# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8616 | 0 | 0.9983 | Mechanisms of inhibition and recovery under multi-antibiotic stress in anammox: A critical review. With the escalating global concern for emerging pollutants, particularly antibiotics, microplastics, and nanomaterials, the potential disruption they pose to critical environmental processes like anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) has become a pressing issue. The anammox process, which plays a crucial role in nitrogen removal from wastewater, is particularly sensitive to external pollutants. This paper endeavors to address this knowledge gap by providing a comprehensive overview of the inhibition mechanisms of multi-antibiotic on anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, along with insights into their recovery processes. The paper dives deeply into the various ways antibiotics interact with anammox bacteria, focusing specifically on their interference with the bacteria's extracellular polymers (EPS) - crucial components that maintain the structural integrity and functionality of the cells. Additionally, it explores how anammox bacteria utilize quorum sensing (QS) mechanisms to regulate their community structure and respond to antibiotic stress. Moreover, the paper summarizes effective removal methods for these antibiotics from wastewater systems, which is crucial for mitigating their inhibitory effects on anammox bacteria. Finally, the paper offers valuable insights into how anammox communities can recuperate from multi-antibiotic stress. This includes strategies for reintroducing healthy bacteria, optimizing operational conditions, and using bioaugmentation techniques to enhance the resilience of anammox communities. In summary, this paper not only enriches our understanding of the complex interactions between antibiotics and anammox bacteria but also provides theoretical and practical guidance for the treatment of antibiotic pollution in sewage, ensuring the sustainability and effectiveness of wastewater treatment processes. | 2024 | 39366232 |
| 9216 | 1 | 0.9981 | Mitigating Antibiotic Resistance: The Utilization of CRISPR Technology in Detection. Antibiotics, celebrated as some of the most significant pharmaceutical breakthroughs in medical history, are capable of eliminating or inhibiting bacterial growth, offering a primary defense against a wide array of bacterial infections. However, the rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by the widespread use of antibiotics, has evolved into a widespread and ominous threat to global public health. Thus, the creation of efficient methods for detecting resistance genes and antibiotics is imperative for ensuring food safety and safeguarding human health. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) systems, initially recognized as an adaptive immune defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea, have unveiled their profound potential in sensor detection, transcending their notable gene-editing applications. CRISPR/Cas technology employs Cas enzymes and guides RNA to selectively target and cleave specific DNA or RNA sequences. This review offers an extensive examination of CRISPR/Cas systems, highlighting their unique attributes and applications in antibiotic detection. It outlines the current utilization and progress of the CRISPR/Cas toolkit for identifying both nucleic acid (resistance genes) and non-nucleic acid (antibiotic micromolecules) targets within the field of antibiotic detection. In addition, it examines the current challenges, such as sensitivity and specificity, and future opportunities, including the development of point-of-care diagnostics, providing strategic insights to facilitate the curbing and oversight of antibiotic-resistance proliferation. | 2024 | 39727898 |
| 9728 | 2 | 0.9981 | Metagenomic analysis of metal(loid)s resistance genes and its environmental applications. Heavy metals are widely used to satiate the demands of growing industrialization and modern life. However, the presence of metal in large quantities in the ecosystem significantly impacts all life forms, particularly microorganisms. Many bacterial strains have developed metal resistance genes (MRG) to survive in extreme conditions through various mechanisms, such as active efflux, sequestration, permeability barriers, or co-resistance with antibiotic resistance genes. Metagenomic analysis is a powerful approach that enables the exploration of the functional repertoire and diversity of microorganisms, providing deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of MRGs, and the active metabolites they produce to adapt to the polluted environments. With the advancement of these techniques, the knowledge can be further applied to environmental applications, such as bioremediation, biomonitoring, and synthetic biology. Bacteria with metal toxicity tolerance can be employed to enhance environmental sustainability and mitigate potential hazards. | 2025 | 40992856 |
