QUANTITATIVELY - Word Related Documents




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672100.9914Aldehyde-resistant mycobacteria bacteria associated with the use of endoscope reprocessing systems. Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, but little is known about their ability to increase resistance to chemical disinfectants. This study randomly sampled 3 automated endoscope reprocessors in the United States using aldehydes for endoscope disinfection. Bacterial contamination was found after disinfection in all automated endoscope reprocessors, and some mycobacteria isolates demonstrated significant resistance to glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde disinfectants. Bacteria can survive aldehyde-based disinfection and may pose a cross-contamination risk to patients.201222325730
672210.9911Studies on the bacterial permeability of non-woven fabrics and cotton fabrics. The permeability of cotton and non-woven fabrics to bacteria, air and water was studied. Non-woven fabrics, even when wet, showed low resistance to air, and high resistance to permeation of water and bacteria. Water-repellent cotton fabrics were resistant to permeation of water, air and bacteria, but these properties decreased on washing. Non-water-repellent cotton fabrics were poor bacterial barriers even when new.19862873172
743620.9910New parameters for the quantitative assessment of the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes dynamic in the environment and its application: A case of sulfonamides and sulfonamide resistance genes. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been widely detected around the world and are generally viewed as emerging pollutants with environmental persistence. The proliferation of ARGs can be easily promoted by antibiotics. However, the dynamics of ARGs in the environment are still unable to be quantified using a single parameter, which is vital to evaluating the ability of ARGs to spread by antibiotics and effectively controlling ARGs. A new parameter, termed the relative area ratio of sample to control (ΔA(R)), was developed based on the quantitative features determined by ARG-time curves in soils contaminated with sulfonamides (SAs) and verified by quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) models. The results showed that ΔA(R) can not only be used to accurately quantify the characteristics of SAs resistance genes (Suls) over time but also be applied to reveal the relationships between the proliferation of Suls and important factors (i.e., concentrations and chemical structures). Moreover, the ΔA(R)-based QSARs model indicated that bioavailability and the frequency of conjugative transfer, rather than the ability of induced mutations in bacteria, tend to be key processes of the characteristics of the proliferation of Suls. Therefore, ΔA(R) is a useful parameter to perform environmental risk assessments of ARG proliferation in the environment.202032305759
781230.9908Using the heat generated from electrically conductive concrete slabs to reduce antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Proper treatment is necessary to reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock manure before land application. Conventional stockpiling suffers unreliable removal efficiency, while composting can be complicated and expensive. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a novel heat-based technology, i.e., stockpiling manure on conductive concrete slabs, to inactivate ARB and ARGs in beef cattle manure. In this study, two independent bench-scale trials were conducted. In both trials, samples were taken from manure piles on conductive concrete slabs and regular slabs (i.e., heated and unheated piles). In the heated pile of the first trial, 25.9% and 83.5% of the pile volume met the EPA Class A and Class B biosolids standards, respectively. For the heated pile of the second trial, the two values were 43.9% and 74.2%. In both trials, nearly all forms of the total and resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci were significantly lower in the heated piles than in the unheated piles. Besides, significant reduction of ARGs in heated piles was observed in the first trial. Through this proof-of-concept study, the new technology based on conductive concrete slabs offers an alternative manure storage method to conventional stockpiling and composting with respect to reduce ARB and ARGs in manure.202133736325
854540.9907Role of anaerobic sludge digestion in handling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes - A review. Currently, anaerobic sludge digestion (ASD) is considered not only for treating residual sewage sludge and energy recovery but also for the reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The current review highlights the reasons why antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs exist in ASD and how ASD performs in the reduction of ARB and ARGs. ARGs and ARB have been detected in ASD with some reports indicating some of the ARGs can be completely removed during the ASD process, while other studies reported the enrichment of ARB and ARGs after ASD. This paper reviews the performance of ASD based on operational parameters as well as environmental chemistry. More studies are needed to improve the performance of ASD in reducing ARGs that are difficult to handle and also differentiate between extracellular (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) to achieve more accurate quantification of the ARGs.202133735726
