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253500.9960Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Genes in Cats and Dogs and Their Zoonotic Transmission Risks. Background: Pets, especially cats and dogs, represent a great potential for zoonotic transmission, leading to major health problems. The purpose of this systematic review was to present the latest developments concerning colistin resistance through mcr genes in pets. The current study also highlights the health risks of the transmission of colistin resistance between pets and humans. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on mcr-positive bacteria in pets and studies reporting their zoonotic transmission to humans. Bibliographic research queries were performed on the following databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Microsoft Academic, and Web of Science. Articles of interest were selected using the PRISMA guideline principles. Results: The analyzed articles from the investigated databases described the presence of mcr gene variants in pets including mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10. Among these articles, four studies reported potential zoonotic transmission of mcr genes between pets and humans. The epidemiological analysis revealed that dogs and cats can be colonized by mcr genes that are beginning to spread in different countries worldwide. Overall, reported articles on this subject highlight the high risk of zoonotic transmission of colistin resistance genes between pets and their owners. Conclusions: This review demonstrated the spread of mcr genes in pets and their transmission to humans, indicating the need for further measures to control this significant threat to public health. Therefore, we suggest here some strategies against this threat such as avoiding zoonotic transmission.202235745552
669010.9959Antimicrobial resistance situation in animal health of Bangladesh. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a crucial multifactorial and complex global problem and Bangladesh poses a regional and global threat with a high degree of antibiotic resistance. Although the routine application of antimicrobials in the livestock industry has largely contributed to the health and productivity, it correspondingly plays a significant role in the evolution of different pathogenic bacterial strains having multidrug resistance (MDR) properties. Bangladesh is implementing the National Action Plan (NAP) for containing AMR in human, animal, and environment sectors through "One Health" approach where the Department of Livestock Services (DLS) is the mandated body to implement NAP strategies in the animal health sector of the country. This review presents a "snapshot" of the predisposing factors, and current situations of AMR along with the weakness and strength of DLS to contain the problem in animal farming practices in Bangladesh. In the present review, resistance monitoring data and risk assessment identified several direct and/or indirect predisposing factors to be potentially associated with AMR development in the animal health sector of Bangladesh. The predisposing factors are inadequate veterinary healthcare, monitoring and regulatory services, intervention of excessive informal animal health service providers, and farmers' knowledge gap on drugs, and AMR which have resulted in the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, ultimate in the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in all types of animal farming settings of Bangladesh. MDR bacteria with extreme resistance against antibiotics recommended to use in both animals and humans have been reported and been being a potential public health hazard in Bangladesh. Execution of extensive AMR surveillance in veterinary practices and awareness-building programs for stakeholders along with the strengthening of the capacity of DLS are recommended for effective containment of AMR emergence and dissemination in the animal health sector of Bangladesh.202033487990
258620.9958A Scoping Review Unveiling Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in the Environment of Dairy Farms Across Asia. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant "One Health" challenge in the farming industry attributed to antimicrobial misuse and overuse, affecting the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Recognizing the crucial role of the environment in facilitating the transmission of AMR is imperative for addressing this global health issue. Despite its urgency, there remains a notable gap in understanding resistance levels in the environment. This scoping review aims to consolidate and summarize available evidence of AMR prevalence and resistance genes in dairy farm settings. This study was conducted following the PRISMA Extension checklist to retrieve relevant studies conducted in Asian countries between 2013 and 2023. An electronic literature search involving PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, and Scopus resulted in a total of 1126 unique articles that were identified. After a full-text eligibility assessment, 39 studies were included in this review. The findings indicate that AMR studies in dairy farm environments have primarily focused on selective bacteria, especially Escherichia coli and other bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Salmonella spp. Antimicrobial resistance patterns were reported across 24 studies involving 78 antimicrobials, which predominantly consisted of gentamicin (70.8%), ampicillin (58.3%), and tetracycline (58.3%). This review emphasizes the current state of AMR in the environmental aspects of dairy farms across Asia, highlighting significant gaps in regional coverage and bacterial species studied. It highlights the need for broader surveillance, integration with antimicrobial stewardship, and cross-sector collaboration to address AMR through a One Health approach.202540426503