| 8647 | 3 | 0.9981 | Eco-evolutionary strategies for relieving carbon limitation under salt stress differ across microbial clades. With the continuous expansion of saline soils under climate change, understanding the eco-evolutionary tradeoff between the microbial mitigation of carbon limitation and the maintenance of functional traits in saline soils represents a significant knowledge gap in predicting future soil health and ecological function. Through shotgun metagenomic sequencing of coastal soils along a salinity gradient, we show contrasting eco-evolutionary directions of soil bacteria and archaea that manifest in changes to genome size and the functional potential of the soil microbiome. In salt environments with high carbon requirements, bacteria exhibit reduced genome sizes associated with a depletion of metabolic genes, while archaea display larger genomes and enrichment of salt-resistance, metabolic, and carbon-acquisition genes. This suggests that bacteria conserve energy through genome streamlining when facing salt stress, while archaea invest in carbon-acquisition pathways to broaden their resource usage. These findings suggest divergent directions in eco-evolutionary adaptations to soil saline stress amongst microbial clades and serve as a foundation for understanding the response of soil microbiomes to escalating climate change. | 2024 | 39019914 |
| 6447 | 4 | 0.9980 | Climate warming fuels the global antibiotic resistome by altering soil bacterial traits. Understanding the implications of global warming on the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFGs) within soil ecosystems is crucial for safeguarding human well-being and sustaining ecosystem health. However, there is currently a lack of large-scale, systematic underpinning data needed to examine this issue. Here, using an integrative approach that combines field experiments, extensive global metagenomic data and microbial culturing, we show that warming enriches bacteria with ARGs and VFGs, increases metabolic complexity and adaptability in bacteria, and accelerates genetic alterations related to ARG and VFGs development. Our validation experiments confirm that the warming effect is more pronounced in colder regions. Machine learning predictions further suggest that warming will increase the soil ARG abundance, especially in some areas that rely heavily on fossil fuels. These results suggest another major negative consequence of global warming, highlighting the importance of developing and implementing sustainability policies that simultaneously combat climate change and antibiotic resistance. | 2025 | 40468041 |
| 6397 | 5 | 0.9980 | Microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes as rising threats: Their interaction represents an urgent environmental concern. Microplastics (MPs) have been reported to be emerging contaminant of different environmental niches like air, soil, and water. When exposed to these environments, MPs interact with already existing antibiotics to create combined pollution that can harm organisms. MPs have garnered significant attention in academic circles due to their ability to adsorb antibiotics. This review article explores different dimensions of MPs, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and the interplay between MPs, antibiotics, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), emphasizing their interconnection with soil and water pollution. It also summarizes the mechanisms behind the interaction between antibiotics and MPs, detailing various physical and chemical interactions. Additionally, it outlines the pathways through which MPs and ARGs complexes spread, offering insights for future research and solutions to tackle compound pollution. The article concludes by providing targeted strategies to mitigate the environmental and public health risks posed by MP-associated ARG transmission, highlighting the need for integrated pollution control, advanced monitoring techniques, and stricter regulatory policies. | 2025 | 40756460 |
| 8410 | 6 | 0.9979 | Unveiling the role of phages in shaping the periodontal microbial ecosystem. The oral microbiome comprises various species and plays a crucial role in maintaining the oral ecosystem and host health. Phages are an important component of the periodontal microbiome, yet our understanding of periodontal phages remains limited. Here, we investigated oral periodontal phages using various advanced bioinformatics tools based on genomes of key periodontitis pathogens. Prophages were found to encode various auxiliary genes that potentially enhance host survival and pathogenicity, including genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, antibiotic resistance, and immune modulation. We observed cross-species transmission among prophages with a complex network of phage-bacteria interactions. Our findings suggest that prophages play a crucial role in shaping the periodontal microbial ecosystem, influencing microbial community dynamics and the progression of periodontitis.IMPORTANCEIn the context of periodontitis, the ecological dynamics of the microbiome are largely driven by interactions between bacteria and their phages. While the impact of prophages on regulating oral pathogens has been increasingly recognized, their role in modulating periodontal disease remains underexplored. This study reveals that prophages within key periodontitis pathogens contribute significantly to virulence factor dissemination, antibiotic resistance, and host metabolism. By influencing the metabolic capabilities and survival strategies of their bacterial hosts, prophages may act as critical regulators of microbial communities in the oral cavity. Understanding these prophage-mediated interactions is essential not only for unraveling the mechanisms of periodontal disease progression but also for developing innovative therapeutic approaches that target the microbial ecosystem at the genetic level. These insights emphasize the need for more comprehensive studies on the ecological risks posed by prophages in shaping microbial pathogenicity and resistance. | 2025 | 40152610 |
