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812800.9835Recognize and assessment of key host humic-reducing microorganisms of antibiotic resistance genes in different biowastes composts. Humic-reducing microorganisms (HRMs) can utilize humic substance as terminal electron mediator promoting the bioremediation of contaminate, which is ubiquitous in composts. However, the impacts of HRMs on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in composts and different HRMs community composition following the types of biowastes effected the spread of ARGs have not been investigated. Herein, the dynamics and mobility of ARGs and HRMs during protein-, lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composting were investigated. Result show that ARGs change significantly at the thermophilic phase, and the relative abundance of most ARGs increase during composting. Seven groups of HRMs communities are classified as primary host HRMs of ARGs, and most host HRMs groups from protein-rich composts. Conclusively, regulating methods for inhibiting ARGs spread for different composts are proposed. HRMs show a higher ARGs dissemination capacity in protein-rich composts than lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts, but the spread of ARGs can be inhibited by regulate physicochemical parameters in protein-rich composts. In contrary, most HRMs have inhibitory effects on ARGs spread in lignocellulose- and lignin-rich composts, and those HRMs can be used as a new agent that inhibits the spread of ARGs. Our results can help in understanding the potential risk spread of ARGs by inoculating functional bacteria derived from different biowastes composts for environmental remediation, given their expected importance to developing a classification-oriented approach for composting different biowastes.202234600985
693410.9835Impact of protist predation on bacterial community traits in river sediments. Sediment-associated microbial communities are pivotal in driving biogeochemical processes and serve as key indicators of ecosystem health and function. However, the ecological impact of protist predation on these microbial communities remains poorly understood. Here, sediment microcosms were established with varying concentrations of indigenous protists. Results revealed that protist predation exerted strong and differential effects on the bacterial community composition, functional capabilities, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Higher levels of protist predation pressure increased bacterial alpha diversity and relative abundance of genera associated with carbon and nitrogen cycling, such as Fusibacter, Methyloversatilis, Azospirillum, and Holophaga. KEGG analysis indicated that protist predation stimulated microbial processes related to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Notably, the relative abundance and associated health risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were affected by predation pressure. Medium protist predation pressure increased the relative abundance and potential risks associated with ARGs, whereas high protist concentrations led to a reduction in both, likely due to a decrease in the relative abundance of ARG-hosting pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Aeromonas. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the dynamics of bacterial communities under protist predation in river sediment ecosystems.202540885182
679320.9834Interplays between cyanobacterial blooms and antibiotic resistance genes. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs), which are a form of microbial dysbiosis in freshwater environments, are an emerging environmental and public health concern. Additionally, the freshwater environment serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose a risk of transmission during microbial dysbiosis, such as cyanoHABs. However, the interactions between potential synergistic pollutants, cyanoHABs, and ARGs remain poorly understood. During cyanoHABs, Microcystis and high microcystin levels were dominant in all the nine regions of the river sampled. The resistome, mobilome, and microbiome were interrelated and linked to the physicochemical properties of freshwater. Planktothrix and Pseudanabaena competed with Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria during cyanoHABs. Forty two ARG carriers were identified, most of which belonged to Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria. ARG carriers showed a strong correlation with ARGs density, which decreased with the severity of cyanoHAB. Although ARGs decreased due to a reduction of ARG carriers during cyanoHABs, mobile gene elements (MGEs) and virulence factors (VFs) genes increased. We explored the relationship between cyanoHABs and ARGs for potential synergistic interaction. Our findings demonstrated that cyanobacteria compete with freshwater commensal bacteria such as Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria, which carry ARGs in freshwater, resulting in a reduction of ARGs levels. Moreover, cyanoHABs generate biotic and abiotic stress in the freshwater microbiome, which may lead to an increase in MGEs and VFs. Exploration of the intricate interplays between microbiome, resistome, mobilome, and pathobiome during cyanoHABs not only revealed that the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of microbial dysbiosis but also emphasizes the need to prioritize the prevention of microbial dysbiosis in the risk management of ARGs.202337897871