250030.9957The crisis of carbapenemase-mediated carbapenem resistance across the human-animal-environmental interface in India. Carbapenems are the decision-making antimicrobials used to combat severe Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. Carbapenem resistance poses a potential public health emergency, especially in developing countries such as India, accounting for high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare cost. Emergence and transmission of plasmid-mediated "big five" carbapenemase genes including KPC, NDM, IMP, VIM and OXA-48-type among Gram-negative bacteria is spiralling the issue. Carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant organisms (CP-CRO) cause multi- or pan-drug resistance by co-harboring several antibiotic resistance determinants. In addition of human origin, animals and even environmental sites are also the reservoir of CROs. Spillage in food-chains compromises food safety and security and increases the chance of cross-border transmission of these superbugs. Metallo-β-lactamases, mainly NDM-1 producing CROs, are commonly shared between human, animal and environmental interfaces worldwide, including in India. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance using the One Health approach has been implemented in Europe, the United-Kingdom and the United-States to mitigate the crisis. This concept is still not implemented in most developing countries, including India, where the burden of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is high. Lack of AMR surveillance in animal and environmental sectors underestimates the cumulative burden of carbapenem resistance resulting in the silent spread of these superbugs. In-depth indiscriminate AMR surveillance focusing on carbapenem resistance is urgently required to develop and deploy effective national policies for preserving the efficacy of carbapenems as last-resort antibiotics in India. Tracking and mapping of international high-risk clones are pivotal for containing the global spread of CP-CRO.202336241158
187440.9957Potential sources and characteristic occurrence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-harbouring bacteria recovered from the poultry sector: a literature synthesis specific to high-income countries. Understanding the sources, prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mcr gene-harbouring bacteria (MGHB) in the poultry sector is crucial to supplement existing information. Through this, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) could be tackled to improve food safety and reduce public health risks. Therefore, we conducted a literature synthesis of potential sources and characteristic occurrence of MGHB recovered from the poultry sector specific to the high-income countries (HICs). Colistin (COL) is a last-resort antibiotic used for treating deadly infections. For more than 60 years, COL has been used in the poultry sector globally, including the HICs. The emergence and rapid spread of mobile COL resistance (mcr) genes threaten the clinical use of COL. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. By horizontal and vertical transfer, the mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes have disseminated in the poultry sector in HICs, thus posing a grave danger to animal and human health, as harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Aeromonas isolates. Conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids are the major backbones for mcr in poultry isolates from HICs. The mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-9 have been integrated into the chromosome, making them persist among the clones. Transposons, insertion sequences (IS), especially ISApl1 located downstream and upstream of mcr, and integrons also drive the COL resistance in isolates recovered from the poultry sector in HICs. Genes coding multi-and extensive-drug resistance and virulence factors are often co-carried with mcr on chromosome and plasmids in poultry isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among poultry strains in HICs is clonally unrestricted. Additionally, the contact with poultry birds, manure, meat/egg, farmer's wears/farm equipment, consumption of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, and trade of poultry-related products continue to serve as transmission routes of MGHB in HICs. Indeed, the policymakers, especially those involved in antimicrobial resistance and agricultural and poultry sector stakeholders-clinical microbiologists, farmers, veterinarians, occupational health clinicians and related specialists, consumers, and the general public will find this current literature synthesis very useful.202134707919
258550.9955A scoping review of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and signatures in ready-to-eat street foods in Africa: implications for public health. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite its critical role in individual and societal health, food hygiene remains underexplored. Antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat (RTE) food threaten public health. This scoping review collected data on the epidemiological prevalence of RTE food-contaminated pathogens resistant to antimicrobial drugs and resistance genes in Africa. METHOD: Using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS), handpicked from references, pre-reviewed published articles were retrieved and analyzed according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. RESULTS: The findings indicate 40 previewed published articles qualified for meta-synthesis in the scoping review with a population/case ratio of 11,653/5,338 (45.80%). The most frequently reported RTE foods were meat or beef/beef-soup, chicken or poultry products, salads, vegetable salads, and sandwiches, which harboured pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the use of 48 antibiotics to manage infections, following CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) protocols. Moreover, 10 authors reported 54 resistance genes associated with pathogenic resistant bacteria. In addition, only 15 studies received funding or financial support. CONCLUSION: These findings from several researchers indicate that RTE street foods in African and resource-limited nations harbour enteric pathogens and are a significant concern to the public health system and reservoir of the spread of antibiotic resistance. This underscores the necessity of implementing effective control strategies to address challenges and limit the spread of resistant bacteria in RTE foods. The antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in the region is a significant concern. Notably, Africa needs to strengthen the national and international regulatory bodies and a health surveillance system on antimicrobial resistance, particularly among developing nations.202540270817