| 8658 | 7 | 0.9979 | Microplastic exposure reshapes the virome and virus-bacteria networks with implications for immune regulation in Mytilus coruscus. Microplastic pollution has emerged as a critical environmental concern, yet its impacts on host-associated viral communities and immune balance in marine bivalves remain largely unexplored. In this study, Mytilus coruscus individuals were exposed to microplastics in situ for seven days. Virome sequencing and bioinformatic analyses revealed that microplastic exposure induced divergent responses in DNA and RNA viral communities. DNA viromes exhibited suppressed diversity and downregulation of core viral metabolic pathways, potentially reflecting reduced viral replication capacity under host immune stress. In contrast, RNA viromes displayed metabolic activation and functional shifts, including enriched glycan and nucleotide metabolism, possibly linked to enhanced viral activity or immune evasion. Phage-bacteria interaction networks were also restructured, showing increased associations with opportunistic pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae and Enterobacter, potentially affecting immune surveillance. Furthermore, the expression of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in viral genomes was differentially regulated, suggesting pollutant-induced microbial selection that may challenge host immune resilience. These findings suggest that microplastics not only reshape virome composition and metabolic functions but also influence virus-mediated immune interactions, with important implications for disease susceptibility and immune homeostasis in filter-feeding shellfish. | 2025 | 41056669 |
| 6446 | 8 | 0.9979 | Ecological consequences of antimicrobial residues and bioactive chemicals on antimicrobial resistance in agroecosystems. BACKGROUND: The widespread use of antimicrobials in agriculture, coupled with bioactive chemicals like pesticides and growth-promoting agents, has accelerated the global crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Agroecosystems provides a platform in the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose significant threats to both environmental and public health. AIM OF REVIEW: This review explores the ecological consequences of antimicrobial residues and bioactive chemicals in agroecosystems, with a focus on their role in shaping AMR. It delves into the mechanisms by which these substances enter agricultural environments, their interactions with soil microbiomes, and the subsequent impacts on microbial community structure. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW: Evidence indicates that the accumulation of antimicrobials promotes resistance gene transfer among microorganisms, potentially compromising ecosystem health and agricultural productivity. By synthesizing current research, we identify critical gaps in knowledge and propose strategies for mitigating the ecological risks associated with antimicrobial residues. Moreover, this review highlights the urgent need for integrated management approaches to preserve ecosystem health and combat the spread of AMR in agricultural settings. | 2025 | 39414225 |
| 8615 | 9 | 0.9979 | How anammox responds to the emerging contaminants: Status and mechanisms. Numerous researches have been carried out to study the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater, such as antibiotics, nanomaterials, heavy metals, and microplastics, on the anammox process. However, they are fragmented and difficult to provide a comprehensive understanding of their effects on reactor performance and the metabolic mechanisms in anammox bacteria. Therefore, this paper overviews the effects on anammox processes by the introduced emerging contaminants in the past years to fulfill such knowledge gaps that affect our perception of the inhibitory mechanisms and limit the optimization of the anammox process. In detail, their effects on anammox processes from the aspects of reactor performance, microbial community, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and functional genes related to anammox and nitrogen transformation in anammox consortia are summarized. Furthermore, the metabolic mechanisms causing the cell death of anammox bacteria, such as induction of reactive oxygen species, limitation of substrates diffusion, and membrane binding are proposed. By offering this review, the remaining research gaps are identified, and the potential metabolic mechanisms in anammox consortia are highlighted. | 2021 | 34087646 |