679230.9834Parity in bacterial communities and resistomes: Microplastic and natural organic particles in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Petroleum-based microplastic particles (MPs) are carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in aquatic environments, influencing the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This research characterized MP and natural organic particle (NOP) bacterial communities and resistomes in the Tyrrhenian Sea, a region impacted by plastic pollution and climate change. MP and NOP bacterial communities were similar but different from the free-living planktonic communities. Likewise, MP and NOP ARG abundances were similar but different (higher) from the planktonic communities. MP and NOP metagenome-assembled genomes contained ARGs associated with mobile genetic elements and exhibited co-occurrence with metal resistance genes. Overall, these findings show that MPs and NOPs harbor potential pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria, which can aid in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Further, petroleum-based MPs do not represent novel ecological niches for allochthonous bacteria; rather, they synergize with NOPs, collectively facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance in marine ecosystems.202438759465
693740.9833Differential responses of bacterial and archaeal communities to biodegradable and non-biodegradable microplastics in river. Microplastics are widespread environmental pollutants that pose risks to ecosystems, yet their effects on bacterial and archaeal communities in aquatic ecosystems remain understudied. In this study, we performed a 14-day microcosm experiment combined with metagenomic sequencing to compare bacterial and archaeal responses to a biodegradable microplastic (polylactic acid, PLA) and a non-biodegradable microplastic (polyvinyl chloride, PVC). Microplastics selectively enriched distinct microbial assemblages, with Pseudomonadota and Euryarchaeota identified as the dominant bacterial and archaeal phyla, accounting for 67.83 % and 15.95 %, respectively. Archaeal community in surrounding water were more sensitive to colonization time than bacterial community. Compared to the surrounding water, the plastisphere displayed simpler and more loosely connected microbial networks. Notably, co-occurrence networks of both bacteria and archaea in the PVC plastisphere were predominantly shaped by symbiotic interactions. Both bacteria and archaea carried diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but PLS-PM indicated that bacteria were the primary drivers of ARG dissemination (path coefficient = 0.952). While the PVC plastisphere showed higher ARG abundance than the PLA plastisphere, elevated intI1 expression in the PLA plastisphere suggests a potentially greater risk of ARG dissemination associated with PLA microplastics. These findings reveal the distinct effects of PLA and PVC microplastics on microbial communities and highlight the role of microplastics in ARG dissemination, emphasizing their ecological risks in aquatic ecosystems.202540712359
812750.9831Microbial Multitrophic Communities Drive the Variation of Antibiotic Resistome in the Gut of Soil Woodlice (Crustacea: Isopoda). Multitrophic communities inhabit in soil faunal gut, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, which have been considered a hidden reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, there is a dearth of research focusing on the relationships between ARGs and multitrophic communities in the gut of soil faunas. Here, we studied the contribution of multitrophic communities to variations of ARGs in the soil woodlouse gut. The results revealed diverse and abundant ARGs in the woodlouse gut. Network analysis further exhibited strong connections between key ecological module members and ARGs, suggesting that multitrophic communities in the keystone ecological cluster may play a pivotal role in the variation of ARGs in the woodlouse gut. Moreover, long-term application of sewage sludge significantly altered the woodlice gut resistome and interkingdom communities. The variation portioning analysis indicated that the fungal community has a greater contribution to variations of ARGs than bacterial and protistan communities in the woodlice gut after long-term application of sewage sludge. Together, our results showed that changes in gut microbiota associated with agricultural practices (e.g., sewage sludge application) can largely alter the gut interkingdom network in ecologically relevant soil animals, with implications for antibiotic resistance, which advances our understanding of the microecological drivers of ARGs in terrestrial ecosystem.202235876241