639150.9906Monitoring antibiotic resistomes and bacterial microbiomes in the aerosols from fine, hazy, and dusty weather in Tianjin, China using a developed high-volume tandem liquid impinging sampler. Accurate quantification of the airborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is critically important to assess their health risks. However, the currently widely used high-volume filter sampler (HVFS) often causes the desiccation of the sample, interfering with subsequent bacterial culture. To overcome this limitation, a high-volume tandem liquid impinging sampler (HVTLIS) was developed and optimized to investigate the airborne bacterial microbiomes and antibiotic resistomes under different weathers in Tianjin, China. Results revealed that HVTLIS can capture significantly more diverse culturable bacteria, ARB, and ARGs than HVFS. Compared with fine and hazy weathers, dusty weather had significantly more diverse and abundant airborne bacteria, ARGs, and human opportunistic pathogens with the resistance to last-resort antibiotics of carbapenems and polymyxin B, implicating a potential human health threat of dusty bioaerosols. Intriguingly, we represented the first report of Saccharibacteria predominance in the bioaerosol, demonstrating that the potential advantage of HVTLIS in collecting airborne microbes.202032438084
761660.9906Transport of antibiotic resistance genes in the landfill plume: Experiment and numerical modeling. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the landfill site would potentially seep into groundwater by leachate infiltration, which poses great threat of ARGs dissemination through groundwater flow. However, the transport characteristics of ARGs in the landfill plume are still unclear, impeding the risk management and remediation of landfill sites. This study carried out a series of column experiments to investigate the transport of various ARGs in the landfill plume and its influencing factors. Besides, a numerical model was also developed to simulate the transport of ARGs in the porous media, which could determine the attachment and decay rates of ARGs in various scenarios. Experimental results showed that high contents of organic matter and corresponding antibiotics in the landfill plume promoted the transport of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and reduced the decay rates of intracellular ARGs (iARGs) in the porous media. Inorganic ions such as Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) inhibited the mobility of ARB, while they had little influence on iARGs decay. Extracellular ARGs (eARGs) in plasmids exhibited higher decay rate in pore water, leading to shorter transport distance in porous media. In the landfill plume, sul1 had higher mobility than aadA and ermB, which was tightly correlated with its lower decay rate in groundwater and the smaller bacterial host. The decrease of particle size greatly inhibited the transport of ARGs in porous media due to the attachment of ARB on sand surface, while the attached ARGs would easily detach from sand surface during background water flushing. This study could guide the accurate risk assessment of ARGs in the landfill plume as well as the optimization of management strategy for landfill site.202540320129
765070.9906Contamination of hay and haylage with enteric bacteria and selected antibiotic resistance genes following fertilization with dairy manure or biosolids. The present study evaluated if enteric bacteria or antibiotic resistance genes carried in fecal amendments contaminate the hay at harvest, representing a potential route of exposure to ruminants that consume the hay. In the field experiments, dairy manure was applied to a hay field for three successive growing seasons, and biosolids were applied to a hay field for one growing season. Various enteric bacteria in the amendments were enumerated by viable plate count, and selected gene targets were quantified by qPCR. Key findings include the following: at harvest, hay receiving dairy manure or biosolids did not carry more viable enteric bacteria than hay from unamended control plots. The fermentation of hay did not result in a detectable increase in viable enteric bacteria. The application of dairy manure or biosolids resulted in a few gene targets being more abundant in hay during the first harvest. Fermentation of hay resulted in an increase in the abundance of gene targets, but this occurred with hay from both the amended and control plots. Overall, the application of fecal amendments resulted in an increase in the abundance of some gene targets associated with antibiotic resistance in the first cut hay.202235020524
