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141300.9881Occurrence of Carbapenemases, Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases and AmpCs among Beta-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria from Clinical Sources in Accra, Ghana. Beta-lactamase (β-lactamase)-producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are of public health concern due to their resistance to routine antimicrobials. We investigated the antimicrobial resistance and occurrence of carbapenemases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpCs among GNB from clinical sources. GNB were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDITOF-MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed via Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and a microscan autoSCAN system. β-lactamase genes were determined via multiplex polymerase chain reactions. Of the 181 archived GNB analyzed, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae constituted 46% (n = 83) and 17% (n = 30), respectively. Resistance to ampicillin (51%), third-generation cephalosporins (21%), and ertapenem (21%) was observed among the isolates, with 44% being multi-drug resistant (MDR). β-lactamase genes such as AmpCs ((bla(FOX-M) (64%) and bla(DHA-M) and bla(EDC-M) (27%)), ESBLs ((bla(CTX-M) (81%), other β-lactamase genes bla(TEM) (73%) and bla(SHV) (27%)) and carbapenemase ((bla(OXA-)(48) (60%) and bla(NDM) and bla(KPC) (40%)) were also detected. One K. pneumoniae co-harbored AmpC (bla(FOX-M) and bla(EBC-M)) and carbapenemase (bla(KPC) and bla(OXA-)(48)) genes. bla(OXA-)(48) gene was detected in one carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Overall, isolates were resistant to a wide range of antimicrobials including last-line treatment options. This underpins the need for continuous surveillance for effective management of infections caused by these pathogens in our settings.202337370334
122910.9880Detection of multi-drug resistance and AmpC β-lactamase/extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in bacterial isolates of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Mediterranean Sea. Sea turtles are useful sentinels to monitor the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the marine coastal ecosystems. Forty Gram negative bacteria were isolated from wounds of 52 injured Caretta caretta, living in the Mediterranean Sea. Bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and tested for susceptibility to 15 antibiotics. In addition, NGS amplicon sequencing was performed to detect the presence of AmpC β-lactamase genes (bla(AmpC)) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes (bla(CTX-M,)bla(SHV,)bla(TEM)). Seventy-five percent of the isolates (30/40 isolates) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes and 32.5% (13/40 isolates) were confirmed to be positive for at least one gene. The variants of ESBLs genes were bla(CTX-M-3,)bla(TEM-236) and bla(SHV-12). Variants of the bla(AmpC)β-lactamase gene i.e., bla(ACT-24), bla(ACT-2), bla(ACT-17), bla(DHA-4) and bla(CMY-37), were also detected. In addition, 4 isolates were found simultaneously harboring CTX and AmpC genes while 2 strains harbored 3 genes (bla(ACT-2+TEM-236+SHV-12), and bla(CTX-M-3+ACT-24+TEM-236)).202133513540
141720.9879Prevalence and Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Carbapenemase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in Gabon. Data collection and monitoring of carbapenemase-producing (CP) Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are often limited. This study determined CP-GNB prevalence in Gabon and the genetic origins of the resistance genes. From January 2016 to March 2018, 869 clinically significant GNB isolates from inpatients and outpatients, and 19 fecal samples (inpatients) were analyzed in the main hospitals of Gabon. Fecal samples were screened using ChromID® CARBA SMART selective chromogenic medium biplates. Species were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested using the disk diffusion method on Müller-Hinton agar, and resistance genes were assessed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Overall, 1.61% of clinical isolates (14 of 869) and 5.26% of fecal samples (1 of 19) were CP-GNB. The CP-GNB rate was higher among inpatients (2.98%) than outpatients (0.33%), in intensive care units (28.57%, 4 of 14), and in urine samples (35.71%, 5 of 14). The most common CP-GNB were Klebsiella pneumoniae (53.33%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (26.67%). blaOXA-48 was the predominant carbapenemase-encoding gene (40%), followed by blaNDM-5 (33.33%). The A. baumannii multilocus sequence types ST2 and ST78, Enterobacter cloacae ST78, Escherichia coli ST2, and K. pneumonia ST48 and ST147 were found. These data indicate that CP bacteria are present in clinical and carriage samples. Preventive measures are needed to avoid the spread of resistance genes.202336535247
