# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 6650 | 0 | 0.9913 | Antibiotic resistance is never going to go away. No matter how many drugs we throw at it, no matter how much money and resources are sacrificed to wage a war on resistance, it will always prevail. Humans are forced to coexist with the fact of antibiotic resistance. Public health officials, clinicians, and scientists must find effective ways to cope with antibiotic resistant bacteria harmful to humans and animals and to control the development of new types of resistance. The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium October 12–14, 2008, to discuss antibiotic resistance and the factors that influence the development and spread of resistance. Participants, whose areas of expertise included medicine, microbiology, and public health, made specific recommendations for needed research, policy development, a surveillance network, and treatment guidelines. Antibiotic resistance issues specific to the developing world were discussed and recommendations for improvements were made. Each antibiotic is injurious only to a certain segment of the microbial world, so for a given antibacterial there are some species of bacteria that are susceptible and others not. Bacterial species insusceptible to a particular drug are “naturally resistant.” Species that were once sensitive but eventually became resistant to it are said to have “acquired resistance.” It is important to note that “acquired resistance” affects a subset of strains in the entire species; that is why the prevalence of “acquired resistance” in a species is different according to location. Antibiotic resistance, the acquired ability of a pathogen to withstand an antibiotic that kills off its sensitive counterparts, originally arises from random mutations in existing genes or from intact genes that already serve a similar purpose. Exposure to antibiotics and other antimicrobial products, whether in the human body, in animals, or the environment, applies selective pressure that encourages resistance to emerge favoring both “naturally resistant” strains and strains which have “acquired resistance.” Horizontal gene transfer, in which genetic information is passed between microbes, allows resistance determinants to spread within harmless environmental or commensal microorganisms and pathogens, thus creating a reservoir of resistance. Resistance is also spread by the replication of microbes that carry resistance genes, a process that produces genetically identical (or clonal) progeny. Rapid diagnostic methods and surveillance are some of the most valuable tools in preventing the spread of resistance. Access to more rapid diagnostic tests that could determine the causative agent and antibiotic susceptibility of infections would inform better decision making with respect to antibiotic use, help slow the selection of resistant strains in clinical settings, and enable better disease surveillance. A rigorous surveillance network to track the evolution and spread of resistance is also needed and would probably result in significant savings in healthcare. Developing countries face unique challenges when it comes to antibiotic resistance; chief among them may be the wide availability of antibiotics without a prescription and also counterfeit products of dubious quality. Lack of adequate hygiene, poor water quality, and failure to manage human waste also top the list. Recommendations for addressing the problems of widespread resistance in the developing world include: proposals for training and infrastructure capacity building; surveillance programs; greater access to susceptibility testing; government controls on import, manufacture and use; development and use of vaccines; and incentives for pharmaceutical companies to supply drugs to these countries. Controlling antibiotic resistant bacteria and subsequent infections more efficiently necessitates the prudent and responsible use of antibiotics. It is mandatory to prevent the needless use of antibiotics (e.g., viral infections; unnecessary prolonged treatment) and to improve the rapid prescription of appropriate antibiotics to a patient. Delayed or inadequate prescriptions reduce the efficacy of treatment and favor the spread of the infection. Prudent use also applies to veterinary medicine. For example, antibiotics used as “growth promoters” have been banned in Europe and are subject to review in some other countries. There are proven techniques for limiting the spread of resistance, including hand hygiene, but more rapid screening techniques are needed in order to effectively track and prevent spread in clinical settings. The spread of antibiotic resistance on farms and in veterinary hospitals may also be significant and should not be neglected. Research is needed to pursue alternative approaches, including vaccines, antisense therapy, public health initiatives, and others. The important messages about antibiotic resistance are not getting across from scientists and infectious diseases specialists to prescribers, stakeholders, including the public, healthcare providers, and public officials. Innovative and effective communication initiatives are needed, as are carefully tailored messages for each of the stakeholder groups. | 2009 | 32644325 |