713080.9905Microbial community structure and resistome dynamics on elevator buttons in response to surface disinfection practices. BACKGROUND: Disinfectants have been extensively used in public environments since the COVID-19 outbreak to help control the spread of the virus. This study aims to investigate whether disinfectant use influences the structure of bacterial communities and contributes to bacterial resistance to disinfectants and antibiotics. METHODS: Using molecular biology techniques-including metagenomic sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR)-we analyzed the bacterial communities on elevator button surfaces from two tertiary hospitals, one infectious disease hospital, two quarantine hotels (designated for COVID-19 control), and five general hotels in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We focused on detecting disinfectant resistance genes (DRGs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in the bacterial community structures on elevator button surfaces across the four types of environments. Quarantine hotels, which implemented the most frequent disinfection protocols, exhibited distinct bacterial profiles at the phylum, genus, and species levels. Both α-diversity (within-sample diversity) and β-diversity (between-sample diversity) were lower and more distinct in quarantine hotels compared to the other environments. The abundance of DRGs, ARGs, and MGEs was also significantly higher on elevator button surfaces in quarantine hotels. Notably, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), including Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were detected in all four settings. CONCLUSION: The structure of bacterial communities on elevator button surfaces varies across different environments, likely influenced by the frequency of disinfectant use. Increased resistance gene abundance in quarantine hotels suggests that disinfection practices may contribute to the selection and spread of resistant bacteria. Enhanced monitoring of disinfection effectiveness and refinement of protocols in high-risk environments such as hospitals and hotels are essential to limit the spread of resistant pathogens.202540520307
890690.9904Fitness cost and compensation mechanism of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, and sul3) in Escherichia coli. The fitness cost of antibiotic resistance is a crucial factor to determine the evolutionary and transmission success of resistant bacteria. Exploring the fitness cost and compensation mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria may effectively reduce the transmission of drug-resistant genes in the environment. Engineered bacteria with the same genetic background that carry sulfonamide resistance gene were generated to explore the fitness cost of sulfonamide resistance gene in Escherichia coli. There were significant differences in the protein expression of the two-component system pathway (fliZ, fliA, fliC and lrhA), folate biosynthesis pathway (sul1, sul2 and sul3), ABC transporter system (ugpC, rbsA and gsiA), and outer membrane pore protein OmpD through the comparative analysis of differential proteins compared to sensitive bacteria. Thus, we could speculate the possible fitness compensation mechanism. Finally, quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the functions of some differential proteins at the transcriptional level. The fitness cost and compensatory evolution of antibiotic resistance are an essential part of bacterial evolution.202134554624
7072100.9904Stockpiling versus Composting: Effectiveness in Reducing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes in Beef Cattle Manure. Manure storage methods can affect the concentration and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in cattle manure prior to land application. The objective of this study was to compare stockpiling and composting with respect to their effectiveness in reducing ARB and ARGs in beef cattle manure in a field-scale study. Field experiments were conducted in different seasons with different bulking agents for composting. For both the winter-spring cycle and the summer-fall cycle, ARB concentrations declined below the limit of quantification rapidly in both composting piles and stockpiles; however, ARB prevalence was significantly greater in the composting piles than in the stockpiles. This was likely due to the introduction of ARB from bulking agents. There was no significant change in ARG concentrations between initial and final concentrations for either manure storage treatment during the winter-spring cycle, but a significant reduction of the ARGs erm(B), tet(O), and tet(Q) over time was observed for both the composting pile and stockpile during the summer-fall cycle. Results from this study suggest that (i) bulking agent may be an important source of ARB and ARGs for composting; (ii) during cold months, the heterogeneity of the temperature profile in composting piles could result in poor ARG reduction; and (iii) during warm months, both stockpiling and composting can be effective in reducing ARG abundance. IMPORTANCE Proper treatment of manure is essential to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance and protect human health. Stockpiling and composting