668660.9955The Impact of Wastewater on Antimicrobial Resistance: A Scoping Review of Transmission Pathways and Contributing Factors. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue driven by the overuse of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture, and veterinary settings. Wastewater and treatment plants (WWTPs) act as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in addressing AMR. This scoping review analyzes wastewater's role in the AMR spread, identifies influencing factors, and highlights research gaps to guide interventions. METHODS: This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles published up to June 2024, supplemented by manual reference checks. The review focused on wastewater as a source of AMR, including hospital effluents, industrial and urban sewage, and agricultural runoff. Screening and selection were independently performed by two reviewers, with conflicts resolved by a third. RESULTS: Of 3367 studies identified, 70 met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that antibiotic residues, heavy metals, and microbial interactions in wastewater are key drivers of AMR development. Although WWTPs aim to reduce contaminants, they often create conditions conducive to horizontal gene transfer, amplifying resistance. Promising interventions, such as advanced treatment methods and regulatory measures, exist but require further research and implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Wastewater plays a pivotal role in AMR dissemination. Targeted interventions in wastewater management are essential to mitigate AMR risks. Future studies should prioritize understanding AMR dynamics in wastewater ecosystems and evaluating scalable mitigation strategies to support global health efforts.202540001375
183970.9955Environmental mediation of colistin resistance in the African context. A systematic scoping review. OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative bacteria is a major global health concern. Resistance to last-resort antibiotics like colistin is particularly alarming. This study reviews how environmental factors have contributed to colistin resistance in the African context, where reports of colistin-resistant Gram-negative organisms are emerging. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using multiple databases to identify articles on environmental mediation of colistin resistance in Africa. Search terms included "environment," "colistin," "mobile colistin resistance gene," and related keywords. Articles from 2015 to 2021 focusing on Africa were included. Data on country, genes detected, methods used, and bacterial species were extracted. RESULTS: Out of 847 articles identified, 26 were included in the final review. Studies were predominantly from Tunisia, Algeria, South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, and Congo. The mobile colistin resistance (mcr-1) gene was the most common genetic variant detected. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the predominant organism spreading mcr genes. Colistin-resistant genes were found in humans, animals, and environmental samples including manure, soil, water bodies, and wildlife. CONCLUSIONS: This review confirms the rapid spread of plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant genes in humans, animals, and the environment across Africa. The movement of resistant genes between these reservoirs is alarming. There is a need for more research into colistin resistance mechanisms and implementation of continent-wide antibiotic stewardship programs to address this emerging threat in Africa. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.202539681218
188080.9955Emergence and Dissemination of mcr-Carrying Clinically Relevant Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Clone ST34. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is one of the urgent threats to both public and global health. The Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic sequence type 34 (ST34) clone, with its rapid dissemination and resistance to numerous critical antimicrobials, has raised global concerns. Here, we present an updated overview on the emerging infections caused by mobile colistin resistance (mcr)-carrying colistin-resistant ST34 isolates, covering their global dissemination and virulence-associated efficacy. The higher rates of mcr-1-positive ST34 in children in China highlights the increasing threat caused by this pathogen. Most of the ST34 isolates carrying the mcr-1 gene were isolated from animals and food products, indicating the role of foodborne transmission of mcr-1. The emergence of multidrug resistance genes along with various virulence factors and many heavy metal resistance genes on the chromosome and plasmid from ST34 isolates will challenge available therapeutic options. The presence of the colistin resistance gene (mcr-1, mcr-3, and mcr-5) with the multidrug-resistant phenotype in ST34 has spread across different countries, and most of the mcr-1 genes in ST34 isolates were detected in plasmid type IncHI2 followed by IncI2, and IncX4. Together, mcr-carrying S. Typhimurium ST34 may become a new pandemic clone. The fast detection and active surveillance in community, hospital, animal herds, food products and environment are urgently warranted.201931466338
