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545000.9341Antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profiles and haemocin activities of Avibacterium paragallinarum strains. In this study, 18 Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates collected in Taiwan from 1990 to 2003 were serotyped and tested for resistance to antimicrobial agents. Serotyping revealed that 13 isolates were Page serovar A and 5 isolates were Page serovar C. More than 75% of the isolates were resistant to neomycin, streptomycin and erythromycin. The most common resistance pattern (15 isolates, 83.3%) was neomycin-streptomycin. Furthermore, 88.9% of the isolates were resistant to two or more antibiotics. About 72% of isolates contained plasmids (pYMH5 and/or pA14). Plasmid pYMH5 encoded functional streptomycin, sulfonamide, kanamycin and neomycin resistance genes and revealed significant homology to a broad host-range plasmid, pLS88. Plasmid pA14 encoded a putative MglA protein and RNase II, both of which might be associated with virulence. Furthermore, seven isolates showed haemocin activity. Plasmid pYMH5 is the first multidrug-resistance plasmid reported in A. paragallinarum and it may facilitate the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes between bacteria. The putative virulence plasmid pA14 and haemocin-like activity in A. paragallinarum indicate two possible mechanisms which might be responsible for the pathogenesis.200717485180
523310.9252Antibiotic resistance pattern of the allochthonous bacteria isolated from commercially available spices. Spices are often used in dried form, sometimes with significant microbial contamination including pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria. The antibiotic resistance represents an additional risk for food industry, and it is worthy of special attention as spices are important food additives. During our work, we examined the microbiological quality of 50 different spices with cultivation methods on diverse selective media. The identification of the most representative bacteria was carried out using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Antibiotic resistance profiling of twelve identified Bacillus species (B. subtilis subsp. stercoris BCFK, B. licheniformis BCLS, B. siamensis SZBC, B. zhangzhouensis BCTA, B. altitudinis SALKÖ, B. velezensis CVBC, B. cereus SALÖB isolate, B. tequilensis KOPS, B. filamentosus BMBC, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis PRBC2, B. safensis BMPS, and B. mojavensis BCFK2 isolate) was performed using the standard disk-diffusion method against 32 antibiotics. The study showed that the majority resistance was obtained against penicillin G (100%), oxacillin (91.67%), amoxyclav (91.67%), rifampicin (75%), and azithromycin (75%). Our findings suggest that spices harbor multidrug-resistant bacteria.202134401102
306120.9250Tetracycline-resistance encoding plasmids from Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease, isolated from commercial honeys. Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease in honeybees, acquires tetracycline-resistance via native plasmids carrying known tetracycline-resistance determinants. From three P. larvae tetracycline-resistant strains isolated from honeys, 5-kb-circular plasmids with almost identical sequences, designated pPL373 in strain PL373, pPL374 in strain PL374, and pPL395 in strain PL395, were isolated. These plasmids were highly similar (99%) to small tetracycline-encoding plasmids (pMA67, pBHS24, pBSDMV46A, pDMV2, pSU1, pAST4, and pLS55) that replicate by the rolling circle mechanism. Nucleotide sequences comparisons showed that pPL373, pPL374, and pPL395 mainly differed from the previously reported P. larvae plasmid pMA67 in the oriT region and mob genes. These differences suggest alternative mobilization and/or conjugation capacities. Plasmids pPL373, pPL374, and pPL395 were individually transferred by electroporation and stably maintained in tetracycline-susceptible P. larvae NRRL B-14154, in which they autonomously replicated. The presence of nearly identical plasmids in five different genera of gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Bhargavaea, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Sporosarcina, inhabiting diverse ecological niches provides further evidence of the genetic transfer of tetracycline resistance among environmental bacteria from soils, food, and marine habitats and from pathogenic bacteria such as P. larvae.201425296446
