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854600.9961A review of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment: Increasing removal with wetlands and reducing environmental impacts. Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) include a diverse group of chemical compounds, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, hormones, surfactants, flame retardants and plasticizers. Many of these compounds are not significantly removed in conventional wastewater treatment plants and are discharged to the environment, presenting an increasing threat to both humans and natural ecosystems. Recently, antibiotics have received considerable attention due to growing microbial antibiotic-resistance in the environment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have proven effective in removing many EOCs, including different antibiotics, before discharge of treated wastewater into the environment. Wastewater treatment systems that couple conventional treatment plants with constructed and natural wetlands offer a strategy to remove EOCs and reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) far more efficiently than conventional treatment alone. This review presents as overview of the current knowledge on the efficiency of different wetland systems in reducing EOCs and antibiotic resistance.202032247686
793410.9960Mitigated membrane fouling and enhanced removal of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes from wastewater effluent via an integrated pre-coagulation and microfiltration process. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been regarded as an emerging pollutant in municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents due to their potential risk to human health and ecological safety when reused for landscape and irrigation. Conventional wastewater treatment processes generally fail to effectively reduce ARGs, especially extracellular ARGs (eARGs), which are persistent in the environment and play an important role in horizontal gene transfer via transformation. Herein, an integrated process of pre-coagulation and microfiltration was developed for removal of ARGs, especially eARGs, from wastewater effluent. Results show that the integrated process could effectively reduce the absolute abundances of total ARGs (tARGs) (>2.9 logs) and eARGs (>5.2 logs) from the effluent. The excellent performance could be mainly attributed to the capture of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and eARGs by pre-coagulation and co-rejection during subsequent microfiltration. Moreover, the integrated process exhibited a good performance on removing common pollutants (e.g., dissolved organic carbon and phosphate) from the effluent to improve water quality. Besides, the integrated process also greatly reduced membrane fouling compared with microfiltration. These findings suggest that the integrated process of pre-coagulation and microfiltration is a promising advanced wastewater treatment technology for ARGs (especially eARGs) removal from WWTP effluents to ensure water reuse security.201931085389
793320.9958Removal of antibiotic microbial resistance by micro- and ultrafiltration of secondary wastewater effluents at pilot scale. Low-pressure membrane filtration was investigated at pilot scale with regard to its removal of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in conventional secondary treated wastewater plant effluents. While operating microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, key operational parameters for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) studies and key factors influencing AMR removal efficiencies of low-pressure membrane filtration processes were examined. The main factor for AMR removal was the pore size of the membrane. The formation of the fouling layer on capillary membranes had only a small additive effect on intra- and extrachromosomal ARG removal and a significant additive effect on mobile ARG removal. Using feeds with different ARGs abundances revealed that higher ARG abundance in the feed resulted in higher ARG abundance in the filtrate. Live-Dead cell counting in UF filtrate showed intact bacteria breaking through the UF membrane. Strong correlations between 16S rRNA genes (as surrogate for bacteria quantification) and the sul1 gene in UF filtrate indicated ARBs likely breaking through UF membranes.202235598662
793230.9958How multi-walled carbon nanotubes in wastewater influence the fate of coexisting antibiotic resistant genes in the subsequent disinfection process. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important hubs for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Engineered nanoparticles, which was inevitably released to WWTPs, could change environmentally sensitive of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). This would influence the fate of ARGs in subsequent disinfection process and consequent health risk. In this study, the ARGs fate of the effluent in conventional sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection process was investigated as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) existed in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed the existence of MWCNTs in SBR could enhance the removal efficiency of intracellular 16S rRNA gene and intI1, extracellular intI1, sul2 and tetX in the effluent by NaClO. This is mainly due to the variation of bacterial physiological status, bacterial population structure and the activation of NaClO under the role of MWCNTs. MWCNTs in SBR could increase in membrane permeability of bacterial cells, which would be conducive to the penetration of chlorination to cytoplasm. MWCNTs in SBR also could change the bacterial population structure and induce the chlorine-sensitive bacteria; thus the potential hosts of ARGs in the effluent would be more easily inactivated by NaClO. Moreover, the residual MWCNTs in the effluent could activate NaClO to generate various free radical, which would enhance the oxidizing capacity of chlorination.202235500623
792640.9958Microplastics Exacerbated Conjugative Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Ultraviolet Disinfection: Highlighting Difference between Conventional and Biodegradable Ones. Microplastics (MPs) have been confirmed as a hotspot for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater. However, the impact of MPs on the transfer of ARGs in wastewater treatment remains unclear. This study investigated the roles and mechanisms of conventional (polystyrene, PS) and biodegradable (polylactic acid, PLA) MPs in the conjugative transfer of ARGs during ultraviolet disinfection. The results showed that MPs significantly facilitated the conjugative transfer of ARGs compared with individual ultraviolet disinfection, and PSMPs exhibited higher facilitation than PLAMPs. The facilitation effects were attributed to light shielding and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nanoplastics from ultraviolet irradiation of MPs. The light shielding of MPs protected the bacteria and ARGs from ultraviolet inactivation. More importantly, ROS and nanoplastics generated from irradiated MPs induced intracellular oxidative stress on bacteria and further increased the cell membrane permeability and intercellular contact, ultimately enhancing the ARG exchange. The greater fragmentation of PSMPs than PLAMPs resulted in a higher intracellular oxidative stress and a stronger enhancement. This study highlights the concerns of conventional and biodegradable MPs associated with the transfer of ARGs during wastewater treatment, which provides new insights into the combined risks of MPs and ARGs in the environment.202539723446
792850.9958Insight into the responses of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic biofilms to zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc ions pressures in landfill leachate. Microplastic (MP) biofilms are hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in landfill environment. MP biofilms in landfill leachate coexist with heavy metals and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) that considered to be the selective agents of ARGs. However, the effects of these selective pressures on ARGs in MP biofilms and their differences in MP-surrounding leachate have not been well understood. Herein, the changes of ARG abundances in MP biofilms and corresponding leachate under zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and zinc ion (Zn(2+)) pressures were comparatively analyzed. The presence of ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) promoted the enrichment of ARGs in MP biofilms, and the enrichment was more pronounced in ZnO NPs groups. ZnO NPs and especially Zn(2+) mainly decreased the abundances of ARGs in leachate. The increase of integron abundances and reactive oxygen species production in MP biofilms implied the enhanced potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence pattern between ARGs and bacterial genera in MP biofilms with more diverse potential ARG hosts was more complex than in leachate, and the enrichment of ARG-hosting bacteria in MP biofilms under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures supported the enrichment of ARGs.202337480611
861360.9957Insights into the role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are prevalent in aquatic environments. Discharge from wastewater treatment plants is an important point source of ARG release into the environment. It has been reported that biological treatment processes may enhance rather than remove ARG because of their presence in sludge. Attenuation of ARG in biotechnological processes has been studied in depth, showing that many microorganisms can secrete complex extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These EPS can serve as multifunctional elements of microbial communities, involving aspects, such as protection, structure, recognition, adhesion, and physiology. These aspects can influence the interaction between microbial cells and extracellular ARG, as well as the uptake of extracellular ARG by microbial cells, thus changing the transformative capability of extracellular ARG. However, it remains unclear whether EPS can affect horizontal ARG transfer, which is one of the main processes of ARG dissemination. In light of this knowledge gap, this review provides insight into the role of EPS in the transmission of ARGs; furthermore, the mechanism of ARG spread is analyzed, and the molecular compositions and functional properties of EPS are summarized; also, how EPS influence ARG mitigation is addressed, and factors impacting how EPS facilitate ARG during wastewater treatment are summarized. This review provides comprehensive insights into the role of EPS in controlling the transport and fate of ARG during biodegradation processes at the mechanistic level.202438169168