| 6648 | 1 | 0.9911 | Multi-Drug Resistant Coliform: Water Sanitary Standards and Health Hazards. Water constitutes and sustains life; however, its pollution afflicts its necessity, further worsening its scarcity. Coliform is one of the largest groups of bacteria evident in fecally polluted water, a major public health concern. Coliform thrive as commensals in the gut of warm-blooded animals, and are indefinitely passed through their feces into the environment. They are also called as model organisms as their presence is indicative of the prevalence of other potential pathogens, thus coliform are and unanimously employed as adept indicators of fecal pollution. As only a limited accessible source of fresh water is available on the planet, its contamination severely affects its usability. Coliform densities vary geographically and seasonally which leads to the lack of universally uniform regulatory guidelines regarding water potability often leads to ineffective detection of these model organisms and the misinterpretation of water quality status. Remedial measures such as disinfection, reducing the nutrient concentration or re-population doesn't hold context in huge lotic ecosystems such as freshwater rivers. There is also an escalating concern regarding the prevalence of multi-drug resistance in coliforms which renders antibiotic therapy incompetent. Antimicrobials are increasingly used in household, clinical, veterinary, animal husbandry and agricultural settings. Sub-optimal concentrations of these antimicrobials are unintentionally but regularly dispensed into the environment through seepages, sewages or runoffs from clinical or agricultural settings substantially adding to the ever-increasing pool of antibiotic resistance genes. When present below their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), these antimicrobials trigger the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes that the coliform readily assimilate and further propagate to pathogens, the severity of which is evidenced by the high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index shown by the bacterial isolates procured from the environmental. This review attempts to assiduously anthologize the use of coliforms as water quality standards, their existent methods of detection and the issue of arising multi-drug resistance in them. | 2018 | 29946253 |
| 6649 | 2 | 0.9911 | The development of antibiotics has provided much success against infectious diseases in animals and humans. But the intensive and extensive use of antibiotics over the years has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The existence of a reservoir(s) of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in an interactive environment of animals, plants, and humans provides the opportunity for further transfer and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria has created growing concern about its impact on animal and human health. To specifically address the impact of antibiotic resistance resulting from the use of antibiotics in agriculture, the American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium, “Antibiotic Resistance and the Role of Antimicrobials in Agriculture: A Critical Scientific Assessment,” in Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 2–4, 2001. Colloquium participants included academic, industrial, and government researchers with a wide range of expertise, including veterinary medicine, microbiology, food science, pharmacology, and ecology. These scientists were asked to provide their expert opinions on the current status of antibiotic usage and antibiotic resistance, current research information, and provide recommendations for future research needs. The research areas to be addressed were roughly categorized under the following areas: ▪ Origins and reservoirs of resistance; ▪ Transfer of resistance; ▪ Overcoming/modulating resistance by altering usage; and ▪ Interrupting transfer of resistance. The consensus of colloquium participants was that the evaluation of antibiotic usage and its impact were complex and subject to much speculation and polarization. Part of the complexity stems from the diverse array of animals and production practices for food animal production. The overwhelming consensus was that any use of antibiotics creates the possibility for the development of antibiotic resistance, and that there already exist pools of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Much discussion revolved around the measurement of antibiotic usage, the measurement of antibiotic resistance, and the ability to evaluate the impact of various types of usage (animal, human) on overall antibiotic resistance. Additionally, many participants identified commensal bacteria as having a possible role in the continuance of antibiotic resistance as reservoirs. Participants agreed that many of the research questions could not be answered completely because of their complexity and the need for better technologies. The concept of the “smoking gun” to indicate that a specific animal source was important in the emergence of certain antibiotic resistant pathogens was discussed, and it was agreed that ascribing ultimate responsibility is likely to be impossible. There was agreement that expanded and more improved surveillance would add to current knowledge. Science-based risk assessments would provide better direction in the future. As far as preventive or intervention activities, colloquium participants reiterated the need for judicious/prudent use guidelines. Yet they also emphasized the need for better dissemination and incorporation by end-users. It is essential that there are studies to measure the impact of educational efforts on antibiotic usage. Other recommendations included alternatives to antibiotics, such as commonly mentioned vaccines and probiotics. There also was an emphasis on management or production practices that might decrease the need for antibiotics. Participants also stressed the need to train new researchers and to interest students in postdoctoral work, through training grants, periodic workshops, and comprehensive conferences. This would provide the expertise needed to address these difficult issues in the future. Finally, the participants noted that scientific societies and professional organizations should play a pivotal role in providing technical advice, distilling and disseminating information to scientists, media, and consumers, and in increasing the visibility and funding for these important issues. The overall conclusion is that antibiotic resistance remains a complex issue with no simple answers. This reinforces the messages from other meetings. The recommendations from this colloquium provide some insightful directions for future research and action. | 2002 | 32687288 |
