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812600.9776Antiallergic drugs drive the alteration of microbial community and antibiotic resistome in surface waters: A metagenomic perspective. Antiallergic drugs (AADs) are emerging contaminants of global concern due to their environmental persistence and potential ecological impacts. This study investigated the effects of seven AADs (chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, cetirizine, loratadine, desloratadine, sodium cromoglicate and calcium gluconate) at environmentally relevant concentrations on antibiotic resistome and bacterial community structures in water using microcosm experiments and metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that AADs increased the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) by 1.24- to 7.78-fold. Community structure shifts indicated that chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and cetirizine promoted Actinobacteria (e.g., Aurantimicrobium), while the other four AADs favored Proteobacteria (e.g., Limnohabitans). AADs also significantly altered the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria identified as key ARB components and potential hosts of ARGs (e.g., evgS, mtrA, RanA). Host analysis showed ARGs were primarily carried by Actinobacteria (e.g., Aurantimicrobium) under chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and cetirizine exposure, but by Proteobacteria (e.g., Limnohabitans) under the other four AADs. Furthermore, AADs facilitated the horizontal transfer of ARGs (e.g., evgS) within microbial communities, contributing to antibiotic resistance dissemination. This study highlights the ecological risks of AADs in promoting antibiotic resistance spread and provides new insights into their impact on microbial communities and resistome dynamics in aquatic environments.202540570627
716410.9770Anthropogenic pressures amplify high-risk antibiotic resistome via co-selection among biocide resistance, virulence, and antibiotic resistance genes in the Ganjiang River basin: Drivers diverge in densely versus sparsely populated reaches. As the largest river in the Poyang Lake system, the Ganjiang River faces escalating anthropogenic pressures that amplify resistance gene dissemination. This study integrated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), biocide resistance genes (BRGs), and virulence factor genes (VFGs) to reveal their co-selection mechanisms and divergent environmental drivers between densely (DES) and sparsely populated (SPAR) regions of the Ganjiang River basin. The microbial and viral communities and structures differed significantly between the DES and SPAR regions (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001). Midstream DES areas were hotspots for ARGs/BRGs/VFGs enrichment, with peak enrichment multiples reaching 10.2, 5.7, and 5.9-fold respectively. Procrustes analysis revealed limited dependence of ARGs transmission on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (p > 0.05). Separately, 74 % of dominant ARGs (top 1 %) showed strong correlations with BRGs (r(2) = 0.973, p < 0.01) and VFGs (r(2) = 0.966, p < 0.01) via co-selection. Pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. carrying multidrug-resistant ARGs, BRGs, and adhesion-VFGs were identified as high-risk vectors. In SPAR areas, anthropogenic pressure directly dominated ARGs risk (RC = 54.2 %, β = 0.39, p < 0.05), with biological factors as secondary contributors (RC = 45.8 %, β = 0.33, p < 0.05). In contrast, DES regions showed anthropogenic pressure exerting broader, enduring influences across microorganisms, physicochemical parameters, and biological factors, escalating ARGs risks through diverse pathways, with BRGs/VFGs acting as direct drivers. This study proposes establishing a risk prevention system using BRGs and pathogenic microorganisms as early-warning indicators.202540858019
716720.9770Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic pollution and antibiotic resistance genes in seagrass meadow sediments based on metagenomics. Seagrass meadows are one of the most important coastal ecosystems that provide essential ecological and economic services. The contamination levels of antibiotic and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in coastal ecosystems are severely elevated owing to anthropogenic disturbances, such as terrestrial input, aquaculture effluent, and sewage discharge. However, few studies have focused on the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and their corresponding ARGs in this habitat. Thus, we investigated the antibiotic and ARGs profiles, microbial communities, and ARG-carrying host bacteria in typical seagrass meadow sediments collected from Swan Lake, Caofeidian shoal harbor, Qingdao Bay, and Sishili Bay in the Bohai Sea and northern Yellow Sea. The total concentrations of 30 detected antibiotics ranged from 99.35 to 478.02 μg/kg, tetracyclines were more prevalent than other antibiotics. Metagenomic analyses showed that 342 ARG subtypes associated with 22 ARG types were identified in the seagrass meadow sediments. Multidrug resistance genes and RanA were the most dominant ARG types and subtypes, respectively. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that Halioglobus, Zeaxanthinibacter, and Aureitalea may be potential hosts at the genus level, and the relative abundances of these bacteria were higher in Sishili Bay than those in other areas. This study provided important insights into the pollution status of antibiotics and ARGs in typical seagrass meadow sediments. Effective management should be performed to control the potential ecological health risks in seagrass meadow ecosystems.202438782270
