ohio Dairies. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) confer bacterial resistance to critically important antimicrobials, including extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). Livestock are important reservoirs for the zoonotic food-borne transmission of ESC-resistant enteric bacteria. Our aim is to describe the potential role of migratory and resident wild birds in the epidemiology of ESBL-mediated bacterial resistance on dairy farms. Using mist nets, we sampled wild migratory and resident birds either immediately adjacent to or 600 ft away from free-stall barns on three Ohio dairy farms during the 2014 and 2015 spring migrations. Individual swabs were used to obtain both a cloacal and external surface swab from each bird. Samples were inoculated into MacConkey broth containing cefotaxime then inoculated onto MacConkey agar with cefoxitin, cefepime, or meropenem to identify the bla(CMY,) bla(CTX-M,) and carbapenemase phenotypes, respectively. Six hundred twenty-three birds were sampled, 19 (3.0%) of which harbored bacteria with bla(CMY) and 32 (5.1%) harbored bacteria with bla(CTX-M) from either their cloacal sample or from their external swab. There was no difference in the prevalence of either gene between migratory and resident birds. Prevalence of bla(CMY) and bla(CTX-M) was higher among birds sampled immediately outside the barns compared with those sampled 600 ft away. Our results suggest that wild birds can serve as mechanical and/or biological vectors for Enterobacteriaceae with resistance to ESCs. Birds live in close contact with dairy cows and their feed, therefore, transmission locally between farms is possible. Finding a similar prevalence in migratory and nonmigratory birds suggests the potential for regional and intercontinental movement of these resistance genes via birds.201728165890
262960.9958Occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. recovered from Corvus brachyrhynchos and Corvus corax roosting in Canada. The spread of antimicrobial resistance from human activity derived sources to natural habitats implicates wildlife as potential vectors of antimicrobial resistance transfer. Wild birds, including corvid species can disseminate mobile genetic resistance determinants through faeces. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates obtained from winter roosting sites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and common ravens (Corvus corax) in Canada. Faecal swabs were collected at five roosting sites across Canada. Selective media isolation and multiplex PCR screening was utilized to identify PMQR genes followed by gene sequencing, pulse-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing to characterize isolates. Despite the low prevalence of E. coli containing PMQR (1·3%, 6/449), qnrS1, qnrB19, qnrC, oqxAB and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes were found in five sequence types (ST), including E. coli ST 131. Conversely, one isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae contained the plasmid-mediated resistance gene qnrB19. Five different K. pneumoniae STs were identified, including two novel types. The occurrence of PMQR genes and STs of public health significance in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from corvids gives further evidence of the anthropogenic derived dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants at the human activity-wildlife-environment interface. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study examined large corvids as possible vector species for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in indicator and pathogenic bacteria as a means to assess the anthropogenic dissemination of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Although rare, PMQR genes were found among corvid populations across Canada. The clinically important Escherichia coli strain ST131 containing aac(6')-Ib-cr gene along with a four-class phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern as well as one Klebsiella pneumoniae strain containing a qnrB19 gene were identified in one geographical location. Corvids are a viable vector for the circulation of PMQR genes and clinically important clones in wide-ranging environments.201829675942