123730.9879Characterization of Gene Families Encoding Beta-Lactamases of Gram-Negative Rods Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Vegetables in Mexico City. Beta-lactam resistant bacteria, which are commonly resident in tertiary hospitals, have emerged as a worldwide health problem because of ready-to-eat vegetable intake. We aimed to characterize the genes that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from five commercial salad brands for human consumption in Mexico City. In total, twenty-five samples were collected, grown in blood agar plates, and the bacteria were biochemistry identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. The carried family genes were identified by endpoint PCR and the specific genes were confirmed with whole genome sequencing (WGS) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Twelve positive cultures were identified and their microbiological distribution was as follows: 8.3% for Enterobacter aerogene (n = 1), 8.3% for Serratia fonticola (n = 1), 16.7% for Serratia marcesens (n = 2), 16.7% for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), and 50% (n = 6) for Enterobacter cloacae. The endpoint PCR results showed 11 colonies positive for blaBIL (91.7%), 11 for blaSHV (91.7%), 11 for blaCTX (97.7%), 12 for blaDHA (100%), four for blaVIM (33.3%), two for blaOXA (16.7%), two for blaIMP (16.7%), one for blaKPC (8.3%), and one for blaTEM (8.3%) gen; all samples were negative for blaROB, blaCMY, blaP, blaCFX and blaLAP gene. The sequencing analysis revealed a specific genotype for Enterobacter cloacae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1, blaKPC-2); Serratia marcescens (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2); Klebsiella pneumoniae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1); Serratia fonticola (blaSHV-12, blaVIM-1, blaDHA-1); and, Enterobacter aerogene (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-1, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2, blaOXA-9). Our results indicate that beta-lactam-resistant bacteria have acquired integrons with a different number of genes that provide pan-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, oxacillins, cefalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and imipenems.201830477153
139140.9877Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria among Danish army recruits. During May and June 2008, 84 Danish army recruits were tested for faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria. Three ESBL-producing (CTX-M-14a) Escherichia coli isolates, two AmpC-producing (CMY-2) E. coli isolates and one AmpC-producing (CMY-34) Citrobacter freundii isolate were detected. Two of the CTX-M-14a E. coli isolates had similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing profiles, indicating the same origin or transmission between the two army recruits. The bla(CTX-M-14a) genes were transferable to an E. coli recipient. These commensal bacteria therefore constitute a reservoir of resistance genes that can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria in the intestine.201120718802
141550.9877Antibiogram and Molecular Characterization of AmpC and ESBL-Producing Gram-Negative Bacteria from Poultry and Abattoir Samples. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The global antibiotic resistance threat posed by ESBL and AmpC-producing Gram-Negative Bacteria (GNB) is a public health menace that rolls back the gains of 'One Health'. This study investigated the antibiogram and prevalence of AmpC and ESBL genes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. from poultry and abattoir milieus in Enugu and Ebonyi States, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Isolation, identification and characterization of GNB from samples (150 abattoirs and 300 poultry) were done using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST), as well as phenotypic screening for ESBL and AmpC enzymes, was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. PCR technique was used to screen isolated GNB for AmpC and ESBL genes. RESULTS: Exactly 42 E. coli and 8 Klebsiella spp. isolate from poultry samples and another 5 P. aeruginosa isolates from abattoir samples were phenotypically confirmed to be ESBL-producers. AmpC enzymes were phenotypically detected in 8 E. coli and 13 P. aeruginosa isolates from poultry samples. All ESBL and AmpC-positive bacteria exhibited high resistance frequencies to tested antibiotics, especially to the carbapenems and cephalosporins. ESBL genes (CTX-M, SHV-1, TEM) and AmpC genes (ACC-M, MOX-M, DHA-M) were harbored by the isolated GNB in this study. Overall, the DHA-M and CTX-M genes, mediating AmpC and ESBL production respectively were the most prevalent genes harbored by the tested GNB. CONCLUSION: This study reported that AmpC and ESBL genes are harbored by Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella species and P. aeruginosa) that emanated from poultry and abattoir milieus.202133683048
138260.9877Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in Sheltered dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan. There is a lack of an established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system in animal welfare centers. Therefore, the AMR prevalence in shelter dogs is rarely known. Herein, we conducted a survey in animal shelters in Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures, in the Kanto Region, Japan, to ascertain the AMR status of Escherichia coli  (E. coli) prevalent in shelter dogs. E. coli was detected in the fecal samples of all 61 and 77 shelter dogs tested in Chiba and Kanagawa, respectively. The AMR was tested against 20 antibiotics. E. coli isolates derived from 16.4% and 26.0% of samples from Chiba and Kanagawa exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, respectively. E. coli in samples from Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures were commonly resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid; that from the Kanagawa Prefecture to cefazolin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin and that from Chiba Prefecture to chloramphenicol and imipenem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected in 18 dogs from both regions; β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaDHA-1, blaCTX-M-9 group CTX-M-14), quinolone-resistance protein genes (qnrB and qnrS), and mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (gyrA and parC) were detected. These results could partially represent the AMR data in shelter dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan.202235031646