717530.9769Key Contribution and Risk of Airborne Antibiotic Resistance: Total Suspended Particles or Settled Dust? The atmosphere is an important environmental medium in spreading antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal farming systems, yet the exposure risks associated with airborne pathways remain underexplored. This study employed metagenomic sequencing to investigate the airborne transmission of AMR in chicken farms (i.e., chicken feces, total suspended particles (TSP), and dust) and its exposure risks on the gut and nasal cavities of workers, office staff, and nearby villagers. Results revealed that TSP exhibited greater abundance, diversity, and transfer potential of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) compared to dust. The abundance of airborne resistome decreased with distance from the chicken house, and ARGs were estimated to spread up to 9.48 km within 1 h. While the gut resistome of workers and villagers showed limited differences, emerging tet(X) variants and high-risk dfrA remain future concerns. More nasal resistome was attributable to TSP compared to dust. Workers faced significantly higher inhalable exposures to antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and human pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (HPARB), exceeding those of office staff and villagers by an order of magnitude. We also compiled lists of high-risk and potential-risk airborne ARGs to inform monitoring. These findings highlight the need for regular air disinfection in animal farms and better protective measures for workers.202540434009
717040.9768Effect of cattle farm exposure on oropharyngeal and gut microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in workers. Livestock farms are recognized as the main sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) with potential implications for human health. In this study, we systematically analyzed microbiome composition, distribution of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the oropharynx and gut of workers in cattle farms and surrounding villagers, cattle feces and farm air, and the relationship of microbial communities among farm air, cattle feces and farmworkers (oropharynx and gut). Exposure to the farm environment may have remodeled farmworkers' oropharynx and gut microbiota, with reduced microbial diversity (P < 0.05) and enrichment of some opportunistic pathogenic bacteria like Shigella, Streptococcus, and Neisseria in the oropharynx. Meanwhile, compared with villagers, ARG abundance in oropharynx of farmworkers increased significantly (P < 0.05), but, no significant difference in gut (P > 0.05). Microbial composition and ARG profile in farmworkers might be influenced by working time and work type, ARG abundance in farmworkers' gut was positively correlated with working time (P < 0.01), and higher ARG abundance was found in the oropharynx of drovers. The network analysis revealed that 4 MGEs (tnpA-01, tnpA-04, Tp614, and IS613), 5 phyla (e.g. Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and TM7), and 6 genera were significantly associated with 37 ARGs (ρ > 0.6, P < 0.01). Overall, our results indicated that farm exposure may have affected the microbial composition and increased ARG abundance of farmworkers. Transmission of some ARGs may have occurred among the environment, animals and humans via host bacteria, which might pose a potential threat to human health.202234600986
716950.9767Distributions of pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factors in pig farms in China. The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pig feces can lead to their dissemination in the pig farm environment, posing a serious risk to human health through potential exposure and transmission. However, the extent of microbial contamination in pig farms, including ARGs, virulence factor genes (VFGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and human bacterial pathogens (HBPs), is still largely unknown. In this study, metagenomics was employed to identify the composition and characteristics of microorganism communities, ARGs, VFGs, MGEs and HBPs in pig farm environments from seven different regions of China. The results showed that there were significant differences in the composition of microorganisms and Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteriahe Spirochaetes were the dominant phyla in the pig farm environment. The abundance and composition of ARGs, VFGs, MGEs and HBPs varied significantly in pig farm environments in different regions, with the abundance in Fujian being significantly higher than that in other regions. In total, 216 ARGs, 479 VFGs, 143 MGEs and 78 HBPs were identified across all pig feces, soil, and wastewater samples. The most prominent ARGs were those related to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and MLS resistance. Escherichia coli, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Corynebacterium xerosis, Aerococcus viridans, and Collinsella aerofaciens were the most commonly found HBPs in the pig farm environment. Procrustes analysis and Mantel test results showed a strong correlation between ARGs and HBPs, VFGs and HBPs, and ARGs and VFGs. ARGs were mainly harbored by E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis in the pig farm environments. The random forest model indicated that the presence of MGEs (intI1, IS91, and tnpA) was significantly correlated with the total abundance of resistance genes, which can be utilized as an important indicator for measuring resistance genes. The study establishes a foundational understanding of the prevalence and diversity of ARGs, VFGs, and HBPs in pig farm environments, aiding in the development of effective management strategies to mitigate ecological and public health risks.202540609272