264170.9958Carriage of CTX-M type extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in gulls across Europe. BACKGROUND: Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), a group of enzymes conferring resistance to third generation cephalosporins have rapidly increased in Enterobacteriacae and pose a major challenge to human health care. Resistant isolates are common in domestic animals and clinical settings, but prevalence and genotype distribution varies on a geographical scale. Although ESBL genes are frequently detected in bacteria isolated from wildlife samples, ESBL dissemination of resistant bacteria to the environment is largely unknown. To address this, we used three closely related gull species as a model system and collected more than 3000 faecal samples during breeding times in nine European countries. Samples were screened for ESBL-producing bacteria, which were characterized to the level of ESBL genotype groups (SHV, TEM), or specific genotypes (CTX-M). RESULTS: ESBL-producing bacteria were frequently detected in gulls (906 of 3158 samples, 28.7 %), with significant variation in prevalence rates between countries. Highest levels were found in Spain (74.8 %), The Netherlands (37.8 %) and England (27.1 %). Denmark and Poland represented the other extreme with no, or very few positive samples. Genotyping of CTX-M isolates identified 13 different variants, with bla CTX-M-1 and bla CTX-M-14 as the most frequently detected. In samples from England, Spain and Portugal, bla CTX-M-14 dominated, while in the rest of the sampled countries bla CTX-M-1 (except Sweden where bla CTX-M-15 was dominant) was the most frequently detected genotype, a pattern similar to what is known from studies of human materials. CONCLUSIONS: CTX-M type ESBLs are common in the faecal microbiota from gulls across Europe. The gull ESBL genotype distribution was in large similar to published datasets from human and food-production animals in Europe. The data suggests that the environmental dissemination of ESBL is high from anthropogenic sources, and widespread occurrence of resistant bacteria in common migratory bird species utilizing urban and agricultural areas suggests that antibiotic resistance genes may also be spread through birds.201526526188
263480.9958Characterization of Escherichia coli and Other Enterobacterales Resistant to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporins Isolated from Dairy Manure in Ontario, Canada. Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) resistance genes, such as bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY), and bla(SHV), have been found regularly in bacteria from livestock. However, information on their distribution in dairy cattle in Canada and on the associated genome sequences of ESC-resistant Enterobacterales is sparse. In this study, the diversity and distribution of ESC-resistant Escherichia coli throughout manure treatments in six farms in Southern Ontario were assessed over a one-year period, and their ESC-resistance plasmids were characterized. The manure samples were enriched using selective media. The resulting isolates were screened via polymerase chain reaction for bla(CTX-M), bla(CMY), and bla(SHV). No E. coli carrying bla(SHV) were detected. Escherichia coli (n = 248) carrying bla(CTX-M) or bla(CMY) underwent whole-genome sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq/NextSeq. These isolates were typed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and their resistance gene profiles. A subset of E. coli (n = 28) were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Plasmids were assembled using Unicycler and characterized via the resistance genes pattern, replicon type, plasmid MLST, phylogenetic analysis, and Mauve alignments. The recovery of ESC-resistant Enterobacterales (18 species, 8 genera) was drastically reduced in manure outputs. However, multiple treatment stages were needed to attain a significant reduction. 62 sequence types were identified, with ST10, ST46, ST58, ST155, ST190, ST398, ST685, and ST8761 being detected throughout the treatment pipeline. These STs overlapped with those found on multiple farms. The ESC-resistance determinants included CTX-M-1, -14, -15, -17, -24, -32, -55, and CMY-2. The plasmids carrying bla(CTX-M) were more diverse than were the plasmids carrying bla(CMY). Known "epidemic plasmids" were detected for both bla(CTX-M) and bla(CMY). IMPORTANCE The increase in antimicrobial resistance is of concern for human and animal health, especially when resistance is conferred to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, which are used to treat serious infections in both human and veterinary medicine. Bacteria carrying extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance genes, including bla(CTX-M) and bla(CMY), are frequently found in dairy manure. Manure treatment influences the loads and diversity of bacteria, including those carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, such as Enterobacterales and Escherichia coli. Any bacteria that survive the treatment process are subsequently applied to the environment. Enterobacterales carrying bla(CTX-M) or bla(CMY) can contaminate soil and crops consumed by humans and animals, thereby increasing the potential for antimicrobial resistance genes to integrate into the human gut microflora through horizontal gene transfer. This furthers the dissemination of resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effects manure treatments have on ESC-resistance in environmentally applied manure.202336695602