812370.9957The effect of bulk-biochar and nano-biochar amendment on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic contaminated soil. Biochar amendment has significant benefits in removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil. Nevertheless, there is little information on ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil. Herein, a 42-day soil microcosm experiment were carried out to study how two coconut shell biochars (bulk- and nano-size) eliminate soil ARGs with/without microplastic presence. The results showed that microplastic increased significantly the numbers and abundances of ARGs in soil at 14d of cultivation. And, two biochars amendment effectively inhibited soil ARGs spread whether or not microplastic was present, especially for nano-biochar which had more effective removal compared to bulk-biochar. However, microplastic weakened soil ARGs removal after applying same biochar. Two biochars removed ARGs through decreasing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, potential host-bacteria abundances, some bacteria crowding the eco-niche of hosts and promoting soil properties. The adverse effect of microplastic on ARGs removal was mainly caused by weakening mobile genetic elements (MGEs) removal, and by changing soil properties. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that biochar's effect on ARGs profile was changed by its size and microplastic presence through altering MGEs abundances. These results highlight that biochar amendment is still an effective method for ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil.202437907163
855280.9957Sustainable material platforms for multi-log removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes from wastewater: A review. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and the associated resistance genes (ARGs) are now recognized as emerging contaminants that can disseminate via wastewater streams, posing significant risks to both human and ecosystem health. Conventional physicochemical treatment approaches (e.g., chlorination, ozonation, advanced oxidation processes) typically suppress these contaminants but may also result in the formation of hazardous by-products. This critical review comprehensibly evaluates bio-based and other sustainable materials designed for the removal of ARB and ARGs from aqueous environments. The materials are systematically categorized into (i) biopolymers and their composites (chitosan, alginate, cellulose), (ii) carbon-rich adsorbents and (photo-)catalysts (biochar, activated carbon, graphene), (iii) metal- and semiconductor-based nanomaterials, and (iv) nature-based treatment solutions (constructed wetlands, soil-aquifer treatment, clay sorbents). Observed log-reduction value range from 2 to 7 for ARB with platforms such as zinc oxide/activated-carbon alginate beads, Fe/N-doped biochars, and graphene-supramolecular-porphyrin hybrids demonstrating high multifunctional efficacy. Mechanistic studies reveal that removal involves synergistic adsorption, photodynamic or Fenton-like oxidation, cell-membrane disruption, and inhibition of horizontal gene transfer. This review emphasizes the advancing potential of sustainable material solutions for mitigating antibiotic resistance and highlights the urgent need to develop scalable, environmentally sustainable treatment methods for protecting water resources and public health.202540763861
854990.9956Current perspectives on microalgae and extracellular polymers for reducing antibiotic resistance genes in livestock wastewater. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock wastewater resulting from excessive antibiotics used in animal farming pose significant environmental and public health risks. Conventional treatment methods are often costly, inefficient, and may inadvertently promote ARG transmission. Microalgae, with their long genetic distance from bacteria and strong ability to utilize wastewater nutrients, offer a sustainable solution for ARG mitigation. This review studied the abundance and characterization of ARGs in livestock wastewater, highlighted microalgal-based removal mechanisms of ARGs, including phagocytosis, competition, and absorption by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and explored factors influencing their efficacy. Notably, the microalgae-EPS system reduced ARGs by 0.62-3.00 log, demonstrating significant potential in wastewater treatment. Key challenges, such as optimizing algal species, understanding EPS-ARG interactions, targeted reduction of host bacteria, and scaling technologies, were discussed. This work provides critical insights for advancing microalgal-based strategies for ARG removal, promoting environmentally friendly and efficient wastewater management.202540324729