| 6450 | 10 | 0.9979 | Protist predation promotes antimicrobial resistance spread through antagonistic microbiome interactions. Antibiotic resistance has grown into a major public health threat. In this study, we reveal predation by protists as an overlooked driver of antibiotic resistance dissemination in the soil microbiome. While previous studies have primarily focused on the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes, our work sheds light on the pivotal role of soil protists in shaping antibiotic resistance dynamics. Using a combination of metagenomics and controlled experiments in this study, we demonstrate that protists cause an increase in antibiotic resistance. We mechanistically link this increase to a fostering of antimicrobial activity in the microbiome. Protist predation gives a competitive edge to bacteria capable of producing antagonistic secondary metabolites, which secondary metabolites promote in turn antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study provides insights into the complex interplay between protists and soil microbiomes in regulating antibiotic resistance dynamics. This study highlights the importance of top-down control on the spread of antibiotic resistance and directly connects it to cross-kingdom interactions within the microbiome. Managing protist communities may become an important tool to control outbreaks of antibiotic resistance in the environment. | 2024 | 39259188 |
| 9214 | 11 | 0.9979 | Enabling genetic analysis of diverse bacteria with Mobile-CRISPRi. The vast majority of bacteria, including human pathogens and microbiome species, lack genetic tools needed to systematically associate genes with phenotypes. This is the major impediment to understanding the fundamental contributions of genes and gene networks to bacterial physiology and human health. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats interference (CRISPRi), a versatile method of blocking gene expression using a catalytically inactive Cas9 protein (dCas9) and programmable single guide RNAs, has emerged as a powerful genetic tool to dissect the functions of essential and non-essential genes in species ranging from bacteria to humans(1-6). However, the difficulty of establishing effective CRISPRi systems across bacteria is a major barrier to its widespread use to dissect bacterial gene function. Here, we establish 'Mobile-CRISPRi', a suite of CRISPRi systems that combines modularity, stable genomic integration and ease of transfer to diverse bacteria by conjugation. Focusing predominantly on human pathogens associated with antibiotic resistance, we demonstrate the efficacy of Mobile-CRISPRi in gammaproteobacteria and Bacillales Firmicutes at the individual gene scale, by examining drug-gene synergies, and at the library scale, by systematically phenotyping conditionally essential genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis. Mobile-CRISPRi enables genetic dissection of non-model bacteria, facilitating analyses of microbiome function, antibiotic resistances and sensitivities, and comprehensive screens for host-microorganism interactions. | 2019 | 30617347 |
| 8663 | 12 | 0.9979 | CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea play pivotal roles in response of microbial community to antibiotic stress in groundwater. The accumulation of antibiotics in the natural environment can disrupt microbial population dynamics. However, our understanding of how microbial communities adapt to the antibiotic stress in groundwater ecosystems remains limited. By recovering 2675 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from 66 groundwater samples, we explored the effect of antibiotics on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities, and revealed the pivotal microbes and their mechanisms in coping with antibiotic stress. The results indicated that antibiotics had the most significant influence on bacterial and archaeal communities, while the impact on the fungal community was minimal. Analysis of co-occurrence networks between antibiotics and microbes revealed the critical roles of Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria and DPANN archaea, two representative microbial groups in groundwater ecosystem, in coping with antibiotic resistance and enhancing network connectivity and complexity. Further genomic analysis demonstrated that CPR bacteria carried approximately 6 % of the identified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), indicating their potential to withstand antibiotics on their own. Meanwhile, the genomes of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea were found to encode diverse biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) responsible for producing antimicrobial metabolites, which could not only assist CPR and DPANN organisms but also benefit the surrounding microbes in combating antibiotic stress. These findings underscore the significant impact of antibiotics on prokaryotic microbial communities in groundwater, and highlight the importance of CPR bacteria and DPANN archaea in enhancing the overall resilience and functionality of the microbial community in the face of antibiotic stress. | 2024 | 38246077 |