299430.9243Molecular Characterization of Salmonella spp. Isolates from Wild Colombian Babilla (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) Isolated In Situ. Salmonella enterica is a pathogen capable of colonizing various environments, including the intestinal tract of different animals such as mammals, birds, and reptiles, which can act as carriers. S. enterica infection induces different clinical diseases, gastroenteritis being the most common, which in some cases, can evolve to septicemia and meningitis. Reptiles and amphibians have been reported as a reservoir of Salmonella, and transmission of the pathogen to humans has been documented. This study aimed to determine the presence of virulence genes and characterize the genotypic antibiotic resistance profile in Salmonella strains isolated from Caiman crocodilus fuscus obtained in situ (natural habitat) in Prado, Tolima, Colombia in a previous study and stored in a strain bank in our laboratory. Fifteen Salmonella strains were evaluated through endpoint PCR to determine the presence of resistance genes and virulence genes. The genes bla(TEM), strB, and sul1 were detected in all the strains that confer resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfamethoxazole, as well as the virulence genes invA, pefA, prgH, spaN, tolC, sipB, sitC, pagC, msgA, spiA, sopB, sifA, lpfA, csgA, hilA, orgA, iroN, avrA, and sivH, indicating the possible role of babilla (Caiman crocodilus fuscus) as a carrier of multidrug-resistant bacteria.202236496880
362140.9242Antimicrobial Resistance in Physiological and Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated in Southern Italian Bats. The spread of antimicrobial resistance is one of the major health emergencies of recent decades. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria threaten not only humans but also populations of domestic and wild animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of antibiotic resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacterial strains isolated from six Southern-Italian bat populations. Using the disk diffusion method, we evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 413 strains of Gram-negative bacteria and 183 strains of Gram-positive bacteria isolated from rectal (R), oral (O) and conjunctival (C) swabs of 189 bats belonging to 4 insectivorous species (Myotis capaccinii, Myotis myotis, Miniopterus schreibersii and Rhinolophus hipposideros). In all bat species and locations, numerous bacterial strains showed high AMR levels for some of the molecules tested. In both Gram-negative and Gram-positive strains, the resistance patterns ranged from one to thirteen. MDR patterns varied significantly across sites, with Grotta dei Pipistrelli in Pantalica displaying the highest levels of MDR (77.2% of isolates). No significant differences were found across different bat species. Monitoring antibiotic resistance in wildlife is a useful method of evaluating the impact of anthropic pressure and environmental pollution. Our analysis reveals that anthropic contamination may have contributed to the spread of the antibiotic resistance phenomenon among the subjects we examined.202336978508
306350.9240Antibiotic resistance among coliform and fecal coliform bacteria isolated from the freshwater mussel Hydridella menziesii. Freshwater mussels (Hydridella menziesii) collected from Lakes Rotoroa, Rotoiti, and Brunner, South Island, New Zealand, contained coliform and fecal coliform bacteria. The majority of these bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics, but none transferred streptomycin, tetracycline, or kanamycin resistance to an antibiotic-susceptible strain of Escherichia coli K-12.1976779633
134360.9240Profiling toxin genes and antibiotic resistance in Bacillus cereus isolated from pre-launch spacecraft. Characterization of the microbiomes of pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities is an important step in keeping crews healthy during journeys that can last several hundred days in small artificial environments in space. Bacillus cereus, a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, has the potential to be a significant source of food contamination in such environments. This bacterium is a spore-forming bacteria that resists different antimicrobial treatments in cleanrooms where spacecraft are assembled. This study evaluated 41 B. cereus isolates from four pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities for their toxin gene profile and antibiotic resistance. Four enterotoxin genes (hlbC, cytK, nheA, and entFM) and two emetic toxin genes (ces and CER) were targeted for chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA. Results showed 31.7, 7.3, 85, and 41.5% of isolates contained hblC, cytK, nheA, and entFM, respectively, in chromosomal or plasmid DNA. Overall, 37 isolates (90.2%) showed at least one enterotoxin gene. The emetic toxin gene, ces, was detected in the plasmid DNA of three isolates (7.3%). The antibiotic resistance of isolates was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion procedure. All the isolates exhibited 100% susceptibility to gentamicin, 97% were susceptible to clindamycin, and 95% to chloramphenicol, imipenem, tetracycline, and vancomycin. The overall susceptibility average is 51%. However, 98% of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, 97.5% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 80% were resistant to rifampin. This study provides important information on B. cereus isolates from spacecraft assembly facilities for use in microbial monitoring programs of spacecraft.202338045028