| 5103 | 3 | 0.9911 | Revolutionising bacteriology to improve treatment outcomes and antibiotic stewardship. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS GENERALLY TAKES TWO DAYS: one to grow the bacteria and another to identify them and to test their susceptibility. Meanwhile the patient is treated empirically, based on likely pathogens and local resistance rates. Many patients are over-treated to prevent under-treatment of a few, compromising antibiotic stewardship. Molecular diagnostics have potential to improve this situation by accelerating precise diagnoses and the early refinement of antibiotic therapy. They include: (i) the use of 'biomarkers' to swiftly distinguish patients with bacterial infection, and (ii) molecular bacteriology to identify pathogens and their resistance genes in clinical specimens, without culture. Biomarker interest centres on procalcitonin, which has given good results particularly for pneumonias, though broader biomarker arrays may prove superior in the future. PCRs already are widely used to diagnose a few infections (e.g. tuberculosis) whilst multiplexes are becoming available for bacteraemia, pneumonia and gastrointestinal infection. These detect likely pathogens, but are not comprehensive, particularly for resistance genes; there is also the challenge of linking pathogens and resistance genes when multiple organisms are present in a sample. Next-generation sequencing offers more comprehensive profiling, but obstacles include sensitivity when the bacterial load is low, as in bacteraemia, and the imperfect correlation of genotype and phenotype. In short, rapid molecular bacteriology presents great potential to improve patient treatments and antibiotic stewardship but faces many technical challenges; moreover it runs counter to the current nostrum of defining resistance in pharmacodynamic terms, rather than by the presence of a mechanism, and the policy of centralising bacteriology services. | 2013 | 24265945 |
| 3762 | 4 | 0.9909 | The epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and transmission of cutaneous bacterial pathogens in domestic animals. As the primary agents of skin and soft tissue infections in animals, Staphylococcus spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are among the most formidable bacterial pathogens encountered by veterinarians. Staphylococci are commensal inhabitants of the surfaces of healthy skin and mucous membranes, which may gain access to deeper cutaneous tissues by circumventing the stratum corneum's barrier function. Compromised barrier function occurs in highly prevalent conditions such as atopic dermatitis, endocrinopathies, and skin trauma. P aeruginosa is an environmental saprophyte that constitutively expresses virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes that promote its success as an animal pathogen. For both organisms, infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, joints, central nervous system, and body cavities may occur through ascension along epithelial tracts, penetrating injuries, or hematogenous spread. When treating infections caused by these pathogens, veterinarians now face greater therapeutic challenges and more guarded outcomes for our animal patients because of high rates of predisposing factors for infection and the broad dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes within these bacterial species. This review considers the history of the rise and expansion of multidrug resistance in staphylococci and P aeruginosa and the current state of knowledge regarding the epidemiologic factors that underly the dissemination of these pathogens across companion animal populations. Given the potential for cross-species and zoonotic transmission of pathogenic strains of these bacteria, and the clear role played by environmental reservoirs and fomites, a one-health perspective is emphasized. | 2023 | 36917615 |
| 4761 | 5 | 0.9908 | Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of penile prosthesis isolates: insights from in-vitro analysis. BACKGROUND: Inflatable penile prostheses (IPPs) have been shown to harbor biofilms in the presence and absence of infection despite exposure to various antimicrobials. Microbes persisting on IPPs following antibiotic exposure have not been adequately studied to assess biofilm formation capacity and antibiotic resistance. AIM: In this study, we aimed to assess these properties of microbes obtained from explanted infected and non-infected IPPS using an in vitro model. METHODS: 35 bacterial isolates were grown and tested against various single-agent or multiple agent antibiotic regimens including: bacitracin, cefaclor, cefazolin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tobramycin, vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin + piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin + cefazolin, and gentamicin + vancomycin. Zones of inhibition were averaged for each sample site and species. Statistics were analyzed with Holm's corrected, one-sample t-tests against a null hypothesis of 0. Isolates were also allowed to form biofilms in a 96-well polyvinyl plate and absorbance was tested at 570 nm using a microplate reader. OUTCOMES: Resistance was determined via clinical guidelines or previously established literature, and the mean and standard deviation of biofilm absorbance values were calculated and normalized to the optical density600 of the bacterial inoculum. RESULTS: Every species tested was able to form robust biofilms with the exception of Staphylococcus warneri. As expected, most bacteria were resistant to common perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis. Gentamicin dual therapy demonstrated somewhat greater efficacy. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This study examines a broad range of antimicrobials against clinically obtained bacterial isolates. However, not all species and antibiotics tested had standardized breakpoints, requiring the use of surrogate values from the literature. The microbes included in this study and their resistance genes are expectedly biased towards those that survived antibiotic exposure, and thus reflect the types of microbes which might "survive" in vivo exposure following revisional surgery. CLINICAL TRANSLATION: Despite exposure to antimicrobials, bacteria isolated during penile prosthesis revision for both infected and non-infected cases exhibit biofilm forming capacity and extensive antibiotic resistance patterns in vitro. These microbes merit further investigation to understand when simple colonization vs re-infection might occur. CONCLUSIONS: Although increasing evidence supports the concept that all IPPs harbor biofilms, even in the absence of infection, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of bacteria that survive revisional surgery is warranted. This study demonstrated extensive biofilm forming capabilities, and resistance patterns among bacteria isolated from both non-infected and infected IPP revision surgeries. Further investigation is warranted to determine why some devices become infected while others remain colonized but non-infected. | 2025 | 40062463 |
| 9810 | 6 | 0.9908 | Drug-resistant bacteria in the critically ill: patterns and mechanisms of resistance and potential remedies. Antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit is an ongoing global healthcare concern associated with high mortality and morbidity rates and high healthcare costs. Select groups of bacterial pathogens express different mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Clinicians face challenges in managing patients with multidrug-resistant bacteria in the form of a limited pool of available antibiotics, slow and potentially inaccurate conventional diagnostic microbial modalities, mimicry of non-infective conditions with infective syndromes, and the confounding of the clinical picture of organ dysfunction associated with sepsis with postoperative surgical complications such as hemorrhage and fluid shifts. Potential remedies for antimicrobial resistance include specific surveillance, adequate and systematic antibiotic stewardship, use of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic techniques of therapy, and antimicrobial monitoring and adequate employment of infection control policies. Novel techniques of combating antimicrobial resistance include the use of aerosolized antibiotics for lung infections, the restoration of gut microflora using fecal transplantation, and orally administered probiotics. Newer antibiotics are urgently needed as part of the armamentarium against multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this review we discuss mechanisms and patterns of microbial resistance in a select group of drug-resistant bacteria, and preventive and remedial measures for combating antibiotic resistance in the critically ill. | 2023 | 39816646 |
| 3966 | 7 | 0.9907 | A model of antibiotic resistance genes accumulation through lifetime exposure from food intake and antibiotic treatment. Antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections represent one of the most serious contemporary global healthcare crises. Acquisition and spread of resistant infections can occur through community, hospitals, food, water or endogenous bacteria. Global efforts to reduce resistance have typically focussed on antibiotic use, hygiene and sanitation and drug discovery. However, resistance in endogenous infections, e.g. many urinary tract infections, can result from life-long acquisition and persistence of resistance genes in commensal microbial flora of individual patients, which is not normally considered. Here, using individual based Monte Carlo models calibrated using antibiotic use data and human gut resistomes, we show that the long-term increase in resistance in human gut microbiomes can be substantially lowered by reducing exposure to resistance genes found food and water, alongside reduced medical antibiotic use. Reduced dietary exposure is especially important during patient antibiotic treatment because of increased selection for resistance gene retention; inappropriate use of antibiotics can be directly harmful to the patient being treated for the same reason. We conclude that a holistic approach to antimicrobial resistance that additionally incorporates food production and dietary considerations will be more effective in reducing resistant infections than a purely medical-based approach. | 2023 | 37590256 |