111470.9876Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance in Intrinsic Colistin-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolated from Retail Meat. Consumption of retail meat contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria is a common route for transmitting clinically relevant resistant bacteria to humans. Here, we investigated the genotypic and phenotypic resistance profiles of intrinsic colistin-resistant (ICR) Enterobacterales isolated from retail meats. ICR Enterobacterales were isolated from 103 samples of chicken, 103 samples of pork, and 104 samples of beef purchased from retail shops in Japan, using colistin-containing media, and their antimicrobial susceptibility was examined. Serratia spp. (440 isolates) showed resistance to cefotaxime (19 isolates, 4.3%), tetracycline (15 isolates, 3.4%), and other antimicrobials (<1%). Hafnia spp. (136) showed resistance to cefotaxime (12 isolates, 8.6%), ceftazidime (four isolates, 2.9%), and tetracycline (two isolates, 1.4%). Proteus spp. (39) showed resistance to chloramphenicol (four isolates, 10.3%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (four isolates, 10.3%), cefotaxime (two isolates, 5.1%), kanamycin (two isolates, 5.1%), and gentamicin (one isolate, 2.6%). Cedecea spp. (22) were resistant to tetracycline (two isolates, 9.1%) whereas Morganella spp. (11) were resistant to tetracycline (four isolates, 36.4%) and chloramphenicol (one isolate, 9.2%). The resistance genes bla(fonA), bla(ACC), and bla(DHA) were detected in cefotaxime-resistant Serratia spp., Hafnia spp., and Morganella spp. isolates, respectively. This emergence of antimicrobial resistance in ICR Enterobacterales may pose a public health risk.202134943649
111680.9876Detection of blaCTX-M genes in ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates from animals in Croatia. This study investigated the frequency of third-generation cephalosporin resistance in Klebsiella spp. isolated from animals in Croatia and the presence of blaCTX-M genes. A total of 711 enteric bacteria were isolated from clinical samples, and Klebsiella spp. isolates accounted for 6.9% (n = 49). Thirteen Klebsiella isolates (26.5%) were ESBL producers, nine isolates from the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex (69.2%), and four (30.8%) Klebsiella oxytoca isolates. All carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed them as multidrug resistant. All were resistant to all tested cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and aztreonam, 92.3% showed resistance to tetracycline, 84.6% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and 69.2% to nitrofurantoin. No isolate showed resistance to imipenem and meropenem. It can be concluded that ESBL-producing Klebsiella expressing the blaCTX-M gene are not rare among Klebsiella isolates from animals in Croatia.202337027245
111290.9875Molecular Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Diarrhoeic Calves in Egypt. The present study was designed to investigate the presence of genes that conferred resistance to antimicrobials among Enterobacteriaceae that were isolated from diarrhoeic calves. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic calves that were raised in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt. The samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 149 isolates of bacteria were recovered and identified; Escherichia coli was found to be the most overwhelming species, followed by Citrobacter diversus, Shigella spp., Serratia spp., Providencia spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, and Morganella morganii. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials; resistant and intermediately resistant strains were screened by conventional polymerase chain reaction for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Of the 149 isolates, 37 (24.8%) exhibited multidrug resistant phenotypes. The most prevalent multidrug resistant species were E. coli, C. diversus, Serratia spp., K. pneumoniae, Shigella spp., Providencia spp., and K. oxytoca. Class 1 integrons were detected in 28 (18.8%) isolates. All isolates were negative for class 2 integrons. The bla(TEM) gene was identified in 37 (24.8%) isolates, whereas no isolates carried the bla(CTX-M) gene(.) The florfenicol gene (floR) was detected in two bacterial isolates (1.3%). The findings of this study reveal that calves may act as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistant bacteria that can be easily transmitted to humans.202134201226