are two manure storage methods which can reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes, although few field-scale studies have examined the relative efficiency of each method. This study examined the ability of both methods in both winter-spring and summer-fall cycles, while also accounting for heterogeneity within field-scale manure piles. This study determined that bulking agents used in composting could contribute antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Additionally, seasonal variation could hinder the efficacy of composting in colder months due to heterogeneity in temperature within the pile; however, in warmer months, either method of manure storage could be effective in reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance.202134085860
7499110.9903Sunlight Photolysis of Extracellular and Intracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes tetA and sul2 in Photosensitizer-Free Water. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs; the genetic material in bacteria that encode for resistance to antibiotics) have been found in the aquatic environment, raising concerns of an environmental transmission route. In an effort to contribute to models predicting the fate of ARGs in the environment-to design control measures, predict health risks, inform ARG surveillance activities, and prioritize policy interventions-and given the importance of sunlight in damaging DNA, we evaluated the sunlight photolysis kinetics of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and ARGs under laboratory conditions, focusing on Escherichia coli SMS-3-5 and its ARGs tetA and sul2. Experiments were conducted in the absence of photosensitizers, and ARG decay rates were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with short and long amplicon targets. Long amplicon qPCR targets quantified greater photolysis rate constants, due to greater ARG coverage. After a lag phase, intracellular ARG had faster decay rates than extracellular ARG, likely due to the contribution of intracellular indirect photolysis processes. Furthermore, all ARG decay rates were significantly slower than those of E. coli. Decay rate constants and quantum yields are presented as foundational work in the development of models to describe the persistence of ARGs in sunlit, environmental waters.202134346694
6420120.9903Micro-interfacial behavior of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the soil environment: A review. Overutilization and misuse of antibiotics in recent decades markedly intensified the rapid proliferation and diffusion of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the environment, thereby elevating ARGs to the status of a global public health crisis. Recognizing that soil acts as a critical reservoir for ARGs, environmental researchers have made great progress in exploring the sources, distribution, and spread of ARGs in soil. However, the microscopic state and micro-interfacial behavior of ARGs in soil remains inadequately understood. In this study, we reviewed the micro-interfacial behaviors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in soil and porous media, predominantly including migration-deposition, adsorption, and biofilm formation. Meanwhile, adsorption, proliferation, and degradation were identified as the primary micro-interfacial behaviors of ARGs in the soil, with component of soil serving as significant determinant. Our work contributes to the further comprehension of the microstates and processes of ARB and ARGs in the soil environments and offers a theoretical foundation for managing and mitigating the risks associated with ARG contamination.202439180776
7495130.9902Determining the contribution of stream morphometry and microbial extracellular polymeric substances in the spread patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Bacteria that have antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are emerging global bio-pollutants owing to their dissemination through food, animals, and the environment. However, few studies have combined the internal factors related to bacterial physiology with external factors-specifically morphometric river analysis-to demonstrate the effects on the spread of AMR. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within the biofilm matrix form unique micro-ecosystems that can influence the physiology and genetics of resistant bacteria and their associated genes. We investigated whether AMR dissemination associated with EPS production is significantly related to meteorological factors, stream morphology, and land use and land cover. By using a geographic information system, we explored resistant Escherichia coli bacteria and genes in diverse riverine habitats, water columns, sediment beds, and rock surfaces of the Yasu River, the largest stream flowing into Lake Biwa, Japan's largest freshwater lake. EPS production in sediment and rock beds resulted in a significant increase in the abundance of resistant bacteria and genes. However, this was quickly altered by precipitation and stream flow dynamics. Land use had a greater impact than stream length or stream density, providing a better understanding of how AMR is disseminated in the environment.202540972342