642760.9831Cyanobacterial blooms contribute to the diversity of antibiotic-resistance genes in aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacterial blooms are a global ecological problem that directly threatens human health and crop safety. Cyanobacteria have toxic effects on aquatic microorganisms, which could drive the selection for resistance genes. The effect of cyanobacterial blooms on the dispersal and abundance of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) of concern to human health remains poorly known. We herein investigated the effect of cyanobacterial blooms on ARG composition in Lake Taihu, China. The numbers and relative abundances of total ARGs increased obviously during a Planktothrix bloom. More pathogenic microorganisms were present during this bloom than during a Planktothrix bloom or during the non-bloom period. Microcosmic experiments using additional aquatic ecosystems (an urban river and Lake West) found that a coculture of Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix agardhii increased the richness of the bacterial community, because its phycosphere provided a richer microniche for bacterial colonization and growth. Antibiotic-resistance bacteria were naturally in a rich position, successfully increasing the momentum for the emergence and spread of ARGs. These results demonstrate that cyanobacterial blooms are a crucial driver of ARG diffusion and enrichment in freshwater, thus providing a reference for the ecology and evolution of ARGs and ARBs and for better assessing and managing water quality.202033277584
693270.9830Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soil amended using Azolla imbricata and its driving mechanisms. The floating aquatic plant of Azolla imbricata has an outstanding purification capability for polluted river water, and it is also employed to improve soil fertility. However, the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil amended using A.imbricata remain unclear. In the soil amendment with A. imbricata, heavy metals, antibiotics, transposase genes, ARGs, and bacterial communities in the soil were determined in this study. The results indicated that the diversity of bacteria and ARGs increased, while the diversity of ARGs decreased under the amendment using an appropriate amount of A. imbricata. The Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the main host bacteria of ARGs. The vertical gene transfer of ARGs was weak, and the horizontal gene transfer became the dominant transfer pathway of ARGs. The amendment with A. imbricata altered the distribution of heavy metals, antibiotics, transposase genes, ARGs, and dominant bacteria. The amendment using A. imbricata promoted the degradation of antibiotics, decreased the concentrations of available heavy metals, and eliminated the abundance of ARGs and transposase genes. Our findings suggested a comprehensive effect of multiple stresses on the fate of ARGs in soil amended with A. imbricata, providing an insight into the distribution and propagation of ARGs in soil amended using plant residues.201931351286
705580.9830Characterization of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community in selected municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants beside Poyang Lake. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are significant reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Municipal STPs (MSTPs) and industrial STPs (ISTPs) are the two most important STP types in cities. In this study, the ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and bacterial communities of selected STPs, including two MSTPs and one ISTP, in the vicinity of Poyang Lake were comprehensively investigated through high-throughput qPCR and high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the profiles of ARGs, MGEs and bacteria differed between the ISTP and the two MSTPs, most likely due to differences in influent water quality, such as the Pb that characterized in the ISTP's influent. The longer hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of the two MSTPs than of the ISTP may also have accounted for the different profiles. Thus, a prolonged HRT in the CASS process seems to allow a more extensive removal of ARGs and bacteria in ISTPs with similar treatment process. By providing comprehensive insights into the characteristics of ARGs, MGEs and the bacterial communities of the selected MSTPs and ISTP, our study provides a scientific basis for controlling the propagation and diffusion of ARGs and ARB in different types of STPs.202032092547
693690.9830Pivotal role of earthworm gut protists in mediating antibiotic resistance genes under microplastic and sulfamethoxazole stress in soil-earthworm systems. Microplastics (MPs) are currently receiving widespread attention worldwide, and their co-occurrence with antibiotics is unavoidable. However, our understanding of how protists respond to co-pollution and mediate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) profiles remains exceedingly limited, particularly within non-target animals' guts. To bridge these gaps, we investigated the individual and combined effects of polyethylene and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) on microbial communities and ARGs in soil and earthworm guts. We found that the MP-SMZ combination significantly elevated the abundance and richness of ARGs in the soil and earthworm. Protistan compositions (particularly consumers) responded more strongly to pollutants than did bacterial and fungal communities, especially under combined pollution. Interkingdom cooccurrence network analysis revealed that protists had stronger and more effective interactions with the resistome in the earthworm guts, suggesting that the impact of these protists on ARGs compositional changes was potentially modulated through the "top-down" regulation of bacteria and fungi. Meta-cooccurrence networks further confirmed that protist-related networks had more keystone pollution-sensitive ASVs (psASVs) and these psASVs were mostly associated with protistan consumers. Our study highlights protists as promising agents for regulating and monitoring microbial functions, as well as the ecological risks of the antibiotic resistome associated with MPs and SMZ pollution in agricultural ecosystems.202540412325