1416100.9875Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and molecular detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genotypes among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients in Khartoum, Sudan. INTRODUCTION: the emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogens is an important health risk. Usually Gram negative bacteria acquire resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics by beta-lactamase production. The objectives of this study was to assess the prevalence of ESBL and to detect the frequency of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genotypes among ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients in Khartoum, Sudan. METHODS: a total of 171 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan (2014 -2015) were used to detect ESBL production using disc diffusion method. blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were investigated by PCR based methods using gene-specific primers. RESULTS: the high resistance among Enterobacteriaceae was noticed in ciprofloxacin (72%) and ofloxacin (73%). ESBL production was mainly in Escherichia Coli (38%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (34%). Prevalent genotypes were blaTEM (86%), blaCTX-M (78%) and blaSHV (28%). These were found mainly in Escherichia Coli (38%, 37%, 2%) and K. pneumonia (34%, 31%, 26.1%). The majority of ESBL producing isolates possess more than one ESBL genes. CONCLUSION: the ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae was high, with blaTEM and blaCTX-M genotypes more prevalent. Public health and laboratory standard of excellence is needed to reducing the spread of resistant pathogens.202033520052
1222110.9875Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: bla (TEM), temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), bla (TEM), temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.202236406904
1232120.9875Monitoring of Non-β-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Genes in ESBL Producing Enterobacterales Isolates. Genetic context of extended spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales and its association with plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME) and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance is little known from North India. Therefore, the current study was aimed to investigate the frequency of Non-β-Lactam antibiotic resistance associated genes in extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacterales. For this study, Non-Duplicate phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing Enterobacterales isolates (N = 186) were analyzed for ESBLs, PMQRs, AMEs and TMP-SMX resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR detected presence of PMQR genes in 81.29% (N = 139) of ESBL isolates (N = 171), AME genes in 60.82% and TMP-SMX resistance genes in 63.74% of the isolates. Molecular characterization of ESBL producing Enterobacterales showed 84.79% bla(TEM) followed by 73.68% bla(CTX-M), 43.86% bla(SHV), 19.88% bla(PER) and 9.94% bla(VEB), respectively. Analysis of PMQR genes revealed 77.7% aac(6')-lb-cr the most commonly detected gene followed by 67.63% oqxB, 62.59% oqxA, 43.17% qnrB, 19.42% qnrD, 18.7% qnrS, 9.35% qnrA, 3.6% qepA and 2.88% qnrC, respectively. Analysis of AMEs gene profile demonstrated 81.73% aac(6')-Ib, the most frequently encountered gene followed by 46.15% aph(3')-Ia, 44.23% ant(3")-Ia, respectively. A 100% prevalence of sul1, followed by dfrA (54.63%) and sul2 (15.74%) was observed. In summary, prevalence of ESBL-Producing genes (particularly bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M)) along with PMQR, AMEs, and TMP-SMX resistant genes may potentially aid in the transfer of antimicrobial resistance among these strains.202033317078
1233130.9874Prevalence, Antibiogram, and Resistance Profile of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Pig Farms in Luzon, Philippines. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, and resistance profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms in Luzon, Philippines. A total of 162 rectal samples from healthy finisher and breeder pigs and boot swab samples from pig houses were collected from 54 randomly selected pig farms. Bacteria were isolated and screened using MacConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out through Vitek(®) 2 and combined disk test. PCR amplifications were carried out in all isolates targeting bla(CTX-M) and its five major groupings, bla(TEM), and bla(SHV). The farm prevalence of ESBL-EC was 57.41% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.21-70.77). A total of 48 (29.63%) ESBL-EC isolates were isolated from samples that showed 14 different phenotypic multidrug resistance patterns. The prevalence of bla(CTX-M) gene was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68). All major bla(CTX-M-groups) except bla(CTX-M-25group) were detected. The bla(CTX-M-1) was the most prevalent bla(CTX-M) gene, 75.0% (95% CI = 60.40-86.36). The prevalence of bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68) and 60.42% (95% CI = 45.27-74.23), respectively. Coexistence of different bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), and bla(SHV) genes was observed in 44 isolates with 20 different genotypic patterns. High prevalence, diverse antibiogram profile, and genotypic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms were observed in this study that could result in possible transmission to farm workers, susceptible bacteria, and the environment.202031532307