83490.9957Molecular diversity of class 2 integrons in antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria found in wastewater environments in China. The molecular architecture of class 2 integrons among gram-negative bacteria from wastewater environments was investigated in Jinan, China. Out of the 391 antibiotic-resistant bacteria found, 38 isolates harboring class 2 integrons encoding potentially transferrable genes that could confer antibiotic resistance were found. These isolates were classified into 19 REP-PCR types. These strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and found to be as follows: Proteus mirabilis (16), Escherichia coli (7), Providencia spp. (7), Proteus spp. (2), P. vulgaris (3), Shigella sp. (1), Citrobacter freundii (1), and Acinetobacter sp. (1). Their class 2 integron cassette arrays were amplified and then either analyzed using PCR-RFLP or sequenced. The typical array dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 was detected in 27 isolates. Six atypical arrays were observed, including three kinds of novel arrangements (linF2(∆attC1)-dfrA1(∆attC2)-aadA1-orf441 or linF2(∆attC1)-dfrA1(∆attC2)-aadA1, dfrA1-catB2-sat2-aadA1, and estX(Vr)-sat2-aadA1) and a hybrid with the 3'CS of class 1 integrons (dfrA1-sat2-aadA1-qacH), and dfrA1-sat1. Twenty-four isolates were also found to carry class 1 integrons with 10 types of gene cassette arrays. Several non-integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes were found, and their transferability was investigated. Results showed that water sources in the Jinan region harbored a diverse community of both typical and atypical class 2 integrons, raising concerns about the overuse of antibiotics and their careless disposal into the environment.201323264021
1726100.9957Molecular epidemiology and population genomics of tet(X4), bla(NDM) or mcr-1 positive Escherichia coli from migratory birds in southeast coast of China. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria harboring tet(X4), bla(NDM) or mcr-1 posed a serious threat to public health. Wild birds, especially migratory birds, were considered as one of important transmission vectors for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) globally, however, few studies were performed on the genomic epidemiology of critical resistance genes among them. Isolates harboring tet(X4), mcr-1 or bla(NDM) from migratory birds were identified and characterized by PCR, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assays, whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 14 tet(X4)-bearing E. coli, 4 bla(NDM)-bearing E. coli and 23 mcr-1-bearing E. coli isolates were recovered from 1060 fecal samples of migratory birds. All isolates were MDR bacteria and most plasmids carrying tet(X4), bla(NDM) or mcr-1 were conjugative. We first identified an E. coli of migratory bird origin carrying bla(NDM-4), which was located on a conjugative IncHI2 plasmid and embedded on a novel MDR region flanked by IS26 that could generate the circular intermediate. The emergency of E. coli isolates co-harboring mcr-1 and bla(NDM-5) in migratory birds indicated the coexistence of ARGs in migratory birds was a novel threat. This study revealed the prevalence and molecular characteristics of three important ARGs in migratory birds, provided evidence that migratory birds were potential vectors of novel resistance genes and highlighted the monitoring of ARGs in migratory birds should be strengthened to prevent the spread of ARGs in a One Health strategy.202236084501
1192110.9957Enteric pathogenic bacteria and resistance gene carriage in the homeless population in Marseille, France. We aimed to assess the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and resistance genes in rectal samples collected among homeless persons in Marseille, France. In February 2014 we enrolled 114 sheltered homeless adults who completed questionnaires and had rectal samples collected. Eight types of enteric bacteria and 15 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were sought by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) performed directly on rectal samples. ARG-positive samples were further tested by conventional PCR and sequencing. We evidenced a 17.5% prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, a 9.6% prevalence of enteric pathogenic bacteria carriage, including Escherichia coli pathotypes (8.7%) and Tropheryma whipplei (0.9%). Only 2 persons carried blaCTX-M-15 resistance genes (1.8%), while other genes, including carbapenemase-encoding genes and colistin-resistance genes, (mcr-1 to mcr-6, mcr-8) were not detected. Our results suggest that sheltered homeless persons in Marseille do not have a high risk of harbouring gastrointestinal antibiotic resistant bacteria.202133512334