9628140.9902The population genetics of antibiotic resistance. II: Analytic theory for sustained populations of bacteria in a community of hosts. The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is of practical importance and theoretical interest. As a foundation for further studies by simulation, experiment, and observation, we here develop a mathematical model for the dynamics of resistance among the bacteria resident in a population of hosts. The model incorporates the effects of natural selection within untreated hosts, colonization by bacteria from the environment, and the rapid increase of resistance in hosts who receive antibiotics. We derive explicit formulas for the distribution of resistance among hosts and for the rise or fall of resistance when the frequency of treatment is changed.19989615474
9086150.9902Emergence and selection of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in tuberculosis granulomas. Drug resistant tuberculosis is increasing world-wide. Resistance against isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), or both (multi-drug resistant TB, MDR-TB) is of particular concern, since INH and RIF form part of the standard regimen for TB disease. While it is known that suboptimal treatment can lead to resistance, it remains unclear how host immune responses and antibiotic dynamics within granulomas (sites of infection) affect emergence and selection of drug-resistant bacteria. We take a systems pharmacology approach to explore resistance dynamics within granulomas. We integrate spatio-temporal host immunity, INH and RIF dynamics, and bacterial dynamics (including fitness costs and compensatory mutations) in a computational framework. We simulate resistance emergence in the absence of treatment, as well as resistance selection during INH and/or RIF treatment. There are four main findings. First, in the absence of treatment, the percentage of granulomas containing resistant bacteria mirrors the non-monotonic bacterial dynamics within granulomas. Second, drug-resistant bacteria are less frequently found in non-replicating states in caseum, compared to drug-sensitive bacteria. Third, due to a steeper dose response curve and faster plasma clearance of INH compared to RIF, INH-resistant bacteria have a stronger influence on treatment outcomes than RIF-resistant bacteria. Finally, under combination therapy with INH and RIF, few MDR bacteria are able to significantly affect treatment outcomes. Overall, our approach allows drug-specific prediction of drug resistance emergence and selection in the complex granuloma context. Since our predictions are based on pre-clinical data, our approach can be implemented relatively early in the treatment development process, thereby enabling pro-active rather than reactive responses to emerging drug resistance for new drugs. Furthermore, this quantitative and drug-specific approach can help identify drug-specific properties that influence resistance and use this information to design treatment regimens that minimize resistance selection and expand the useful life-span of new antibiotics.201829746491
6732160.9901Assessment of Bioavailability of Biochar-Sorbed Tetracycline to Escherichia coli for Activation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes. Human overuse and misuse of antibiotics have caused the wide dissemination of antibiotics in the environment, which has promoted the development and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils. Biochar (BC) with strong sorption affinity to many antibiotics is considered to sequester antibiotics and hence mitigate their impacts to bacterial communities in soils. However, little is known about whether BC-sorbed antibiotics are bioavailable and exert selective pressure on soil bacteria. In this study, we probed the bioavailability of tetracycline sorbed by BCs prepared from rice-, wheat-, maize-, and bean-straw feedstock using Escherichia coli MC4100/pTGM bioreporter strain. The results revealed that BC-sorbed tetracycline was still bioavailable to the E. coli attached to BC surfaces. Tetracycline sorbed by BCs prepared at 400 °C (BC400) demonstrated a higher bioavailability to bacteria compared to that sorbed by BCs prepared at 500 °C (BC500). Tetracycline could be sorbed primarily in the small pores of BC500 where bacteria could not access due to the size exclusion to bacteria. In contrast, tetracycline could be sorbed mainly on BC400 surfaces where bacteria could conveniently access tetracycline. Increasing the ambient humidity apparently enhanced the bioavailability of BC400-sorbed tetracycline. BC500-sorbed tetracycline exposed to varying levels of ambient humidity showed no significant changes in bioavailability, indicating that water could not effectively mobilize tetracycline from BC500 pores to surfaces where bacteria could access tetracycline. The results from this study suggest that BCs prepared at a higher pyrolysis temperature could be more effective to sequester tetracycline and mitigate the selective pressure on soil bacteria.202032786566