| 9500 | 8 | 0.9907 | Antibiotic and biocide resistance in bacteria: introduction. Drug resistance in bacteria is increasing and the pace at which new antibiotics are being produced is slowing. It is now almost commonplace to hear about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), multi-drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDRTB) strains and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. So-called new and emerging pathogens add to the gravity of the situation. Reduced susceptibility to biocides is also apparently increasing, but is more likely to be low level in nature and to concentrations well below those used in hospital, domestic an industrial practice. A particular problem, however, is found with bacteria and other micro-organisms present in biofilms, where a variety of factors can contribute to greater insusceptibility compared with cells in planktonic culture. Also of potential concern is the possibility that widespread usage of biocides is responsible for the selection and maintenance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The basic mechanisms of action of, and bacterial resistance to, antibiotics are generally well documented, although data continue to accumulate about the nature and importance of efflux systems. In contrast, the modes of action of most biocides are poorly understood and consequently, detailed evaluation of bacterial resistance mechanisms is often disappointing. During this Symposium, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides are discussed at length. It is hoped that this knowledge will be used to develop newer, more effective drugs and biocides that can be better and perhaps, on occasion, more logically used to combat the increasing problem of bacterial resistance. | 2002 | 12000607 |
| 9499 | 9 | 0.9907 | Antibiotic and biocide resistance in bacteria: introduction. Drug resistance in bacteria is increasing and the pace at which new antibiotics are being produced is slowing. It is now almost commonplace to hear about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), multi-drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDRTB) strains and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria. So-called new and emerging pathogens add to the gravity of the situation. Reduced susceptibility to biocides is also apparently increasing, but is more likely to be low level in nature and to concentrations well below those used in hospital, domestic an industrial practice. A particular problem, however, is found with bacteria and other micro-organisms present in biofilms, where a variety of factors can contribute to greater insusceptibility compared with cells in planktonic culture. Also of potential concern is the possibility that widespread usage of biocides is responsible for the selection and maintenance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The basic mechanisms of action of, and bacterial resistance to, antibiotics are generally well documented, although data continue to accumulate about the nature and importance of efflux systems. In contrast, the modes of action of most biocides are poorly understood and consequently, detailed evaluation of bacterial resistance mechanisms is often disappointing. During this Symposium, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides are discussed at length. It is hoped that this knowledge will be used to develop newer, more effective drugs and biocides that can be better and perhaps, on occasion, more logically used to combat the increasing problem of bacterial resistance. | 2002 | 12481823 |
| 9747 | 10 | 0.9906 | A Novel Enterococcus Phage Endolysin Lys22 with a Wide Host Range Against Mixed Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The global surge in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens has created an urgent imperative for innovative antimicrobial strategies. Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter baumannii demonstrate remarkable antibiotic resistance and dominate hospital-acquired infections. These bacteria often form biofilms, a complex community structure that shields them from immune system phagocytosis, resists antibiotic penetration, and enhances their survival in hostile environments. In clinical cases, these bacteria often form mixed biofilms and lead to treatment failures. Phages and their derivatives have emerged as promising candidates in the fight against drug-resistant bacteria. Lys22, an endolysin derived from an enterococcus phage, has been cloned and demonstrated to possess a broad host range, effectively targeting E. faecalis, various Staphylococcus species, and A. baumannii. When applied to the biofilms formed by these bacteria, Lys22 was found to significantly inhibit both simple and complex biofilms in vitro. Virulent genes, including agrA, sarA, and icaA in S. aureus; asa1, cylA, and gelE in E. faecalis; and OmpA and lpsB in A. baumannii were also downregulated by Lys22. Notably, Lys22 also exhibited a robust protective effect against dual or triple infections involving E. faecalis, S. aureus, and A. baumannii in a zebrafish embryos model, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent in combatting multi-bacterial infections. | 2025 | 41156670 |
| 9625 | 11 | 0.9906 | Water chlorination increases the relative abundance of an antibiotic resistance marker in developing sourdough starters. Multiple factors explain the proper development of sourdough starters. Although the role of raw ingredients and geography, among other things, have been widely studied recently, the possible effect of air quality and water chlorination on the overall bacterial communities associated with sourdough remains to be explored. Here, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we show that clean, filtered-air severely limited the presence of lactic acid bacteria in sourdough starters, suggesting that surrounding air is an important source of microorganisms necessary for the development of sourdough starters. We also show that water chlorination at levels commonly found in drinking water systems has a limited impact on the overall bacterial communities developing in sourdough starters. However, using targeted sequencing, which offers a higher resolution, we found that the abundance of integron 1, a genetic mechanism responsible for the horizontal exchange of antibiotic-resistance genes in spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, increased significantly with the level of water chlorination. Although our results suggest that water chlorination might not impact sourdough starters at a deep phylogenetic level, they indicate that it can favor the spread of