6935100.9829Effects of soil protists on the antibiotic resistome under long term fertilization. Soil protists are key in regulating soil microbial communities. However, our understanding on the role of soil protists in shaping antibiotic resistome is limited. Here, we considered the diversity and composition of bacteria, fungi and protists in arable soils collected from a long-term field experiment with multiple fertilization treatments. We explored the effects of soil protists on antibiotic resistome using high-throughput qPCR. Our results showed that long term fertilization had stronger effect on the composition of protists than those of bacteria and fungi. The detected number and relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were elevated in soils amended with organic fertilizer. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that changes in protists may contribute to the changes in ARGs composition, and the application of different fertilizers altered the communities of protistan consumers, suggesting that effects of protistan communities on ARGs might be altered by the top-down impact on bacterial composition. This study demonstrates soil protists as promising agents in monitoring and regulating ecological risk of antibiotic resistome associated with organic fertilizers.202235609845
8123110.9829The effect of bulk-biochar and nano-biochar amendment on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic contaminated soil. Biochar amendment has significant benefits in removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil. Nevertheless, there is little information on ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil. Herein, a 42-day soil microcosm experiment were carried out to study how two coconut shell biochars (bulk- and nano-size) eliminate soil ARGs with/without microplastic presence. The results showed that microplastic increased significantly the numbers and abundances of ARGs in soil at 14d of cultivation. And, two biochars amendment effectively inhibited soil ARGs spread whether or not microplastic was present, especially for nano-biochar which had more effective removal compared to bulk-biochar. However, microplastic weakened soil ARGs removal after applying same biochar. Two biochars removed ARGs through decreasing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, potential host-bacteria abundances, some bacteria crowding the eco-niche of hosts and promoting soil properties. The adverse effect of microplastic on ARGs removal was mainly caused by weakening mobile genetic elements (MGEs) removal, and by changing soil properties. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that biochar's effect on ARGs profile was changed by its size and microplastic presence through altering MGEs abundances. These results highlight that biochar amendment is still an effective method for ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil.202437907163
6938120.9829Assessment of the Effects of Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Microplastics Combined with Pesticides on the Soil Microbiota. Microplastics (MPs) and pesticides pose significant threats to the health of soil ecosystems. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics alongside glyphosate and imidacloprid pesticides on soil microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via microcosm experiments. Compared with the control, PLA significantly increased microbial alpha diversity and enhanced microbial functions related to environmental information processing and metabolism. However, PLA also selectively enriched populations of beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria, whereas PET had comparatively weaker effects. Crucially, PLA exposure resulted in substantially higher total abundance and ecological risk levels of soil ARGs than did PET. Coexposure with pesticides further amplified these effects, with PLA demonstrating notable synergistic interactions with both glyphosate and imidacloprid. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that biodegradable MPs such as PLA are environmentally safer than nonbiodegradable MPs, thus highlighting their potential to induce more complex and potentially severe ecological risks under co-contamination scenarios with pesticides.202541175058