| 6396 | 13 | 0.9979 | Interaction between microplastic biofilm formation and antibiotics: Effect of microplastic biofilm and its driving mechanisms on antibiotic resistance gene. As two pollutants with similar transport pathways, microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics (ATs) inevitably co-exist in water environments, and their interaction has become a topic of intense research interest for scholars over the past few years. This paper comprehensively and systematically reviews the current interaction between MPs and ATs, in particular, the role played by biofilm developed MPs (microplastic biofilm). A summary of the formation process of microplastic biofilm and its unique microbial community structure is presented in the paper. The formation of microplastic biofilm can enhance the adsorption mechanisms of ATs on primary MPs. Moreover, microplastic biofilm system is a diverse and vast reservoir of genetic material, and this paper reviews the mechanisms by which microplastics with biofilm drive the production of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the processes that selectively enrich for more ARGs. Meanwhile, the enrichment of ARGs may lead to the development of microbial resistance and the gradual loss of the antimicrobial effect of ATs. The transfer pathways of ARGs affected by microplastic biofilm are outlined, and ARGs dependent transfer of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) is mainly through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Furthermore, the ecological implications of the interaction between microplastic biofilm and ATs and perspectives for future research are reviewed. This review contributes to a new insight into the aquatic ecological environmental risks and the fate of contaminants (MPs, ATs), and is of great significance for controlling the combined pollution of these two pollutants. | 2023 | 37517232 |
| 8635 | 14 | 0.9979 | Techniques for enhancing the tolerance of industrial microbes to abiotic stresses: A review. The diversity of stress responses and survival strategies evolved by microorganism enables them to survive and reproduce in a multitude of harsh environments, whereas the discovery of the underlying resistance genes or mechanisms laid the foundation for the directional enhancement of microbial tolerance to abiotic stresses encountered in industrial applications. Many biological techniques have been developed for improving the stress resistance of industrial microorganisms, which greatly benefited the bacteria on which industrial production is based. This review introduces the main techniques for enhancing the resistance of microorganisms to abiotic stresses, including evolutionary engineering, metabolic engineering, and process engineering, developed in recent years. In addition, we also discuss problems that are still present in this area and offer directions for future research. | 2020 | 31206805 |
| 9182 | 15 | 0.9979 | Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 in engineering biotic stress immunity in crops. There is significant potential for CRISPR/Cas9 to be used in developing crops that can adapt to biotic stresses such as fungal, bacterial, viral, and pest infections and weeds. The increasing global population and climate change present significant threats to food security by putting stress on plants, making them more vulnerable to diseases and productivity losses caused by pathogens, pests, and weeds. Traditional breeding methods are inadequate for the rapid development of new plant traits needed to counteract this decline in productivity. However, modern advances in genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have transformed crop protection through precise and targeted modifications of plant genomes. This enables the creation of resilient crops with improved resistance to pathogens, pests, and weeds. This review examines various methods by which CRISPR/Cas9 can be utilized for crop protection. These methods include knocking out susceptibility genes, introducing resistance genes, and modulating defense genes. Potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in crop protection involve introducing genes that confer resistance to pathogens, disrupting insect genes responsible for survival and reproduction, and engineering crops that are resistant to herbicides. In conclusion, CRISPR/Cas9 holds great promise for advancing crop protection and ensuring food security in the face of environmental challenges and increasing population pressures. The most recent advancements in CRISPR technology for creating resistance to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and pests are covered here. We wrap up by outlining the most pressing issues and technological shortcomings, as well as unanswered questions for further study. | 2025 | 40663257 |
| 6425 | 16 | 0.9978 | Freshwater plastisphere: a review on biodiversity, risks, and biodegradation potential with implications for the aquatic ecosystem health. The plastisphere, a unique microbial biofilm community colonizing plastic debris and microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments, has attracted increasing attention owing to its ecological and public health implications. This review consolidates current state of knowledge on freshwater plastisphere, focussing on its biodiversity, community assembly, and interactions with environmental factors. Current biomolecular approaches revealed a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa associated with plastic surfaces. Despite their ecological importance, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and mobile genetic elements (i.e., antibiotic resistance genes) raises concerns for ecosystem and human health. However, the extent of these risks and their implications remain unclear. Advanced sequencing technologies are promising for elucidating the functions of plastisphere, particularly in plastic biodegradation processes. Overall, this review emphasizes the need for comprehensive studies to understand plastisphere dynamics in freshwater and to support effective management strategies to mitigate the impact of plastic pollution on freshwater resources. | 2024 | 38699475 |