252990.9955Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Street Foods: A Systematic Review. Street food may be a vehicle of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to humans. Foods contaminated with ARB entail serious problems or challenges in the fields of medical care, animal husbandry, food industry, and public health worldwide. The objectives of this systematic review were to identify and evaluate scientific reports associated with ARB isolated from various street foods. "Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis" (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The bibliographic material covers a period from January 2015 to April 2024. Six electronic scientific databases were searched individually for full-text articles; only those papers that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Seventeen papers were included in this systematic review. This study highlighted the wide distribution of ARB resistant to β-lactams and other antibiotics, posing significant health risks to consumers. High resistance levels were observed for antibiotics such as ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and tetracycline, while some antibiotics, such as ceftazidime, clavulanic acid, cefoperazone, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, doripenem, fosfomycin, vancomycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam, demonstrated 100% susceptibility. The prevalence of ARB in street foods varied between 5.2% and 70.8% among different countries. The multiple resistance of various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and Klebsiella, to multiple classes of antibiotics, as well as environmental factors contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance (AR), emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive approaches and coordinated efforts to confront antimicrobial resistance (AMR) under the "One Health" paradigm.202438927148
1866100.9955Drivers of the emergence and dissemination of high-risk resistance genes in cattle farm. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are recognized by WHO as critical concerns. The high cephalosporin resistance rate in a cattle farm in 2018 prompted us to conduct long-term (2019-2023) and extensive monitoring to explore risk factors for the import and transmission of ESBLs and CPE in this farm. Among 1288 samples from cattle, the environment, milk, and biological vectors, 48.8 % carried bla(CTX-M)-positive Enterobacterales with bla(CTX-M-55) being dominant (76.4 %), and bla(NDM-5)-positive strains emerged in 2022 with a 1.9 % detection rate. bla(CTX-M-55) and bla(NDM-5) were likely introduced through various routes, especially wild birds, and have persisted due to overuse of cephalosporins in the farm. The spread of these genes was driven by the horizontal transmission of IncHI2 and IncX3 plasmids and clonal dissemination of certain clones. Cross-regional and cross-border transmission of bla(CTX-M-55)- and/or bla(NDM-5)-bearing bacteria and plasmids possibly occurred via wild birds, animal trade, and other means. Our findings suggest that the import, persistence, and dissemination of these genes within and beyond this farm, were fueled by suboptimal biosecurity practices and inadequate antibiotic stewardship, highlighting the urgency for integrated public and ecosystem health policies to prevent the spread of resistance genes as part of a holistic One Health strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The high prevalence and long-term persistence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and the emergence of carbapenemases in cattle and the environment signify a critical risk of transmitting high-risk resistance genes, posing a significant threat to human health. Consequently, bacteria carrying these genes in animal farms should be regarded as "hazardous materials". Import, persistence, and dissemination of these genes within and beyond this farm were exacerbated by suboptimal biosecurity practices and inadequate antibiotic stewardship, highlighting the urgency for integrated public and ecosystem health policies to mitigate the environmental risks associated with gene transmission as part of a comprehensive One Health strategy.202539899930
2527110.9955A Systematic Review and Comprehensive Analysis of mcr Gene Prevalence in Bacterial Isolates in Arab Countries. BACKGROUND: The resurgence of colistin has become critical in combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. However, the emergence of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes presents a crucial global challenge, particularly in the Arab world, which includes regions with unique conditions and ongoing conflicts in some parts. METHODS: To address this issue, a systematic review was conducted using multiple databases, including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Arab World Research Source. RESULTS: A total of 153 studies were included, revealing substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence of mcr genes across 15 Arab countries, with notable findings indicating that Egypt and Lebanon reported the highest number of cases. The analysis indicated that the most prevalent sequence types were ST10, ST101, and ST1011, all of which are Escherichia coli strains linked to significant levels of colistin resistance and multiple antimicrobial resistance profiles. CONCLUSIONS: By analyzing the diverse findings from different Arab countries, this review lays a critical foundation for future research and highlights the necessity for enhanced surveillance and targeted interventions to address the looming threat of colistin resistance in the region. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42024584379.202439452224
4997120.9954Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Vegetable Foods. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a growing threat to global health, and its spread through the food chain is gaining increasing attention. While AMR in food of animal origin has been extensively studied, less is known about its prevalence in plant-based foods, particularly fresh and ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables. This study investigated the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in fresh and RTE vegetables. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular analyses for the characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). A significant proportion of samples were found to harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Several ARGs, including those encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and resistance to critically important antimicrobials, were detected. The findings point to environmental contamination-potentially originating from wastewater reuse and agricultural practices-as a likely contributor to AMR dissemination in vegetables. The presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and ARGs in fresh produce raises concerns about food safety and public health. The current regulatory framework lacks specific criteria for monitoring AMR in vegetables, highlighting the urgent need for surveillance programs and risk mitigation strategies. This study contributes to a better understanding of AMR in the plant-based food sector and supports the implementation of a One Health approach to address this issue.202540732728