7928130.9829Insight into the responses of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic biofilms to zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc ions pressures in landfill leachate. Microplastic (MP) biofilms are hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in landfill environment. MP biofilms in landfill leachate coexist with heavy metals and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) that considered to be the selective agents of ARGs. However, the effects of these selective pressures on ARGs in MP biofilms and their differences in MP-surrounding leachate have not been well understood. Herein, the changes of ARG abundances in MP biofilms and corresponding leachate under zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and zinc ion (Zn(2+)) pressures were comparatively analyzed. The presence of ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) promoted the enrichment of ARGs in MP biofilms, and the enrichment was more pronounced in ZnO NPs groups. ZnO NPs and especially Zn(2+) mainly decreased the abundances of ARGs in leachate. The increase of integron abundances and reactive oxygen species production in MP biofilms implied the enhanced potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence pattern between ARGs and bacterial genera in MP biofilms with more diverse potential ARG hosts was more complex than in leachate, and the enrichment of ARG-hosting bacteria in MP biofilms under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures supported the enrichment of ARGs.202337480611
6439140.9829A review: Marine aquaculture impacts marine microbial communities. Marine aquaculture is key for protein production but disrupts marine ecosystems by releasing excess feed and pharmaceuticals, thus affecting marine microbes. Though vital, its environmental impact often remains overlooked. This article delves into mariculture's effects on marine microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and antibiotic-resistance genes in seawater and sediments. It highlights how different mariculture practices-open, pond, and cage culture-affect these microbial communities. Mariculture's release of nutrients, antibiotics, and heavy metals alters the microbial composition, diversity, and functions. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, a promising sustainable approach, is still developing and needs refinement. A deep understanding of mariculture's impact on microbial ecosystems is crucial to minimize pollution and foster sustainable practices, paving the way for the industry's sustainable advancement.202438919720
6396150.9828Interaction between microplastic biofilm formation and antibiotics: Effect of microplastic biofilm and its driving mechanisms on antibiotic resistance gene. As two pollutants with similar transport pathways, microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics (ATs) inevitably co-exist in water environments, and their interaction has become a topic of intense research interest for scholars over the past few years. This paper comprehensively and systematically reviews the current interaction between MPs and ATs, in particular, the role played by biofilm developed MPs (microplastic biofilm). A summary of the formation process of microplastic biofilm and its unique microbial community structure is presented in the paper. The formation of microplastic biofilm can enhance the adsorption mechanisms of ATs on primary MPs. Moreover, microplastic biofilm system is a diverse and vast reservoir of genetic material, and this paper reviews the mechanisms by which microplastics with biofilm drive the production of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the processes that selectively enrich for more ARGs. Meanwhile, the enrichment of ARGs may lead to the development of microbial resistance and the gradual loss of the antimicrobial effect of ATs. The transfer pathways of ARGs affected by microplastic biofilm are outlined, and ARGs dependent transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) is mainly through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Furthermore, the ecological implications of the interaction between microplastic biofilm and ATs and perspectives for future research are reviewed. This review contributes to a new insight into the aquatic ecological environmental risks and the fate of contaminants (MPs, ATs), and is of great significance for controlling the combined pollution of these two pollutants.202337517232
6828160.9828Unraveling antibiotic resistomes associated with bacterial and viral communities in intertidal mudflat aquaculture area. The extensive use of antibiotics in intertidal mudflat aquaculture area has substantially increased the dissemination risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). As hosts of ARGs, bacteria and virus exert vital effects on ARG dissemination. However, the insights for the interrelationships among ARGs, bacteria, and virus have not been thoroughly explored in intertidal mudflat. Therefore, this study attempts to unravel the occurrence, dissemination, evolution, and driving mechanisms of ARGs associated with bacterial and viral communities using metagenomic sequencing in a typical intertidal mudflat. Abundant and diverse ARGs (22 types and 437 subtypes) were identified and those of ARGs were higher in spring than in autumn. It is worthy noted that virus occupied a more essential position than bacteria for ARGs dissemination through network analysis. Meanwhile, nitrogen exerted indirect effect on ARG profiles by shaping viral and bacterial diversity. According to the results of neutral and null models, deterministic processes dominated the ARG community assembly by controlling sediment nitrogen and antibiotics. Homogeneous and variable selection dominated phylogenetic turnover of ARG community, contributing 46.15% and 45.90% of the total processes, respectively. This study can hence theoretically support for the ARG pollution control and management in intertidal mudflat aquaculture area.202337506645