6938100.9956Assessment of the Effects of Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Microplastics Combined with Pesticides on the Soil Microbiota. Microplastics (MPs) and pesticides pose significant threats to the health of soil ecosystems. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics alongside glyphosate and imidacloprid pesticides on soil microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via microcosm experiments. Compared with the control, PLA significantly increased microbial alpha diversity and enhanced microbial functions related to environmental information processing and metabolism. However, PLA also selectively enriched populations of beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria, whereas PET had comparatively weaker effects. Crucially, PLA exposure resulted in substantially higher total abundance and ecological risk levels of soil ARGs than did PET. Coexposure with pesticides further amplified these effects, with PLA demonstrating notable synergistic interactions with both glyphosate and imidacloprid. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that biodegradable MPs such as PLA are environmentally safer than nonbiodegradable MPs, thus highlighting their potential to induce more complex and potentially severe ecological risks under co-contamination scenarios with pesticides.202541175058
6934110.9956Impact of protist predation on bacterial community traits in river sediments. Sediment-associated microbial communities are pivotal in driving biogeochemical processes and serve as key indicators of ecosystem health and function. However, the ecological impact of protist predation on these microbial communities remains poorly understood. Here, sediment microcosms were established with varying concentrations of indigenous protists. Results revealed that protist predation exerted strong and differential effects on the bacterial community composition, functional capabilities, and antibiotic resistance profiles. Higher levels of protist predation pressure increased bacterial alpha diversity and relative abundance of genera associated with carbon and nitrogen cycling, such as Fusibacter, Methyloversatilis, Azospirillum, and Holophaga. KEGG analysis indicated that protist predation stimulated microbial processes related to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Notably, the relative abundance and associated health risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), virulence factor genes (VFGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were affected by predation pressure. Medium protist predation pressure increased the relative abundance and potential risks associated with ARGs, whereas high protist concentrations led to a reduction in both, likely due to a decrease in the relative abundance of ARG-hosting pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Aeromonas. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the dynamics of bacterial communities under protist predation in river sediment ecosystems.202540885182
8644120.9956Biotic and abiotic drivers of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and metal dynamic changes during spontaneous restoration of Pb-Zn mining wastelands. The biotic and abiotic mechanisms that drive important biogeochemical processes (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and metals dynamics) in metal mine revegetation remains elusive. Metagenomic sequencing was used to explored vegetation, soil properties, microbial communities, functional genes and their impacts on soil processes during vegetation restoration in a typical Pb-Zn mine. The results showed a clear niche differentiation between bacteria, fungi and archaea. Compared to bacteria and fungi, the archaea richness were more tightly coupled with natural restoration changes. The relative abundances of CAZyme-related, denitrification-related and metal resistance genes reduced, while nitrification, urease, inorganic phosphorus solubilisation, phosphorus transport, and phosphorus regulation -related genes increased. Redundancy analysis, hierarchical partitioning analysis, relative-importance analysis and partial least squares path modelling, indicated that archaea diversity, primarily influenced by available lead, directly impacts carbon dynamics. Functional genes, significantly affected by available cadmium, directly alter nitrogen dynamics. Additionally, pH affects phosphorus dynamics through changes in bacterial diversity, while metal dynamics are directly influenced by vegetation. These insights elucidate natural restoration mechanisms in mine and highlight the importance of archaea in soil processes.202540054196
6920130.9956Dynamics and key drivers of antibiotic resistance genes during aerobic composting amended with plant-derived and animal manure-derived biochars. Plant-derived and animal manure-derived biochars have been used to improve the quality of compost but the differences in their effects on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during composting are unclear. This study selected two types of biochar (RB and PB) produced from abundant agricultural waste to be added to the compost. Adding plant-derived RB performed better in ARGs, mobile genetic elements, and human pathogenic bacteria removal during aerobic composting, whereas adding manure-derived PB even increased ARGs abundance. Vertical gene transfer was possibly the key mechanism for persistent ARGs, and easily removed ARGs were regulated by horizontal and vertical gene transfer. Adding plant-derived RB reduced the abundances of persistent ARG hosts (e.g., Pseudomonas and Longispora) and ARG-related metabolic pathways and genes. The higher nitrogen content of manure-derived PB may have promoted the proliferation of ARG hosts. Overall, adding manure-derived biochar during composting may not be the optimal option for eliminating ARGs.202235487450