genetic elements associated with spoilage bacteria. IMPORTANCE: Proper development of sourdough starters is critical for making tasty and healthy bread. Although many factors contributing to sourdough development have been studied, the effect of water chlorination on the bacterial communities in sourdough has been largely ignored. Researchers used sequencing techniques to investigate this effect and found that water chlorination at levels commonly found in drinking water systems has a limited impact on the overall bacterial communities developing in sourdough starters. However, they discovered that water chlorination could increase the abundance of integron 1, a genetic mechanism responsible for the horizontal exchange of antibiotic resistance genes in spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. This suggests that water chlorination could favor the growth of key spoilage bacteria and compromise the quality and safety of the bread. These findings emphasize the importance of considering water quality when developing sourdough starters for the best possible bread. | 2024 | 39283274 |
| 4219 | 12 | 0.9906 | Antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in lactobacilli: something to carefully consider. Lactobacilli are a ubiquitous bacteria, that includes many species commonly found as part of the human microbiota, take part in the natural food fermentation processes, are used as probiotics, and in the food sector as starter cultures or bio-protectors. Their wide use is dictated by a long history of safe employ, which has allowed them to be classified as GRAS (General Recognized As Safe) microorganisms by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and QPS (Qualified Presumption of Safety) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2007; EFSA, 2021). Despite their classification as safe microorganisms, several studies show that some members of Lactobacillus genus can cause, especially in individuals with previous pathological conditions, problems such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and peritonitis. In other cases, the presence of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance, and its potential transfer to pathogenic microorganisms constitute a risk to be considered. Consequently, their safety status was sometimes questioned, and it is, therefore, essential to carry out appropriate assessments before their use for any purposes. The following review focuses on the state of the art of studies on genes that confer virulence factors, including antibiotic resistance, reported in the literature within the lactobacilli, defining their genetic basis and related functions. | 2022 | 35082060 |
| 3761 | 13 | 0.9905 | Stenotrophomonas maltophilia as an Emerging Ubiquitous Pathogen: Looking Beyond Contemporary Antibiotic Therapy. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a commensal and an emerging pathogen earlier noted in broad-spectrum life threatening infections among the vulnerable, but more recently as a pathogen in immunocompetent individuals. The bacteria are consistently being implicated in necrotizing otitis, cutaneous infections including soft tissue infection and keratitis, endocarditis, meningitis, acute respiratory tract infection (RTI), bacteraemia (with/without hematological malignancies), tropical pyomyositis, cystic fibrosis, septic arthritis, among others. S. maltophilia is also an environmental bacteria occurring in water, rhizospheres, as part of the animals' microflora, in foods, and several other microbiota. This review highlights clinical reports on S. maltophilia both as an opportunistic and as true pathogen. Also, biofilm formation as well as quorum sensing, extracellular enzymes, flagella, pili/fimbriae, small colony variant, other virulence or virulence-associated factors, the antibiotic resistance factors, and their implications are considered. Low outer membrane permeability, natural MDR efflux systems, and/or resistance genes, resistance mechanisms like the production of two inducible chromosomally encoded β-lactamases, and lack of carefully compiled patient history are factors that pose great challenges to the S. maltophilia control arsenals. The fluoroquinolone, some tetracycline derivatives and trimethoprim-sulphamethaxole (TMP-SMX) were reported as effective antibiotics with good therapeutic outcome. However, TMP-SMX resistance and allergies to sulfa together with high toxicity of fluoroquinolone are notable setbacks. S. maltophilia's production and sustenance of biofilm by quorum sensing enhance their virulence, resistance to antibiotics and gene transfer, making quorum quenching an imperative step in Stenotrophomonas control. Incorporating several other proven approaches like bioengineered bacteriophage therapy, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), essential oil, nanoemulsions, and use of cationic compounds are promising alternatives which can be incorporated in Stenotrophomonas control arsenal. | 2017 | 29250041 |
| 4233 | 14 | 0.9905 | Antibiotic resistance in acne treatment. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is an anaerobic bacteria implicated in the pathogenesis of acne. The last 30 years have witnessed an alarming increase in resistance to antibiotics commonly employed to treat acne. Antibiotic resistance in acne represents a significant international public health concern because resistance can occur in more pathogenic bacteria than P. acnes, and an increase in pathogenic P. acnes has been reported. Current treatment guidelines offer strategies to limit the potential for resistance while achieving optimal outcome in the management of inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne. | 2012 | 23032935 |