538870.9239Molecular identification and antibiotic resistance of bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria isolated from table olives. In the present study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from table olive in Morocco. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA fingerprinting with (GTG)'(5) primer revealed a remarquable variability within isolates. According to the molecular identification, Enterococcus faecium was the most dominant species isolated with 32 strains (84.21%), followed by 4 strains of Weissella paramesenteroides (10.52%), 1 strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (2.63%) and Lactobacillus plantarum (2.63%). All of the strains that were identified showed occurrence of more than one bacteriocin-encoding gene. Based on the results obtained, L. plantarum 11 showed a mosaic of loci coding for nine bacteriocins (pln A, pln D, pln K, pln G, pln B, pln C, pln N, pln J, ent P). A phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance was also examined. L. plantarum 11, L. mesenteroides 62, W. paramesenteroides 9 and W. paramesenteroides 36 as well as all the strains of E. faecium were susceptible to ampicillin, clindamycin and teicoplanin; however, isolates showed a resistance profile against tetracycline and erythromycin. Except E. faecium 114, E. faecium 130 and L. plantarum 11, no antibiotic resistance genes were detected in all of the strains, which might be due to resistances resulting from non-transferable or non-acquired resistance determinants (intrinsic mechanism).202132995979
134580.9238Toxigenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacillus cereus group bacteria isolated from Tunisian foodstuffs. BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of the B. cereus group as major foodborne pathogens that may cause diarrheal and/or emetic syndrome(s), no study in Tunisia has been conducted in order to characterize the pathogenic potential of the B. cereus group. The aim of this study was to assess the sanitary potential risks of 174 B. cereus group strains isolated from different foodstuffs by detecting and profiling virulence genes (hblA, hblB, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, bceT and ces), testing the isolates cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells and antimicrobial susceptibility towards 11 antibiotics. RESULTS: The entertoxin genes detected among B. cereus isolates were, in decreasing order, nheA (98.9%), nheC (97.7%) and nheB (86.8%) versus hblC (54.6%), hblD (54.6%), hblA (29.9%) and hblB (14.9%), respectively encoding for Non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and Hemolysin BL (HBL). The isolates are multi-toxigenic, harbouring at least one gene of each NHE and HBL complexes associated or not to bceT, cytK-2 and ces genes. Based on the incidence of virulence genes, the strains were separated into 12 toxigenic groups. Isolates positive for cytK (37,9%) harbored the cytK-2 variant. The detection rates of bceT and ces genes were 50.6 and 4%, respectively. When bacteria were incubated in BHI-YE at 30 °C for 18 h and for 5 d, 70.7 and 35% of the strains were shown to be cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of B. cereus strains depended on the food source of isolation. The presence of virulence factors is not always consistent with cytotoxicity. However, different combinations of enterotoxin genetic determinants are significantly associated to the cytotoxic potential of the bacteria. All strains were fully sensitive to rifampicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin. The majority of the isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin and tetracycline but showed resistance to ampicillin and novobiocin. CONCLUSION: Our results contribute data that are primary to facilitate risk assessments in order to prevent food poisoning due to B. cereus group.201931445510
544290.9237Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Resistance Gene Detection in Bacteria Isolated from Goldfish and Tiger Barb from Ornamental Fish Farms of Tamil Nadu. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern in freshwater ornamental cyprinids, such as Goldfish and Tiger barb. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolates confirmed the presence of 7 bacterial isolates in Goldfish and 6 in Tiger barb. Antimicrobial susceptibility test using 36 antibiotics revealed a higher resistance pattern for bacitracin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, cefalexin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin. Sulphafurazole, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were effective against all the bacterial isolates derived from Goldfish and Tiger barb. Most bacterial isolates exhibited > 0.2 multi-drug resistance index (MDR), indicating the severity of antibiotic use in the culture system. The finding of the present study suggests that ornamental fish may act as the reservoir of MDR bacteria and dissemination of resistance genes to clinical and human commensal bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01023-y.202235974915