6733170.9901Bioavailability of tetracycline to antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in water-clay systems. Tetracyclines are a class of antimicrobials frequently found in the environment, and have promoted the proliferation of antibiotic resistance. An unanswered research question is whether tetracycline sorbed to soils is still bioavailable to bacteria and exerts selective pressure on the bacterial community for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this study, bioreporter E. coli MC4100/pTGM strain was used to probe the bioavailability of tetracycline sorbed by smectite clay, a class of common soil minerals. Batch sorption experiments were conducted to prepare clay samples with a wide range of sorbed tetracycline concentration. The bioreporter was incubated with tetracycline-sorbed clay at different clay/solution ratios and water contents, as well as using dialysis tubings to prevent the direct contact between bacterial cells and clay particles. The expression of antibiotic resistance genes from the bioreporter was measured using a flow cytometer as a measurement of bioavailability/selective pressure. The direct contact of bioreporter cells to clay surfaces represented an important pathway facilitating bacterial access to clay-sorbed tetracycline. In clay-water suspensions, reducing solution volume rendered more bacteria to attach to clay surfaces enhancing the bioavailability of clay-sorbed tetracycline. The strong fluorescence emission from bioreporter cells on clay surfaces indicated that clay-sorbed tetracycline was still bioavailable to bacteria. The formation of biofilms on clay surfaces could increase bacterial access to clay-sorbed tetracycline. In addition, desorption of loosely sorbed tetracycline into bulk solution contributed to bacterial exposure and activation of the antibiotic resistance genes. Tetracycline sorbed by soil geosorbents could exert selective pressure on the surrounding microbial communities via bacterial exposure to tetracycline in solution from desorption and to the geosorbent-sorbed tetracycline as well.201830253298
7356180.9901Tossed 'good luck' coins as vectors for anthropogenic pollution into aquatic environment. Superstition has it that tossing coins into wells or fountains brings good luck, thereby causing a potential accumulation of microbially contaminated metal particles in the water. Here, we characterized the microbiota and the resistance profile in biofilm on such coins and their surrounding sediments. The study site was a tidal marine lake within a touristic center located in a natural reserve area. Notwithstanding the fact that coin-related biofilms were dominated by typical marine taxa, coin biofilms had specific microbial communities that were different from the communities of the surrounding sediment. Moreover, the communities were different depending on whether the coin were made mainly of steel or of copper. Sequences affiliated with putative pathogens were found on every third coin but were not found in the surrounding sediment. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected on most of the coins, and interestingly, sediments close to the area where coins accumulate had a higher frequency of ARGs. We suggest that the surface of the coins might offer a niche for ARGs and faecal bacteria to survive, and, thus, tossed coins are a potential source and vector for ARGs into the surrounding environment.202031887589
7438190.9901Abundance of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacteriophage following Soil Fertilization with Dairy Manure or Municipal Biosolids, and Evidence for Potential Transduction. Animal manures and municipal biosolids recycled onto crop production land carry antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can influence the antibiotic resistome of agricultural soils, but little is known about the contribution of bacteriophage to the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in this context. In this work, we quantified a set of ARGs in the bacterial and bacteriophage fractions of agricultural soil by quantitative PCR. All tested ARGs were present in both the bacterial and phage fractions. We demonstrate that fertilization of soil with dairy manure or human biosolids increases ARG abundance in the bacterial fraction but not the bacteriophage fraction and further show that pretreatment of dairy manure can impact ARG abundance in the bacterial fraction. Finally, we show that purified bacteriophage can confer increased antibiotic resistance to soil bacteria when combined with selective pressure. The results indicate that soilborne bacteriophage represents a substantial reservoir of antibiotic resistance and that bacteriophage could play a significant role in the horizontal transfer of resistance genes in the context of an agricultural soil microbiome. Overall, our work reinforces the advisability of composting or digesting fecal material prior to field application and suggests that application of some antibiotics at subclinical concentrations can promote bacteriophage-mediated horizontal transfer of ARGs in agricultural soil microbiomes.201526341211