7052170.9828Plastisphere enrich antibiotic resistance genes and potential pathogenic bacteria in sewage with pharmaceuticals. Microplastics (MPs) and pharmaceuticals are common emerging pollutants in sewage, and their coexistence may have more negative effects on the environments. This study chose tetracycline (TC), ampicillin (AMP) and triclosan (TCS) to investigate the responses of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities on different MPs (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE)) biofilms (plastisphere). The adsorption capacity of three pharmaceuticals on PVC and PE decreased in the order of AMP > TC > TCS. PE was more conducive to microbial attachment than PVC. MPs led to the increase of the total copies of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the sewage. Importantly, multidrug ARGs and MGEs were enriched on plastisphere. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of TC and MPs led to higher risks of spreading ARGs and MGEs. In addition, potential pathogenic bacteria Legionella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria and Arcobacter were more abundant on plastisphere than those in sewage, and these bacteria might be the hosts for ARGs and MGEs. This study showed that plastisphere could be repositories of ARGs and MGEs in sewage and accumulated potential pathogenic bacteria.202133454495
7942180.9828Insight into effects of polyethylene microplastics in anaerobic digestion systems of waste activated sludge: Interactions of digestion performance, microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes. The environmental risks of microplastics (MPs) have raised an increasing concern. However, the effects of MPs in anaerobic digestion (AD) systems of waste activated sludge (WAS), especially on the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), have not been clearly understood. Herein, the variation and interaction of digestion performance, microbial communities and ARGs during AD process of WAS in the presence of polyethylene (PE) MPs with two sizes, PE MPs-180μm and PE MPs-1mm, were investigated. The results showed that the presence of PE MPs, especially PE MPs-1mm, led to the increased hydrolysis of soluble polysaccharides and proteins and the accumulation of volatile fatty acids. The methane production decreased by 6.1% and 13.8% in the presence of PE MPs-180μm and PE MPs-1mm, respectively. Together with this process, hydrolytic bacteria and acidogens were enriched, and methanogens participating in acetoclastic methanogenesis were reduced. Meanwhile, ARGs were enriched obviously by the presence of PE MPs, the abundances of which in PE MPs-180μm and PE MPs-1mm groups were 1.2-3.0 times and 1.5-4.0 times higher than that in the control by the end of AD. That was associated with different co-occurrence patterns between ARGs and bacterial taxa and the enrichment of ARG-hosting bacteria caused by the presence of PE MPs. Together these results suggested the adverse effects of PE MPs on performance and ARGs removal during AD process of WAS through inducing the changes of microbial populations.202235944782
8575190.9827Key factors driving the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and controlling strategies during aerobic composting of animal manure: A review. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manure impedes the reutilization of manure resources. Aerobic composting is potentially effective method for resource disposal of animal manure, but the fate of ARGs during composting is complicated due to the various material sources and different operating conditions. This review concentrates on the biotic and abiotic factors influencing the variation of ARGs in composting and their potential mechanisms. The dynamic variations of biotic factors, including bacterial community, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and existence forms of ARGs, are the direct driving factors of the fate of ARGs during composting. However, most key abiotic indicators, including pH, moisture content, antibiotics and heavy metals, interfere with the richness of ARGs indirectly by influencing the succession of bacterial community and abundance of MGEs. The effect of temperature on ARGs depends on whether the ARGs are intracellular or extracellular, which should be paid more attention. The emergence of various controlling strategies renders the composting products safer. Four potential removal mechanisms of ARGs in different controlling strategies have been concluded, encompassing the attenuation of selective/co-selective pressure on ARGs, killing the potential host bacteria of ARGs, reshaping the structure of bacterial community and reducing the cell-to-cell contact of bacteria. With the effective control of ARGs, aerobic composting is suggested to be a sustainable and promising approach to treat animal manure.202134139488