3644100.9235Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Poultry Pathogens: A Review. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the most widespread types of meat consumed worldwide. Poultry flocks are often raised under intensive conditions using large amounts of antimicrobials to prevent and to treat disease, as well as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a source of resistant bacteria/genes (including zoonotic bacteria) that may represent a risk to human health. Here we reviewed data on AMR in 12 poultry pathogens, including avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum, Pasteurella multocida, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Gallibacterium anatis, Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Bordetella avium, Clostridium perfringens, Mycoplasma spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Riemerella anatipestifer. A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, M. gallisepticum, and G. anatis. Among Enterobacteriaceae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with S. Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of phenotypic resistance with median levels of AMR against co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur all exceeding 50%. In contrast, levels of resistance among P. multocida isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials. The study highlights considerable disparities in methodologies, as well as in criteria for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and result interpretation. It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.201728848739
5237110.9234Phenotypic and genomic analysis of Enterococcus avium MC09 pathogenicity isolated from Scylla spp. (mud crab) in a Thai market. Enterococcus avium is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium classified under the Enterococcaceae family. E. avium has been isolated from diverse environmental sources, raising concerns about its potential role in the spread of antibiotic resistance. E. avium MC09, isolated from a mud crab in a Thai market, was analyzed for its antibiotic resistance and pathogenic potential in this study. The isolation of E. avium from mud crab is significant as it highlights the potential role of seafood as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which may pose risks to public health throughout the food chain. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method revealed that E. avium MC09 is resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, and exhibits alpha hemolysis on blood agar, indicating its potential virulence. Genomic DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platform, revealing the presence of resistance genes for macrolides (ermB) and tetracyclines (tetL and tetM). Furthermore, several virulence-associated genes were detected, such as srtC, ecbA, efaA, dltA, cpsA/uppS, cpsB/cdsA, cylR2, icps4I, cpsY, epsE, vctC, mgtB, ndk, lisR, and lgt suggesting a pathogenic potential. Additionally, the study identified several insertion sequences (ISs), including (IS1216, IS1216E, IS1216V, IS6770, ISEfa7, ISEfa8, and ISS1W which are commonly found in pathogenic Enterococcus strains. The presence of these IS elements further emphasizes the strain's potential for virulence and genetic adaptability. This study provides comprehensive insights into both the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of E. avium MC09, highlighting its antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic mechanisms, and underlines the importance of monitoring antibiotic resistance in seafood-associated bacteria.202540015576
1323120.9233Detection of antibiotic resistant enterococci and Escherichia coli in free range Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus). Thirty fecal samples from wild specimens of Iberian lynx were collected and analyzed for Enterococcus spp. (27 isolates) and Escherichia coli (18 isolates) recovery. The 45 isolates obtained were tested for antimicrobial resistance, molecular mechanisms of resistance, and presence of virulence genes. Among the enterococci, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae were the most prevalent species (11 isolates each), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (5 isolates). High percentages of resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin (33% and 30%, respectively) were detected among enterococcal isolates. The tet(M) and/or tet(L), erm(B), aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(6)-Ia, or aph(3')-IIIa genes were detected among resistant enterococci. Virulence genes were detected in one E. faecalis isolate (cpd, cylB, and cylL) and one E. hirae isolate (cylL). High percentages of resistance were detected in E. coli isolates to tetracycline (33%), streptomycin (28%), nalidixic acid (28%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT, 22%). Additionally, the blaTEM, tet(A), aadA, cmlA, and different combinations of sul genes were detected among most ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and SXT-resistant isolates, respectively. Two isolates contained a class 1 integron with the gene cassette arrays dfrA1 + aadA1 and dfrA12 + aadA2. The E. coli isolates were ascribed to phylo-groups A (n=5); B1 (n=4); B2 (n=6), and D (n=3), with the virulence gene fimA present in all E. coli isolates. This study found resistance genes in wild specimens of Iberian lynx. Thus, it is important to notice that multiresistant bacteria have reached species as rare and completely non-synanthropic as the Iberian lynx. Furthermore, the susceptibility of this endangered species to bacterial infection may be affected by the presence of these virulence and resistance genes.201323588135