2621120.9957Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria isolated from hospital wastewaters, rivers and aquaculture sources in Nigeria. Untreated wastewater is a risk factor for the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. However, little is known about the contribution of untreated wastewater to the burden of antibiotic resistance in the Nigerian environment. In this study, a total of 143 ceftazidime-/cefpodoxime-resistant bacteria isolated from untreated wastewater and untreated wastewater-contaminated surface and groundwater in Nigeria were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, integrons and integron gene cassettes by PCR. The genetic environment of bla (CTX-M-15) was mapped by PCR and potentially conjugative plasmids were detected among the isolates by degenerate primer MOB typing (DPMT). ESBL production was confirmed in 114 (79.7%) isolates and ESBL genes (bla (SHV), bla (CTX-M-15) and bla (TEM)) were detected in 85 (74.6%) ESBL-producing isolates. bla (CTX-M-15) was associated with ISEcp1 and with orf477 in 12 isolates and with ISEcp1, IS26 and orf477 in six others. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bla (CTX-M-15) in hand-dug wells and borehole serving as sources of drinking water and a first report of the genetic environment of bla (CTX-M-15) in environmental bacteria from Nigeria. The results of this study confirm untreated wastewater as an important medium for the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria within the Nigerian environment. Hence, the widespread practice of discharging untreated wastewater into the aquatic ecosystem in Nigeria is a serious risk to public health.201829139076
1172130.9957The prevalence and mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from swine farms in China. BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that swine waste is an important reservoir for resistant genes. Moreover, the bacteria carrying resistant genes and originating from swine feces and wastewater could spread to the external environment. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are widely used in livestock and poultry for the treatment of bacterial infection. However, resistance to FQs has increased markedly. RESULTS: In this study, swine feces and wastewater were sampled from 21 swine farms of seven provinces in China to investigate the prevalence of FQ resistance, including plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and the occurrence of target mutations. All isolates showed moderate rate of resistance to norfloxacin (43.0%), ciprofloxacin (47.6%), ofloxacin (47.0%) and levofloxacin (38.8%). The percentage of strains resistant to the four FQs antimicrobials was positively correlated with the danofloxacin (DANO) MIC. Among the 74 FQ-resistant isolates, 39 (52.70%) had mutations in gyrA (S83L and D87 to N, Y, G, or H), 21 (28.38%) had mutations in parC (S80I and E84K), 2 (2.70%) had mutations in parE (I355T and L416F), 26 (35.14%) had mutations in marR (D67N and G103S), 1 (1.35%) had mutations in acrR (V29G). While, no mutation was found in gyrB. There were 7 (9.46%) strains carried the qnrS gene, 29 (39.19%) strains carried the oqxAB gene, and 9 (12.16%) strains carried the aac (6')-Ib-cr gene. In addition, the conjugation assays showed that qnrS, oqxAB and aac (6')-Ib-cr could be successfully transferred to E. coli J53 from 4 (57.1%), 20 (69.0%) and 5 (55.6%) donor strains, respectively. There were no qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD and qepA genes detected. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that DANO-resistant E. coli strains isolated from swine farms had significant cross-resistance to other four FQs antimicrobials. Further study revealed that the resistance mechanisms of swine-derived E. coli to FQs may be attributable to the occurrence of chromosomal mutations (gyrA, parC, parE, marR and acrR genes double-site or single-site mutation) and the presence of PMQR genes (qnrS, oqxAB and aac (6')-Ib-cr). To the best of our knowledge, one novel mutation marR-D67N was found to be associated with FQ resistance, two mutations parE-L416F and acrR-V29G have never been reported in China.202032723358