683460.9766Landscape of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities in groundwater on the Tibetan Plateau, and distinguishing their difference with low-altitude counterparts. Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water for Tibetans. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial communities in groundwater on the Tibetan Plateau remain unclear. Furthermore, the characterization of their differences between high-altitude and low-altitude groundwater is still unrevealed. Herein, 32 groundwater samples were collected on the plateau, and intra- and extracellular ARGs (iARGs and eARGs), and bacterial communities were characterised through qPCR assays to 19 ARGs and 16S rRNA sequencing. It showed top four abundant intra- and extracellular last-resort ARGs (LARGs) were bla(OXA-48), mcr-1, vanA, and vanB, whereas dominant common ARGs (CARGs) were tetA and ermB, respectively. CARGs had higher abundances than LARGs, and iARGs were more frequently detected than eARGs. Proteobacteria, an invasive resident phylum, and Firmicutes dominated eDNA release. Network analysis revealed all observed LARGs co-occurred with pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Community diversity was significantly associated with longitude and elevation, while nitrate correlated with ARGs. Comparative analysis demonstrated eARG frequencies and abundances were higher at high altitudes than at low altitudes. Additionally, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas specifically dominated at high altitudes. This study reveals the widespread prevalence of ARGs, particularly LARGs, in groundwater on the less-disturbed Tibetan Plateau and underlines the potential risks associated with the LARG-carrying bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which are defined as emerging environmental contaminants, are becoming a global concern due to their ability to confer antibiotic resistance to pathogens. Our findings highlight the prevalence of ARGs, particularly LARGs, in groundwater on the Tibetan Plateau, and the possibility that naturally-occurring pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria carry multiple LARGs. In addition, we further reveal differences in the distribution of ARGs and bacterial community between high-altitude and low-altitude groundwater. Collectively, our findings offer an important insight into the potential public risks related to groundwater on the Tibetan Plateau.202337595466
679370.9766Interplays between cyanobacterial blooms and antibiotic resistance genes. Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs), which are a form of microbial dysbiosis in freshwater environments, are an emerging environmental and public health concern. Additionally, the freshwater environment serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which pose a risk of transmission during microbial dysbiosis, such as cyanoHABs. However, the interactions between potential synergistic pollutants, cyanoHABs, and ARGs remain poorly understood. During cyanoHABs, Microcystis and high microcystin levels were dominant in all the nine regions of the river sampled. The resistome, mobilome, and microbiome were interrelated and linked to the physicochemical properties of freshwater. Planktothrix and Pseudanabaena competed with Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria during cyanoHABs. Forty two ARG carriers were identified, most of which belonged to Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria. ARG carriers showed a strong correlation with ARGs density, which decreased with the severity of cyanoHAB. Although ARGs decreased due to a reduction of ARG carriers during cyanoHABs, mobile gene elements (MGEs) and virulence factors (VFs) genes increased. We explored the relationship between cyanoHABs and ARGs for potential synergistic interaction. Our findings demonstrated that cyanobacteria compete with freshwater commensal bacteria such as Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria, which carry ARGs in freshwater, resulting in a reduction of ARGs levels. Moreover, cyanoHABs generate biotic and abiotic stress in the freshwater microbiome, which may lead to an increase in MGEs and VFs. Exploration of the intricate interplays between microbiome, resistome, mobilome, and pathobiome during cyanoHABs not only revealed that the mechanisms underlying the dynamics of microbial dysbiosis but also emphasizes the need to prioritize the prevention of microbial dysbiosis in the risk management of ARGs.202337897871
690780.9765Deciphering the impact of organic loading rate and digestate recirculation on the occurrence patterns of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in dry anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste. Organic loading rate (OLR) is crucial for determining the stability of dry anaerobic digestion (AD). Digestate recirculation contributes to reactor stability and enhances methane production. Nevertheless, the understanding of how OLR and digestate recirculation affect the abundance and diversity of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as well as the mechanisms involved in the dissemination of ARGs, remains limited. This study thoroughly investigated this critical issue through a long-term pilot-scale experiment. The metabolome analyses revealed the enrichment of various antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and macrolide, under low OLR conditions (OLR ≤ 4.0 g·VS/L·d) and the reactor instability. Antibiotics abundance decreased by approximately 19.66-31.69 % during high OLR operation (OLR ≥ 6.0 g·VS/L·d) with digestate recirculation. The metagenome analyses demonstrated that although low OLR promoted reactor stability, it facilitated the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, and triggered functional profiles related to ATP generation, oxidative stress response, EPS secretion, and cell membrane permeability, thereby facilitating horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs. However, under stable operation at an OLR of 6.0 g·VS/L·d, there was a decrease in ARGs abundance but a notable increase in human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Subsequently, during reactor instability, the abundance of ARGs and HPB increased. Notably, during digestate recirculation at OLR levels of 6.0 and 7.0 g·VS/L·d, the process attenuated the risk of ARGs spread by reducing the diversity of ARGs hosts, minimizing interactions among ARGs hosts, ARGs, and MGEs, and weakening functional profiles associated with HGT of ARGs. Overall, digestate recirculation aids in reducing the abundance of antibiotics and ARGs under high OLR conditions. These findings provide advanced insights into how OLR and digestate recirculation affect the occurrence patterns of antibiotics and ARGs in dry AD.202438968733