| 2554 | 15 | 0.9905 | Development of an antibiotic resistance monitoring system in Hungary. Because of the rapid development and spread of antimicrobial resistance it is important that a system be established to monitor antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic zoonotic and commensal bacteria of animal origin. Susceptibility testing of bacteria from carcasses and different samples of animal origin has been carried out in veterinary institutes for a long time but by an inconsistent methodology. The disc diffusion method proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) was introduced in all institutes in 1997. In order to obtain a coherent view of the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria a computer system was consulted, consisting of a central computer to store all data and some local computers attached to it through the network. At these local measuring stations computers are connected to a video camera, which displays the picture of Petri dishes on the monitor, and inhibition zone diameters of bacteria can be drawn with the mouse by the inspector. The software measures the diameters, evaluates whether or not the bacteria are sensitive, and stores the data. The evaluation is based upon the data of the NCCLS. The central computer can be connected to as many local computers with measuring stations as we wish, so it is suitable for an integrated system for monitoring trends in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from animals, food and humans, facilitating comparison of the occurrence of resistance for each circumstance in the chain. It depends on the examiners which antibiotics they want to examine. Thirty-two different antibiotic panels were compiled, taking into consideration the active ingredients of medicinal products permitted for veterinary use in Hungary, natural resistance and cross-resistance, the mechanism of resistance and the animal species, i.e. which drugs were recommended for treatment in the given animal species, and the recommendations of the OIE Expert Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. The members of the panels can be changed any time, even during the measuring process. In addition to the inhibition zone diameters of bacteria the database also includes information about bacterial and animal species, the age of animals and the sample or organ where the bacteria are from. Since January 2001 the antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus strains isolated from the colons of slaughter cows, pigs and broiler chickens has also been examined. Each of the 19 counties of Hungary submits to the laboratory three tied colon samples from a herd of the above-mentioned animals every month. | 2002 | 12113174 |
| 4078 | 16 | 0.9905 | Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with food animals: a United States perspective of livestock production. The use of antimicrobial compounds in food animal production provides demonstrated benefits, including improved animal health, higher production and, in some cases, reduction in foodborne pathogens. However, use of antibiotics for agricultural purposes, particularly for growth enhancement, has come under much scrutiny, as it has been shown to contribute to the increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of human significance. The transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and selection for resistant bacteria can occur through a variety of mechanisms, which may not always be linked to specific antibiotic use. Prevalence data may provide some perspective on occurrence and changes in resistance over time; however, the reasons are diverse and complex. Much consideration has been given this issue on both domestic and international fronts, and various countries have enacted or are considering tighter restrictions or bans on some types of antibiotic use in food animal production. In some cases, banning the use of growth-promoting antibiotics appears to have resulted in decreases in prevalence of some drug resistant bacteria; however, subsequent increases in animal morbidity and mortality, particularly in young animals, have sometimes resulted in higher use of therapeutic antibiotics, which often come from drug families of greater relevance to human medicine. While it is clear that use of antibiotics can over time result in significant pools of resistance genes among bacteria, including human pathogens, the risk posed to humans by resistant organisms from farms and livestock has not been clearly defined. As livestock producers, animal health experts, the medical community, and government agencies consider effective strategies for control, it is critical that science-based information provide the basis for such considerations, and that the risks, benefits, and feasibility of such strategies are fully considered, so that human and animal health can be maintained while at the same time limiting the risks from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. | 2007 | 17600481 |
| 6647 | 17 | 0.9905 | Potential Elimination of Human Gut Resistome by Exploiting the Benefits of Functional Foods. Recent advances in technology over the last decades have strived to elucidate the diverse and abundant ecosystem of the human microbiome. The intestinal microbiota represents a densely inhabited environment that offers a plethora of beneficial effects to the host's wellbeing. On the other hand, it can serve as a potential reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria and their antibiotic-resistant genes (ARgenes), which comprise the "gut resistome." ARgenes, like antibiotics, have been omnipresent in the environment for billions of years. In the context of the gut microbiome, these genes may conflate into exogenous MDR or emerge in commensals due to mutations or gene transfers. It is currently generally accepted that Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. It is of paramount importance that researchers