1188140.9957High Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance and IncQ Plasmids Carrying qnrS2 Gene in Bacteria from Rivers near Hospitals and Aquaculture in China. Effluents from hospital and aquaculture are considered important sources of quinolone resistance. However, little information is available on the impact of this effluent on nearby rivers. In this study, 188 ciprofloxacin-resistant bacterial isolates obtained from rivers near hospitals and aquaculture were screened for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. Species identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and PMQR gene transferability assessment were conducted for PMQR-positive bacteria. Representative qnrS2-encoding plasmids were subsequently sequenced using a primer-walking approach. In total, 44 isolates (23.4%) were positive for qnr genes (16 qnrB2, 3 qnrS1, and 25 qnrS2) and 32 isolates (17.0%) were positive for aac(6')-Ib-cr. Other PMQR genes were not detected. The qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes had a higher prevalence in aquaculture samples than in hospital samples, and were significantly associated with Enterobacteriaceae (p < 0.05). In contrast, the prevalence of qnrS2 was not site-related, but was significantly associated with Aeromonas spp. (p < 0.05). All PMQR isolates were resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. Eleven qnrS2-harboring plasmids from Aeromonas spp., including a novel conjugative plasmid pHP18, were selected for sequencing. These plasmids were small in size (6,388-16,197 bp) and belonged to the IncQ or IncU plasmid family, with qnrS2 being part of a mobile insertion cassette. Taken together, our findings suggest that aquaculture is a possible source for aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrB2 dissemination, and demonstrate the ubiquity of qnrS2 in aquatic environments. Finally, Aeromonas spp. served as vectors for qnrS2 with the help of IncQ-type plasmids.201627427763
2939150.9957Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Pigeons from Public Parks in Costa Rica. Antimicrobial resistance is known to be an emerging problem, but the extent of the issue remains incomplete. The aim of this study was to determine the presence or absence of nine resistance genes (bla(TEM) , catI, mecA, qnrS, sulI, sulII, tet(A), tet(Q), vanA) in the faeces of 141 pigeons from four urban parks in Alajuela, Guadalupe, Tres Ríos and San José in Costa Rica. The genes were identified by real-time PCR directly from enema samples. About 30% of the samples were positive for genes catI and sulI; between 13% and 17% were positive for qnrS, sulII, tet(A) and tet(Q); and 4% were positive for bla(TEM) . The mecA and vanA genes were not detected. The average of antimicrobial resistance genes detected per pigeon was 2. Eight different patterns of resistance were identified, without differences in the sampling areas, being the most common pattern 2 (sulII positive samples). During rainy season, the genes more frequently found were sulI and tet(A). In conclusion, the urban inhabiting pigeons tested are currently carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, potentially acting as reservoirs of resistant bacteria and vectors to humans. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study carried out on direct detection of resistance genes in the digestive metagenomes of pigeons.201728233464
969160.9957Dissemination of the rmtB gene carried on IncF and IncN plasmids among Enterobacteriaceae in a pig farm and its environment. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and characterization of 16S rRNA methylase-producing bacteria in a pig farm and its environment in East China. METHODS: Enterobacteriaceae isolates and metagenomic DNA from 102 pig faecal samples from a pig farm and 97 soil samples taken in or around the farm were screened for the presence of 16S rRNA methylase genes. The clonal relationships of 16S rRNA methylase-positive isolates, plasmid content and other associated resistance genes were also characterized. RESULTS: Fifty-six rmtB-positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates, including 54 Escherichia coli, 1 Morganella morganii and 1 Proteus mirabilis, were recovered from 55 pig faecal samples. Nineteen rmtB-positive bacteria, including 13 E. coli, 2 M. morganii, 2 Leclercia adecarboxylata, 1 Enterobacter aerogenes and 1 Enterobacter cloacae, were recovered from 16 soil samples. Among the 75 rmtB-positive isolates, 31 and 25 also carried the qepA and bla(CTX-M) genes, respectively. The qepA gene co-localized with rmtB on the F2:A-:B1 plasmids and the bla(CTX-M-65) gene co-localized with rmtB on the F33:A-:B- plasmids. The rmtB gene was also found to be associated with the IncN plasmids. Clonal transmission of rmtB-positive E. coli isolates was observed between different pig groups and soil samples. CONCLUSIONS: Both horizontal gene transfer and clonal spread could be responsible for the dissemination of the rmtB gene in the pig farm and its environment. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of rmtB-positive bacteria from farmland soils and indicates that these antibiotic-resistant bacteria and/or resistance genes could be acquired by humans through the food chain.201121852287