1379130.9233Antibiotic Resistance and Genetic Profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Farmed Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Ningde Regions. To better understand the antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and some related drug-resistance genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in farmed pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Ningde regions, Fujian province, we collected and isolated a total of 102 strains of V. parahaemolyticus from farmed pacific white shrimp in three different areas of Ningde in 2022. The Kirby-Bauer disk method was used to detect V. parahaemolyticus resistance to 22 antibiotics, and resistant genes (such as quinolones (qnrVC136, qnrVC457, qnrA), tetracyclines (tet A, tetM, tetB), sulfonamides (sulI, sulII, sulIII), aminoglycosides (strA, strB), phenicols (cat, optrA, floR, cfr), β-lactams (carB), and macrolides (erm)) were detected by using PCR. The findings in this study revealed that V. parahaemolyticus was most resistant to sulfamoxazole, rifampicin, and erythromycin, with resistance rates of 56.9%, 36.3%, and 33.3%, respectively. Flufenicol, chloramphenicol, and ofloxacin susceptibility rates were 97.1%, 94.1%, and 92.2%, respectively. In all, 46% of the bacteria tested positive for multi-drug resistance. The virulence gene test revealed that all bacteria lacked the tdh and trh genes. Furthermore, 91.84% and 52.04% of the isolates were largely mediated by cat and sulII, respectively, with less than 5% resistance to aminoglycosides and macrolides. There was a clear mismatch between the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes, indicating the complexities of V. parahaemolyticus resistance.202438257979
5386140.9231Antibiotic resistance of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Chinese yogurts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of 43 strains of lactic acid bacteria, isolated from Chinese yogurts made in different geographical areas, to 11 antibiotics (ampicillin, penicillin G, roxithromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, lincomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamycin). The 43 isolates (18 Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 25 Streptococcus thermophilus) were identified at species level and were typed by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Thirty-five genotypically different strains were detected and their antimicrobial resistance to 11 antibiotics was determined using the agar dilution method. Widespread resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, tetracyclines, lincomycin, streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamycin was found among the 35 strains tested. All of the Strep. thermophilus strains tested were susceptible to penicillin G and roxithromycin, whereas 23.5 and 64.7% of Lb. bulgaricus strains, respectively, were resistant. All of the Strep. thermophilus and Lb. bulgaricus strains were found to be resistant to kanamycin. The presence of the corresponding resistance genes in the resistant isolates was investigated through PCR, with the following genes detected: tet(M) in 1 Lb. bulgaricus and 2 Strep. thermophilus isolates, ant(6) in 2 Lb. bulgaricus and 2 Strep. thermophilus isolates, and aph(3')-IIIa in 5 Lb. bulgaricus and 2 Strep. thermophilus isolates. The main threat associated with these bacteria is that they may transfer resistance genes to pathogenic bacteria, which has been a major cause of concern to human and animal health. To our knowledge, the aph(3')-IIIa and ant(6) genes were found in Lb. bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus for the first time. Further investigations are required to analyze whether the genes identified in Lb. bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus isolates might be horizontally transferred to other species.201222916881
5213150.9230Draft genome sequences of Limosilactobacillus fermentum IJAL 01 335, isolated from a traditional cereal fermented dough. Limosilactobacillus fermentum IJAL 01 335 was isolated from mawè, a spontaneously fermented cereal dough from Benin. The 1.83 Mb draft genome sequence (52.37% GC) comprises 154 contigs, 1,836 coding sequences, and 23 predicted antibiotic resistance genes, providing insights into its genetic features and potential application in food fermentation.202541170963