700490.9764Sheep and rapeseed cake manure promote antibiotic resistome in agricultural soil. The application of manure in agriculture caused the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in soil environments. However, the co-occurrence pattern and host diversity of ARGs and MGEs in soils amended with animal and green manures remains unclear. In this study, metagenomic assembly and binning techniques were employed to comprehensively explore the effects of sheep manure and green manure on soil microbiome, antibiotic resistomes, and ARG hosts. Both rapeseed cake manure and sheep manure increased the abundance and diversity of ARGs, with sheep manure particularly enhancing the abundance of ARGs conferring resistant to multidrug, quinolone, rifampicin, and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLSB). Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids, transposases, and integrases, preferentially enhanced the potential mobility of some ARGs subtypes (i.e. sul2, aadA, qacH, and folp), facilitating the spread of ARGs. Additionally, sheep manure reshaped the bacterial community structure and composition as well as ARG hosts, some opportunistic pathogens (i.e. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pantoea) acquired antibiotic resistance and remained recalcitrant. It is concluded that rapeseed cake manure and sheep manure increased the co-occurrence of ARGs and MGEs, enriched the potential ARG hosts, and promoted the dissemination of ARGs in agricultural soils.202540633350
7174100.9764Metagenomic analysis deciphers airborne pathogens with enhanced antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in composting facilities. The composting process has been shown to effectively reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal manure, but its influence on surrounding airborne AMR remains unknown, particularly with regard to human-pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (HPARB). In this study, air and paired compost samples were collected from a full-scale composting facility, and the antibiotic resistome, microbiome, and HPARB were systematically analyzed in both two habitats using metagenomic analysis. Current result uncovered the profiles of HPARB in air, showing that significantly more airborne HPARB were assembled than that in compost samples. Airborne pathogens harboredan increased abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factor genes (VFGs) in comparison with compost-borne HPARB. The core antibiotic resistome represents 18.58% of overall ARG subtypes, contributing to 86.31% of ARG abundance. A higher number of enriched core ARGs (2.16- to 13.36-times higher), including mexF, tetW, and vanS, were observed in air samples compared to compost samples. As an important human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was prevalent in the air and carried more ARG (6) and VFG (130) subtypes than those in compost. A significantly higher risk score was detected for airborne AMR in the composting facility compared to that in hospital and urban environments. This study revealed the enhanced airborne HPARB through comparative experiments between air and composting habitats. It highlighted the unrecognized AMR risks associated with air in composting site and provided a scientific basis for accurately assessing health outcomes caused by occupational exposure.202540472755
7670110.9764Co-occurrence of antibiotic, biocide, and heavy metal resistance genes in bacteria from metal and radionuclide contaminated soils at the Savannah River Site. Contaminants such as heavy metals may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by enriching resistance gene determinants via co-selection mechanisms. In the present study, a survey was performed on soils collected from four areas at the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina, USA, with varying contaminant profiles: relatively pristine (Upper Three Runs), heavy metals (Ash Basins), radionuclides (Pond B) and heavy metal and radionuclides (Tim's Branch). Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we explored the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities. Sites with legacies of metal and/or radionuclide contamination displayed significantly lower bacterial diversity compared to the reference site. Metagenomic analysis indicated that multidrug and vancomycin antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal resistance genes (MRGs) including those associated with copper, arsenic, iron, nickel and zinc were prominent in all soils including the reference site. However, significant differences were found in the relative abundance and diversity of certain ARGs and MRGs in soils with metal/radionuclide contaminated soils compared to the reference site. Co-occurrence patterns revealed significant ARG/MRG subtypes in predominant soil taxa including Acidobacteriaceae, Bradyrhizobium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Verrumicrobium, Actinomadura and Solirubacterales. Overall, the study emphasizes the potential risk of human activities on the dissemination of AMR in the environment.202032363769