6616130.9954The menace of colistin resistance across globe: Obstacles and opportunities in curbing its spread. Colistin-resistance in bacteria is a big concern for public health, since it is a last resort antibiotic to treat infectious diseases of multidrug resistant and carbapenem resistant Gram-negative pathogens in clinical settings. The emergence of colistin resistance in aquaculture and poultry settings has escalated the risks associated with colistin resistance in environment as well. The staggering number of reports pertaining to the rise of colistin resistance in bacteria from clinical and non-clinical settings is disconcerting. The co-existence of colistin resistant genes with other antibiotic resistant genes introduces new challenges in combatting antimicrobial resistance. Some countries have banned the manufacture, sale and distribution of colistin and its formulations for food producing animals. However, to tackle the issue of antimicrobial resistance, a one health approach initiative, inclusive of human, animal, and environmental health needs to be developed. Herein, we review the recent reports in colistin resistance in bacteria of clinical and non-clinical settings, deliberating on the new findings obtained regarding the development of colistin resistance. This review also discusses the initiatives implemented globally in mitigating colistin resistance, their strength and weakness.202336812837
5008140.9954Genetic diversity and risk factors for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance across human, animals and environmental compartments in East Africa: a review. BACKGROUND: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to disease control in East Africa. Resistance to beta-lactams, which are by far the most used antibiotics worldwide and include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, is reducing options for effective control of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health have all advocated surveillance of AMR using an integrated One Health approach. Regional consortia also have strengthened collaboration to address the AMR problem through surveillance, training and research in a holistic and multisectoral approach. This review paper contains collective information on risk factors for transmission, clinical relevance and diversity of resistance genes relating to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) across the human, animal and environmental compartments in East Africa. MAIN BODY: The review of the AMR literature (years 2001 to 2019) was performed using search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google and Web of Science. The search terms included 'antimicrobial resistance and human-animal-environment', 'antimicrobial resistance, risk factors, genetic diversity, and human-animal-environment' combined with respective countries of East Africa. In general, the risk factors identified were associated with the transmission of AMR. The marked genetic diversity due to multiple sequence types among drug-resistant bacteria and their replicon plasmid types sourced from the animal, human and environment were reported. The main ESBL, MRSA and carbapenem related genes/plasmids were the (bla)CTX-Ms (45.7%), SCCmec type III (27.3%) and IMP types (23.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The high diversity of the AMR genes suggests there may be multiple sources of resistance bacteria, or the possible exchange of strains or a flow of genes amongst different strains due to transfer by mobile genetic elements. Therefore, there should be harmonized One Health guidelines for the use of antibiotics, as well as regulations governing their importation and sale. Moreover, the trend of ESBLs, MRSA and carbapenem resistant (CAR) carriage rates is dynamic and are on rise over time period, posing a public health concern in East Africa. Collaborative surveillance of AMR in partnership with regional and external institutions using an integrated One Health approach is required for expert knowledge and technology transfer to facilitate information sharing for informed decision-making.202032762743
4985150.9954Exploring the Role of the Environment as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial-Resistant Campylobacter: Insights from Wild Birds and Surface Waters. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health challenge, compromising bacterial infection treatments and necessitating robust surveillance and mitigation strategies. The overuse of antimicrobials in humans and farm animals has made them hotspots for AMR. However, the spread of AMR genes in wildlife and the environment represents an additional challenge, turning these areas into new AMR hotspots. Among the AMR bacteria considered to be of high concern for public health, Campylobacter has been the leading cause of foodborne infections in the European Union since 2005. This study examines the prevalence of AMR genes and virulence factors in Campylobacter isolates from wild birds and surface waters in Luxembourg. The findings reveal a significant prevalence of resistant Campylobacter strains, with 12% of C. jejuni from wild birds and 37% of C. coli from surface waters carrying resistance genes, mainly against key antibiotics like quinolones and tetracycline. This study underscores the crucial role of the environment in the spread of AMR bacteria and genes, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and control measures to curb AMR in wildlife and environmental reservoirs and reduce transmission risks to humans. This research supports One Health approaches to tackling antimicrobial resistance and protecting human, animal, and environmental health.202439203463