6085160.9229Heavy metal resistance and genotypic analysis of metal resistance genes in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria present in Ni-rich serpentine soil and in the rhizosphere of Alyssum murale. Forty-six bacterial cultures, including one culture collection strain, thirty from the rhizosphere of Alyssum murale and fifteen from Ni-rich soil, were tested for their ability to tolerate arsenate, cadmium, chromium, zinc, mercury, lead, cobalt, copper, and nickel in their growth medium. The resistance patterns, expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations, for all cultures to the nine different metal ions were surveyed by using the agar dilution method. A large number of the cultures were resistant to Ni (100%), Pb (100%), Zn (100%), Cu (98%), and Co (93%). However, 82, 71, 58 and 47% were sensitive to As, Hg, Cd and Cr(VI), respectively. All cultures had multiple metal-resistant, with heptametal resistance as the major pattern (28.8%). Five of the cultures (about of 11.2% of the total), specifically Arthrobacter rhombi AY509239, Clavibacter xyli AY509235, Microbacterium arabinogalactanolyticum AY509226, Rhizobium mongolense AY509209 and Variovorax paradoxus AY512828 were tolerant to nine different metals. The polymerase chain reaction in combination with DNA sequence analysis was used to investigate the genetic mechanism responsible for the metal resistance in some of these gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that were, highly resistant to Hg, Zn, Cr and Ni. The czc, chr, ncc and mer genes that are responsible for resistance to Zn, Cr, Ni and Hg, respectively, were shown to be present in these bacteria by using PCR. In the case of, M. arabinogalactanolyticum AY509226 these genes were shown to have high homology to the czcD, chrB, nccA, and mer genes of Ralstonia metallidurans CH34. Therefore, Hg, Zn, Cr and Ni resistance genes are widely distributed in both gram-positive and gram-negative isolates obtained from A. murale rhizosphere and Ni-rich soils.200717276484
1222170.9229Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: bla (TEM), temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), bla (TEM), temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.202236406904
1342180.9228Prevalence, Toxin Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacillus cereus Isolates from Spices in Antalya and Isparta Provinces in Türkiye. Bacillus cereus is a pathogenic bacterium commonly found in nature and can produce toxins that cause food poisoning. This study aimed to detect the prevalence of B. cereus group bacteria in 50 unpackaged and 20 packaged spice samples frequently used as flavoring in Turkish cuisine, as well as investigate the presence of toxin genes and antibiotic resistance in the isolates. A total of 48 B. cereus group bacteria were isolated from 27 of 70 (38.57%) spice samples. The prevalence of B. cereus group bacteria in packaged (25%, 5/20) and unpackaged (44%, 22/50) spice samples did not differ significantly (P ˃ 0.05). All B. cereus group isolates were identified as B. cereus sensu stricto (B. cereus) using molecular methods. The hemolytic activity tests revealed that the most strains (44/48, 91.67%) are β-hemolytic. The distributions of toxin genes in isolates were investigated by PCR. It was determined that all isolates were identified to have 2-8 toxin genes, except B. cereus SBC3. The three most common toxin genes were found to be nheA (47/48, 97.92%), nheB (46/48, 95.83%), and entFM (46/48, 95.83%). All B. cereus isolates were susceptible to linezolid and vancomycin, while 35.42% (17/48) showed resistance to erythromycin. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 8.3% (4/48) of B. cereus isolates, while 33.33% of the isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values higher than 0.2. The findings indicate that B. cereus may pose a health risk in packaged and unpackaged spices if present in high quantities. Therefore, the presence of B. cereus strains in both packaged and unpackaged spices should be monitored regarding consumer health and product safety.202338031610
1751190.9227Strain Characterization of Streptococcus suis Serotypes 28 and 31, Which Harbor the Resistance Genes optrA and ant(6)-Ia. Streptococcus suis causes disease in pigs and is implicated increasingly in human disease worldwide. Although most clinical cases are associated with serotype 2, infections by other serotypes have sometimes been reported. Here, we sequenced the genome of a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 28 (strain 11313) and a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 31 (strain 11LB5). Strain 11313 was apathogenic in mouse infection models, whereas strain 11LB5 displayed ganglion demyelination, meningeal thickening, congestion, mononuclear cell infiltration, massive proliferation of cortical glial cells, and bacteria (>10(4) CFU/g) in the spinal cord and ganglia in mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry found that the heavily infiltrated glial cells were astrocytes. Strain 11313 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), optrA, tet(l), tet(o), and strain 11LB5 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(40), tet(o/w/32/o), aac(6')-aph(2″). Mouse studies showed that strain 11LB5 exhibited a similar virulence to serotype 2 strain 700794, highlighting the need for surveillance of the other serotype S. suis isolates, in addition to serotype 2, in farms. This is the first report of the aminoglycoside resistance gene ant(6)-Ia in S. suis from animals. This suggests that S. suis might serve as an antibiotic resistance reservoir, which spreads the resistance gene ant(6)-Ia or optrA to other streptococcal pathogens on farms.202133669225