2757170.9957Scolopax rusticola Carrying Enterobacterales Harboring Antibiotic Resistance Genes. The Eurasian woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) belongs to those bird species that make systematic migratory flights in spring and autumn in search of favorable breeding and wintering areas. These specimens arrive in the Mediterranean Area from northeastern European countries during the autumn season. The purpose of this study was to assess whether woodcocks can carry antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) along their migratory routes. Although the role of migratory birds in the spread of some zoonotic diseases (of viral and bacterial etiology) has been elucidated, the role of these animals in the spread of antibiotic resistance has not yet been clarified. In this study, we analyzed the presence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes. The study was conducted on 69 strains from 60 cloacal swabs belonging to an equal number of animals shot during the 2022-2023 hunting season in Sicily, Italy. An antibiogram was performed on all strains using the microdilution method (MIC) and beta-lactam resistance genes were investigated. The strains tested showed no phenotypic resistance to any of the 13 antibiotics tested; however, four isolates of Enterobacter cloacae and three of Klebsiella oxytoca were found to carry the bla(IMP-70), bla(VIM-35), bla(NDM-5) and bla(OXA-1) genes. Our results confirm the importance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance among migratory animals capable of long-distance bacteria spread.202438534669
2633180.9957Tracking bla(CTX-M) transmission through transposable elements in uropathogenic and commensal E. coli. AIM: To investigate the nucleotide sequences associated with transposable elements carrying bla(CTX-M) allelic variants as potential markers for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes between domestic animals, humans and the environment. MATERIALS & METHODS: We conducted whole-genome sequencing and analyzed the nucleotide sequences of most abundant bla(CTX-M) allelic variants (bla(CTX-M-27), bla(CTX-M-55), and bla(CTX-M-65)) in commensal Escherichia coli (n = 20) from household members in Quito and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) (n = 149) isolated from nine clinics in Quito, Ecuador. RESULTS: The Ecuadorian commensal E. coli and UPEC displayed identical nucleotide sequences surrounding the bla(CTX-M) gene and the synteny was similar to those found in other parts of the world; however phylogenetic analysis indicated that the genetic environments in Ecuadorian isolates were unique. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the nucleotide sequences flanking the bla(CTX-M) genes may be useful for resolving ARG transmission pathways, especially inter-regional analyses.202539880589
2954190.9957Prevalence and genetic characterization of linezolid resistance gene reservoirs in hospital sewage from Zhejiang Province, China. Hospital sewage represented important hotspots for the aggregation and dissemination of clinically relevant pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes. To investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of linezolid resistance genes in hospital sewage, both influent and effluent samples from 11 hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China, were collected and analyzed for linezolid resistance gene carriers. Thirty colonies of putative isolates that grew on the selective media with 10 mg/L florfenicol were randomly picked per sample. A total of 420 Gram-positive isolates, including 330 from 11 influent samples and 90 from three effluent samples, were obtained. Each isolate carried at least one of the linezolid resistance genes, including optrA, poxtA, cfr, and cfr(D), and the optrA gene was highly dominant (388/420). Enterococci displayed predominance among the linezolid resistance gene carriers in the hospital sewage, exhibiting a resistance rate to linezolid of 77.8 %. The wild-type OptrA and OptrA variants KLDP, RDK, and KLDK, all associated with high linezolid MICs, were most frequently detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the multispecies and polyclonal distribution of linezolid-resistant bacteria in hospital sewage, while Enterococcus faecalis sequence types (STs) 16 and 179 demonstrated the widest dissemination across different hospitals. Despite generally high genetic diversity, phylogenetic analysis showed that 87 isolates, assigned to ten STs from both sewage and other sources, were genetically related. Moreover, the genetic environment of linezolid resistance genes in isolates from sewage was similar to that from animals, humans, or the environment, with "Tn554-fexA-optrA" as the most common structure. These findings revealed the potential risk of the transmission of linezolid resistance genes through hospital sewage to other environments.202439461535