6395140.9956Risk control of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) during sewage sludge treatment and disposal: A review. Sewage sludge is an important reservoir of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the reclamation of sewage sludge potentially threats human health and environmental safety. Sludge treatment and disposal are expected to control these risks, and this review summarizes the fate and controlling efficiency of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in sludge involved in different processes, i.e., disintegration, anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, drying, pyrolysis, constructed wetland, and land application. Additionally, the analysis and characterization methods of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in complicate sludge are reviewed, and the quantitative risk assessment approaches involved in land application are comprehensively discussed. This review benefits process optimization of sludge treatment and disposal, with regard to environmental risks control of antibiotics, ARGs, and ARB in sludge. Furthermore, current research limitations and gaps, e.g., the antibiotic resistance risk assessment in sludge-amended soil, are proposed to advance the future studies.202336933744
8609150.9956Nano-biochar regulates phage-host interactions, reducing antibiotic resistance genes in vermicomposting systems. Biochar amendment reshapes microbial community dynamics in vermicomposting, but the mechanism of how phages respond to this anthropogenic intervention and regulate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remains unclear. In this study, we used metagenomics, viromics, and laboratory validation to explore how nano-biochar affects phage-host interactions and ARGs dissemination in vermicomposting. Our results revealed distinct niche-specific phage life strategies. In vermicompost, lytic phages dominated and used a "kill-the-winner" strategy to suppress antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). In contrast, lysogenic phages prevailed in the earthworm gut, adopting a "piggyback-the-winner" strategy that promoted ARGs transduction through mutualistic host interactions. Nano-biochar induced the conversion of lysogenic to lytic phages in the earthworm gut, while concurrently reducing the abundance of lysogenic phages and their encoded auxiliary metabolic genes carried by ARB. This shift disrupted phage-host mutualism and inhibited ARGs transmission via a "phage shunting" mechanism. In vitro validation with batch culture experiments further confirmed that lysogenic phages increased transduction of ARGs in the earthworm gut, while nano-biochar reduced the spread of ARGs by enhancing lysis infectivity. Our study constructs a mechanistic framework linking nano-biochar induced shifts in phage lifestyles that suppress ARG spread, offering insights into phage-host coadaptation and resistance mitigation strategies in organic waste treatment ecosystems.202540838886
7930160.9956Fates of extracellular and intracellular antibiotic resistance genes in activated sludge and plastisphere under sulfadiazine pressure. Microplastics, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) represent prominent emerging contaminants that can potentially hinder the efficacy of biological wastewater treatment and pose health risks. Plastisphere as a distinct ecological niche for microorganisms, acts as a repository for ARGs and potential pathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, the spread pattern of extracellular ARGs (eARGs) and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) in plastisphere under antibiotic exposure was not yet known. This study aimed to investigate disparities in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production, extracellular and intracellular microbial community structures, as well as the transmission of eARGs and iARGs between activated sludge and plastisphere in an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic system under sulfadiazine (SDZ) exposure. SDZ was found to enhance EPS production in activated sludge and plastisphere. Interestingly, as SDZ removal efficiency increased, EPS content decreased in activated sludge and plastisphere collected from oxic zone, and continued to increase in plastisphere samples collected from anaerobic and anoxic zones. There were significant differences in microbial community structure between activated sludge and plastisphere, and the DNA fragments of potential pathogenic bacteria were detected in extracellular samples. SDZ exhibited a promoting effect on the propagation of eARGs, which were more abundant in the plastisphere than in activated sludge, thus heightening the risk of ARGs dissemination. Extracellular mobile genetic elements played a pivotal role in driving the spread of eARGs, while the microbial community induced the changes of iARGs. Potential pathogenic bacteria emerged as potential hosts for ARGs and mobile genetic elements within activated sludge and plastisphere, leading to more serious environmental threats.202337898001