focus on, amongst other parameters, elaborating strategies to manage the gut resistome, particularly focusing on the diminution of AMR. Potential interventions in the gut microbiome field by Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) or functional foods are newly emerged candidates for the uprooting of MDR strains and restoring dysbiosis and resilience. Probiotic nutrition is thought to diminish gut colonization from pathobionts. Yet only a few studies have explored the effects of antibiotics use on the reservoir of AR genes and the demanding time for return to normal by gut microbiota-targeted strategies. Regular administration of probiotic bacteria has recently been linked to restoration of the gut ecosystem and decrease of the gut resistome and AR genes carriers. This review summarizes the latest information about the intestinal resistome and the intriguing methods of fighting against AMR through probiotic-based methods and gut microbial shifts that have been proposed. This study contains some key messages: (1) AMR currently poses a lethal threat to global health, and it is pivotal for the scientific community to do its utmost in fighting against it; (2) human gut microbiome research, within the last decade especially, seems to be preoccupied with the interface of numerous diseases and identifying a potential target for a variety of interventions; (3) the gut resistome, comprised of AR genesis, presents very early on in life and is prone to shifts due to the use of antibiotics or dietary supplements; and (4) future strategies involving functional foods seem promising for the battle against AMR through intestinal resistome diminution. | 2020 | 32117102 |
| 4227 | 18 | 0.9905 | Antibiotic resistance determinants in the interplay between food and gut microbiota. A complex and heterogeneous microflora performs sugar and lactic acid fermentations in food products. Depending on the fermentable food matrix (dairy, meat, vegetable etc.) as well as on the species composition of the microbiota, specific combinations of molecules are produced that confer unique flavor, texture, and taste to each product. Bacterial populations within such "fermented food microbiota" are often of environmental origin, they persist alive in foods ready for consumption, eventually reaching the gastro-intestinal tract where they can interact with the resident gut microbiota of the host. Although this interaction is mostly of transient nature, it can greatly contribute to human health, as several species within the food microbiota also display probiotic properties. Such an interplay between food and gut microbiota underlines the importance of the microbiological quality of fermented foods, as the crowded environment of the gut is also an ideal site for genetic exchanges among bacteria. Selection and spreading of antibiotic resistance genes in foodborne bacteria has gained increasing interest in the past decade, especially in light of the potential transferability of antibiotic resistance determinants to opportunistic pathogens, natural inhabitants of the human gut but capable of acquiring virulence in immunocompromised individuals. This review aims at describing major findings and future prospects in the field, especially after the use of antibiotics as growth promoters was totally banned in Europe, with special emphasis on the application of genomic technologies to improve quality and safety of fermented foods. | 2011 | 21526400 |
| 3968 | 19 | 0.9905 | Thinking outside the (pill) box: Does toxic metal exposure thwart antibiotic stewardship best practices? Multi-antibiotic resistant (MAR) bacteria cost billions in medical care and tens of thousands of lives annually but perennial calls to limit agricultural and other misuse of antibiotics and to fund antibiotic discovery have not slowed this MAR deluge. Since mobile genetic elements (MGEs) stitch single antibiotic resistance genes into clinically significant MAR arrays, it is high time to focus on how MGEs generate MAR and how disabling them could ameliorate the MAR problem. However, to consider only antibiotics as the drivers of MAR is to miss the significant impact of exposure to non-antibiotic toxic chemicals, specifically metals, on the persistence and spread of MAR. Toxic metals were among the earliest discovered targets of plasmid-encoded resistance genes. Recent genomic epidemiology clearly demonstrated the co-prevalence of metal resistances and antibiotic multi-resistance, uniquely in humans and domestic animals. Metal resistances exploit the same, ancient "transportation infrastructure" of plasmids, transposons, and integrons that spread the antibiotic resistance genes and will continue to do so even if all antibiotic misuse were stopped today and new antibiotics were flowing from the pipeline monthly. In a key experiment with primates, continuous oral exposure to mercury (Hg) released from widely used dental amalgam fillings co-selected for MAR bacteria in the oral and fecal commensal microbiomes and, most importantly, when amalgams were replaced with non-metal fillings, MAR bacteria declined dramatically. Could that also be happening on the larger public health scale as use of amalgam restorations is curtailed or banned in many countries? This commentary covers salient past and recent findings of key metal-antibiotic resistance associations and proposes that the shift from phenotyping to genotyping in surveillance of resistance loci will allow a test of whether declining exposure to this leading source of Hg is accompanied by a decline in MAR compared to countries where amalgam is still used. If this hypothesis is correct, the limited success of antibiotic stewardship practices may be because MAR is also being driven by continuous, daily exposure to Hg, a non-antibiotic toxicant widely used in humans. | 2018 | 30193909 |