| 8629 | 17 | 0.9978 | Antibiotic resistance in plant growth promoting bacteria: A comprehensive review and future perspectives to mitigate potential gene invasion risks. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are endowed with several attributes that can be beneficial for host plants. They opened myriad doors toward green technology approach to reduce the use of chemical inputs, improve soil fertility, and promote plants' health. However, many of these PGPB harbor antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Less attention has been given to multi-resistant bacterial bioinoculants which may transfer their ARGs to native soil microbial communities and other environmental reservoirs including animals, waters, and humans. Therefore, large-scale inoculation of crops by ARGs-harboring bacteria could worsen the evolution and dissemination of antibiotic resistance and aggravate the negative impacts on such ecosystem and ultimately public health. Their introduction into the soil could serve as ARGs invasion which may inter into the food chain. In this review, we underscore the antibiotic resistance of plant-associated bacteria, criticize the lack of consideration for this phenomenon in the screening and application processes, and provide some recommendations as well as a regulation framework relating to the development of bacteria-based biofertilizers to aid maximizing their value and applications in crop improvement while reducing the risks of ARGs invasion. | 2022 | 36204627 |
| 8609 | 18 | 0.9978 | Nano-biochar regulates phage-host interactions, reducing antibiotic resistance genes in vermicomposting systems. Biochar amendment reshapes microbial community dynamics in vermicomposting, but the mechanism of how phages respond to this anthropogenic intervention and regulate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains unclear. In this study, we used metagenomics, viromics, and laboratory validation to explore how nano-biochar affects phage-host interactions and ARGs dissemination in vermicomposting. Our results revealed distinct niche-specific phage life strategies. In vermicompost, lytic phages dominated and used a "kill-the-winner" strategy to suppress antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). In contrast, lysogenic phages prevailed in the earthworm gut, adopting a "piggyback-the-winner" strategy that promoted ARGs transduction through mutualistic host interactions. Nano-biochar induced the conversion of lysogenic to lytic phages in the earthworm gut, while concurrently reducing the abundance of lysogenic phages and their encoded auxiliary metabolic genes carried by ARB. This shift disrupted phage-host mutualism and inhibited ARGs transmission via a "phage shunting" mechanism. In vitro validation with batch culture experiments further confirmed that lysogenic phages increased transduction of ARGs in the earthworm gut, while nano-biochar reduced the spread of ARGs by enhancing lysis infectivity. Our study constructs a mechanistic framework linking nano-biochar induced shifts in phage lifestyles that suppress ARG spread, offering insights into phage-host coadaptation and resistance mitigation strategies in organic waste treatment ecosystems. | 2025 | 40838886 |
| 9186 | 19 | 0.9978 | From Gene Editing to Biofilm Busting: CRISPR-CAS9 Against Antibiotic Resistance-A Review. In recent decades, the development of novel antimicrobials has significantly slowed due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), intensifying the global struggle against infectious diseases. Microbial populations worldwide rapidly develop resistance due to the widespread use of antibiotics, primarily targeting drug-resistant germs. A prominent manifestation of this resistance is the formation of biofilms, where bacteria create protective layers using signaling pathways such as quorum sensing. In response to this challenge, the CRISPR-Cas9 method has emerged as a ground-breaking strategy to counter biofilms. Initially identified as the "adaptive immune system" of bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 has evolved into a state-of-the-art genetic engineering tool. Its exceptional precision in altering specific genes across diverse microorganisms positions it as a promising alternative for addressing antibiotic resistance by selectively modifying genes in diverse microorganisms. This comprehensive review concentrates on the historical background, discovery, developmental stages, and distinct components of CRISPR Cas9 technology. Emphasizing its role as a widely used genome engineering tool, the review explores how CRISPR Cas9 can significantly contribute to the targeted disruption of genes responsible for biofilm formation, highlighting its pivotal role in reshaping strategies to combat antibiotic resistance and mitigate the challenges posed by biofilm-associated infectious diseases. | 2024 | 38702575 |