1420140.9874Metallo-β-lactamase and AmpC genes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae represent the most relevant reservoir of resistance genes such as metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC genes that give them the undue advantage to resist antimicrobial onslaught. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of MBL (bla(IMP-1), bla(IMP-2), bla(VIM-1), bla(VIM-2)) and AmpC (bla(FOX), bla(DHA), bla(CMY), bla(ACC)) resistance genes in aforementioned GNB collected from abattoir and poultry sources in Nigeria. RESULTS: In total, 370 isolates were collected from abattoir tables (n = 130), anal region of cows (n = 120), and the cloacae of poultry birds (n = 120). The test isolates showed high rate of resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. The MBLs were phenotypically detected in 22 E. coli, 22 P. aeruginosa, and 18 K. pneumoniae isolates using combined disc test (CDT). However, only 11 E. coli, 24 P. aeruginosa, and 18 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be AmpC producers using cefoxitin-cloxacillin double disk synergy test (CC-DDST). MBL encoding genes (particularly the bla(IMP-1) genes and bla(IMP-2) genes) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 12 (54.6%) E. coli, 15 (83.3%) K. pneumoniae, and 16 (72.7%) P. aeruginosa isolates. AmpC genes (particularly the bla(CMY) genes and bla(FOX) genes) were found in a total of 5 (29.4%) E. coli isolates, 5 (27.8%) isolates of K. pneumoniae, and 10 (41.7%) isolates of P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed the circulation of MBL and AmpC genes in GNB from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria. Adoption of regular control policies is necessary to reduce the spread of these species as soon as possible, especially in poultry and slaughterhouses.202133882823
1418150.9874Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients admitted to intensive care unit of Imam Khomeini hospital in Ilam, Iran. INTRODUCTION: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are a major challenge worldwide. Identification of antibiotic resistance pattern extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) were the objectives of this study. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates collected from patients with NIs in ICU was determined. Overall, 42 Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from different infection sites were used to determine phenotypic tests of ESBLs, Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) and CRE. Detection of ESBLs, MBLs and CRE genes were performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS: From 71 patients with NIs, 103 different bacterial strains were isolated. The most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli (n = 29; 28.16%), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 15; 14.56%), and K. pneumoniae (n = 13; 12.26%). Also, the rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 58.25% (60/103). Based on phenotypic confirmation tests, 32 (76.19%) isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae produced ESBLs, and 6 (14.28%) isolates were identified as CRE producers. PCR showed the high prevalence of the bla(CTX-M) (n = 29; 90.62%) in ESBL genes. In addition, bla(NDM) was detected in 4 (66.66%), bla(OXA-23) in 3 (50%), and bla(OXA-48) gene in 1 (16.66%) isolates. The bla(VIM), bla(KPC), and bla(IMP) genes were not detected in any of the isolates. CONCLUSION: The Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae with high resistance levels were the most common bacteria causing NIs in the ICU. This study for the first time identified bla(OXA-11), bla(OXA-23), and bla(NDM-1) genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae in Ilam city of Iran.202337155016
943160.9873Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profile, and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Minced Meat at Local Markets in Thailand. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli exhibits strong multidrug resistance (MDR) to ampicillin and third-generation cephalosporins. This study examined the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular genetic features of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from three commonly consumed minced meat varieties, namely pork, chicken, and beef. In total, 150 samples were collected from 10 local markets in Thailand. ESBL-producing E. coli was identified in 78 samples (52%), and minced chicken meat was most contaminated (79.17%). The isolates exhibited potential susceptibility to amikacin (96.16%) and carbapenems (91-95%). However, ESBL-producing E. coli displayed strong resistance to ampicillin and cefpodoxime (100%) and high MDR to 3-5 antibiotic classes (94.87%). Most presumptive ESBL producers harbored ESBL resistance genes (97.44%), most commonly bla(TEM) (78.21%). Indeed, our results demonstrated that raw minced meat has a high occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli harboring ESBL resistance genes, highlighting the importance of implementation of sanitary handling practices to reduce microbial contamination in commercial meat as well as the need for consumer education on safe handling and cooking of meat products.202234941425