4998160.9954Microbial Contamination and Antibiotic Resistance in Fresh Produce and Agro-Ecosystems in South Asia-A Systematic Review. Fresh produce prone to microbial contamination is a potential reservoir for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), posing challenges to food safety and public health. This systematic review aims to comprehensively assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens and the incidence of ARB/ARGs in fresh produce and agro-ecosystems across South Asia. Twenty-two relevant studies published between 2012 and 2022 from three major scientific databases and the grey literature were identified. The results revealed a wide occurrence of microbial contamination in various types of fresh produce across South Asia, with a predominance of E. coli (16/22), Salmonella spp. (13/22), Staphylococcus spp. (5/22), and Klebsiella spp. (4/22). The agro-ecosystem serves as a complex interface for microbial interactions; studies have reported the prevalence of E. coli (1/4), Salmonella spp. (1/4) and Listeria monocytogenes (1/4) in farm environment samples. A concerning prevalence of ARB has been reported, with resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. The presence of ARGs in fresh produce underscores the potential for gene transfer and the emergence of resistant pathogens. To conclude, our review provides insights into the requirements of enhanced surveillance, collaborative efforts, implementation of good agricultural practices, and public awareness for food safety and safeguarding public health in the region.202439597656
6662170.9954One Health strategies in combating antimicrobial resistance: a Southeast Asian perspective. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a multifactorial global public health concern that is interlinked with the health of humans, animals, and the environment. Therapeutically important antibiotics used widely in the mass medication of livestock have contributed significantly to AMR, as they eventually enter the environment due to inadequate treatment of wastewater. Similarly, improper discharge of antibiotic-contaminated waste by the medical sector exacerbates the problem by contributing to the increase in the selection of resistant bacteria and the horizontal transfer of resistance genes. Developed and developing countries and regions worldwide acknowledged that no discipline or sector of society can successfully address climate change, known and emerging infectious diseases, and AMR by acting in isolation. Countries in Southeast Asia, like elsewhere in the world, have also adopted a transdisciplinary and multi-sectoral collaboration integrating human, animal, and environmental health, known as the One Health strategy.202540476586
4979180.9954Emerging threat: Antimicrobial resistance proliferation during epidemics - A case study of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in South Brazil. The escalating global concern of antimicrobial resistance poses a significant challenge to public health. This study delved into the occurrence of resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes in the waters and sediments of urban rivers and correlated this emergence and the heightened use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Isolating 45 antimicrobial-resistant bacteria across 11 different species, the study identifies prevalent resistance patterns, with ceftriaxone resistance observed in 18 isolates and ciprofloxacin resistance observed in 13 isolates. The detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases, and acquired quinolone resistance genes in all samples underscores the gravity of the situation. Comparison with a pre-pandemic study conducted in the same rivers in 2019 reveals the emergence of previously undetected new resistant species, and the noteworthy presence of new resistant species and alterations in resistance profiles among existing species. Notably, antimicrobial concentrations in rivers increased during the pandemic, contributing significantly to the scenario of antimicrobial resistance observed in these rivers. We underscore the substantial impact of heightened antimicrobial usage during epidemics, such as COVID-19, on resistance in urban rivers. It provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in environmental settings and calls for comprehensive approaches to combat this pressing global health issue, safeguarding both public and environmental health.202438581873
4996190.9954Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from fish and aquaculture water: an emerging concern for consumers. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a significant global health threat, exacerbated using antimicrobials in aquaculture, which accelerates the spread of resistant bacteria. In fish and aquaculture water, Escherichia coli acts as a key reservoir and vector for AMR, facilitating the dissemination of strains resistant to critically important antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin, often through the production of enzymes such as extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. This review aimed to synthesize recent findings on AMR patterns and associated genes in E. coli from fish and aquaculture waters globally. Studies indicate a high prevalence of resistant E. coli, with multidrug resistance to β-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides. Common resistance genes identified include blaTEM, blaCTX-M, tet(A), sul1, and qnrS. The presence of bacterial strains harboring these resistance genes poses a significant public health risk through transmission in the food chain and the environment. The study concludes that tackling this challenge effectively demands robust surveillance, optimized aquaculture management, responsible antimicrobial stewardship, and a cohesive One Health framework aimed at reducing AMR in aquaculture and preserving public health.202540693960