7935170.9956Removal of antibiotic resistance genes by Cl(2)-UV process: Direct UV damage outweighs free radicals in effectiveness. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose significant environmental health problems and have become a major global concern. This study investigated the efficacy and mechanism of the Cl(2)-UV process (chlorine followed by UV irradiation) for removing ARGs in various forms. The Cl(2)-UV process caused irreversible damage to nearly all ARB at typical disinfectant dosages. In solutions containing only extracellular ARGs (eARGs), the Cl₂-UV process achieved over 99.0 % degradation of eARGs. When both eARGs and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) were present, the process reached a 97.2 % removal rate for iARGs. While the abundance of eARGs initially increased due to the release of iARGs from lysed cells during pre-chlorination, subsequent UV irradiation rapidly degraded the released eARGs, restoring their abundance to near-initial levels by the end of the Cl₂-UV process. Analysis of the roles in degrading eARGs and iARGs during the Cl(2)-UV process revealed that UV, rather than free radicals, was the dominant factor causing ARG damage. Pre-chlorination enhanced direct UV damage to eARGs and iARGs by altering plasmid conformation and promoting efficient damage to high UV-absorbing cellular components. Furthermore, no further natural transformation of residual ARGs occurred following the Cl(2)-UV treatment. This study demonstrated strong evidence for the effectiveness of the Cl(2)-UV process in controlling antibiotic resistance.202540048777
8550180.9956Advances and solutions in biological treatment for antibiotic wastewater with resistance genes: A review. Biological treatment represents a fundamental component of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The transmission of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) occurred through the continuous migration and transformation, attributed to the residual presence of antibiotics in WWTPs effluent, posing a significant threat to the entire ecosystem. It is necessary to propose novel biological strategies to address the challenge of refractory contaminants, such as antibiotics, ARGs and ARB. This review summarizes the occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater, categorized by high and low concentrations. Additionally, current biological treatments used in WWTPs, such as aerobic activated sludge, anaerobic digestion, sequencing batch reactor (SBR), constructed wetland, membrane-related bioreactors and biological aerated filter (BAF) are introduced. In particular, because microorganisms are the key to those biological treatments, the effect of high and low concentration of antibiotics on microorganisms are thoroughly discussed. Finally, solutions involving functional bacteria, partial nitrification (PN)-Anammox and lysozyme embedding are suggested from the perspective of the entire biological treatment process. Overall, this review provides valuable insights for the simultaneous removal of antibiotics and ARGs in antibiotics wastewater.202439121628
8575190.9956Key factors driving the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and controlling strategies during aerobic composting of animal manure: A review. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in animal manure impedes the reutilization of manure resources. Aerobic composting is potentially effective method for resource disposal of animal manure, but the fate of ARGs during composting is complicated due to the various material sources and different operating conditions. This review concentrates on the biotic and abiotic factors influencing the variation of ARGs in composting and their potential mechanisms. The dynamic variations of biotic factors, including bacterial community, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and existence forms of ARGs, are the direct driving factors of the fate of ARGs during composting. However, most key abiotic indicators, including pH, moisture content, antibiotics and heavy metals, interfere with the richness of ARGs indirectly by influencing the succession of bacterial community and abundance of MGEs. The effect of temperature on ARGs depends on whether the ARGs are intracellular or extracellular, which should be paid more attention. The emergence of various controlling strategies renders the composting products safer. Four potential removal mechanisms of ARGs in different controlling strategies have been concluded, encompassing the attenuation of selective/co-selective pressure on ARGs, killing the potential host bacteria of ARGs, reshaping the structure of bacterial community and reducing the cell-to-cell contact of bacteria. With the effective control of ARGs, aerobic composting is suggested to be a sustainable and promising approach to treat animal manure.202134139488