1236170.9873Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis in Egypt. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic basis of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Egypt. Multidrug resistance phenotypes were found in 34 of 112 (30.4%) Gram-negative bacterial isolates, which harbored at least one antimicrobial resistance gene. The most prevalent multidrug-resistant (MDR) species were Enterobacter cloacae (8 isolates, 7.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7 isolates, 6.3%), Klebsiella oxytoca (7 isolates, 6.3%), Escherichia coli (5 isolates, 4.5%), and Citrobacter freundii (3 isolates, 2.7%). The most commonly observed resistance phenotypes were against ampicillin (97.0%), streptomycin (94.1%), tetracycline (91.2%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88.2%), nalidixic acid (85.3%), and chloramphenicol (76.5%). Class 1 integrons were detected in 28 (25.0%) isolates. The gene cassettes within class 1 integrons included those encoding resistance to trimethoprim (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA15, dfrA17, and dfrA25), aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aadA7, aadA12, aadA22, and aac(3)-Id), chloramphenicol (cmlA), erythromycin (ereA2), and rifampicin (arr-3). Class 2 integrons were identified in 6 isolates (5.4%) with three different profiles. Furthermore, the β-lactamase encoding genes, bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), and bla(OXA), the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, qnr and aac(6)-Ib-cr, and the florfenicol resistance gene, floR, were also identified. To the best of our knowledge, the results identified class 2 integrons, qnr and aac(6)-Ib-cr from cases of mastitis for the first time. This is the first report of molecular characterization for antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis in Africa.201121338385
1226180.9872Multi-drug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. We collected flies from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to examine for the presence of bacteria and to determine the sensitivity patterns of those bacteria. A total of 1,228 flies were collected from 6 sites around Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport from April to September 2011. The predominant species was Chrysomya megacephala (n=276, 22.5%). Antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria (n=48) were isolated from flies using MacConkey agar supplemented with cephalothin (20 microg/ml). These were identified as Escherichia coli (n=37), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3) and Aeromonas hydrophila (n=2). All isolated bacteria were tested for resistance to 21 commonly used antimicrobials: amoxicillin (100%), ticarcillin (100%), cephalothin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), ceftazidime 1 (93.8%), piperacillin (93.8%), cefotaxime (89.6%), ticarcillin-clavulanate (81.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), gentamicin (45.8%), cefepime (39.6%), tobramycin (39.6%), ceftazidime (22.9%), cefoxitin (16.7%), amikacin (16.7%), netilmicin (14.6%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (6.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (2.1%). No resistance to meropenem or imipenem was observed. Antibiotic resistance genes among the isolated bacteria were analyzed for by polymerase chain reaction. Thirty of the 48 bacteria with resistance (62.5%) possessed the blaTEM gene.201324450236
1113190.9872Prevalence of Colistin-Resistant Bacteria among Retail Meats in Japan. Colistin (CST) is considered the last resort for the treatment of infectious diseases due to multidrug-resistant bacteria. Since the mcr-1 gene has been reported in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from food, animals, and humans in China, the prevalence of CST-resistant bacteria has been of great concern. Here, we investigated the prevalence of CST resistance and plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance genes (mcr) in gram-negative bacteria isolated among retail meats in Japan. CST-resistant bacteria were isolated from 310 domestic retail meats (103 chicken meat, 103 pork, and 104 beef) purchased between May 2017 and July 2018 from retail shops in Japan using CST-containing media and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The mcr gene was investigated in isolates with a CST minimum inhibitory concentration of ≥1 μg/mL. Excluding the intrinsically CST-resistant isolates, CST-resistant bacteria were isolated from 39 of the total chicken meats (37.9%), 19 of the pork samples (18.4%), and 18 of the beef samples (17.3%). A total of 459 isolates were identified, out of which 99 were CST-resistant. CST resistance (resistance breakpoints: Aeromonas, >4 μg/mL; others, >2 μg/mL) was found in Aeromonas spp. (48/206, 23.3%), Yersinia spp. (5/112, 4.5%), Escherichia coli (23/39, 59%), Citrobacter spp. (4/26, 15.4%), Klebsiella spp. (2/23, 8.7%), Raoultella spp. (2/16, 12.5%), Enterobacter spp. (7/14, 50%), Pseudomonas spp. (1/8, 12.5%), Pantoea spp. (5/7, 71.4%), Ewingella spp. (1/4, 25%), and Kluyvera spp. (1/2, 50%). The mcr gene was detected in 16 isolates: mcr-1 in 14 isolates of E. coli from 10 chicken samples (9.7%), and mcr-3 in two isolates of Aeromonas sobria from pork and chicken samples (each 1.0%). The findings of this study highlight the necessity of surveillance of CST resistance and resistance genes in bacteria that contaminate retail meats.202134249589