6939120.9763Field ponding water exacerbates the dissemination of manure-derived antibiotic resistance genes from paddy soil to surrounding waterbodies. Farmlands fertilized with livestock manure-derived amendments have become a hot topic in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Field ponding water connects rice paddies with surrounding water bodies, such as reservoirs, rivers, and lakes. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding whether and how manure-borne ARGs can be transferred from paddy soil into field ponding water. Our studies suggest that the manure-derived ARGs aadA1, bla1, catA1, cmlA1-01, cmx(A), ermB, mepA and tetPB-01 can easily be transferred into field ponding water from paddy soil. The bacterial phyla Crenarchaeota, Verrucomicrobia, Cyanobacteria, Choloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria are potential hosts of ARGs. Opportunistic pathogens detected in both paddy soil and field ponding water showed robust correlations with ARGs. Network co-occurrence analysis showed that mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were strongly correlated with ARGs. Our findings highlight that manure-borne ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in paddy fields can conveniently disseminate to the surrounding waterbodies through field ponding water, posing a threat to public health. This study provides a new perspective for comprehensively assessing the risk posed by ARGs in paddy ecosystems.202337007487
7176130.9763Significant higher airborne antibiotic resistance genes and the associated inhalation risk in the indoor than the outdoor. Inhalation of airborne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can lead to antimicrobial resistance and potential health risk. In modern society, increasing individuals stay more indoors, however, studies regarding the exposure to airborne ARGs in indoor environments and the associated risks remain limited. Here, we compared the variance of aerosol-associated ARGs, bacterial microbiomes, and their daily intake (DI) burden in dormitory, office, and outdoor environments in a university in Tianjin. The results indicated that compared to outdoor aerosols, indoors exhibited significantly higher absolute abundance of both ARG subtypes and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (1-7 orders of magnitude), 16S rRNA genes (2-3 orders), and total culturable bacteria (1-3 orders). Furthermore, we observed that significantly different airborne bacterial communities are the major drivers contributing to the variance of aerosol-associated ARGs in indoor and outdoor aerosols. Notably, the high abundances of total bacteria, potential pathogenic genera, and ARGs (particularly those harbored by pathogens) in indoor and outdoor aerosols, especially in indoors, may pose an increased exposure risk via inhalation. The successful isolation of human pathogens such as Elizabethkingia anopheles, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Delftia lacustris resistant to the "last-resort" antibiotics carbapenems and polymyxin B from indoor aerosols further indicated an increased exposure risk in indoors. Together, this study highlights the potential risks associated with ARGs and their inhalation to human health in indoor environments.202133120141
6379140.9763Shotgun metagenome guided exploration of anthropogenically driven resistomic hotspots within Lonar soda lake of India. Anthropogenic activities mediated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the pristine aquatic bodies (lakes) is raising concern worldwide. Long read shotgun sequencing was used to assess taxonomic diversity, distribution of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in six sites within hypersaline Lonar soda lake (India) prone to various anthropogenic activities. Proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota were dominant phyla under domain Bacteria and Archaea respectively. Higher abundance of Bacteroidetes was pragmatic at sites 18LN5 and 18LN6. Functional analysis indicated 26 broad-spectrum ARGs types, not reported earlier in this ecosystem. Abundant ARG types identified were multidrug efflux, glycopepetide, bacitracin, tetracycline and aminogylcoside resistance. Sites 18LN1 and 18LN5 depicted 167 and 160 different ARGs subtypes respectively and rpoB2, bcrA, tetA(48), mupA, ompR, patA, vanR and multidrug ABC transporter genes were present in all samples. The rpoB2 gene was dominant in 18LN1, whereas bcrA gene in 18LN2-18LN6 sites. Around 24 MRGs types were detected with higher abundance of arsenic in 18LN1 and copper in 18LN2-18LN6, signifying metal contamination linked to MRGs. The bacterial taxa Pseudomonas, Thioalkalivibrio, Burkholderia, Clostridium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus and Streptomyces were significantly associated with ARGs. This study highlights the resistomic hotspots in the lake for deploying policies for conservation efforts.202032155479
3493150.9762Studies on the airborne bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes in duck houses based on metagenome and PCR analysis. The threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is on the rise globally, especially with the development of animal husbandry and the increased demand for antibiotics. Livestock and poultry farms, as key sites for prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), can spread antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) through microbial aerosols and affect public health. In this study, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and airborne culturable microorganisms were collected from duck houses in Tai'an, Shandong Province, and the bacterial communities and airborne ARGs were analyzed using metagenomics and PCR methods. The results showed that the bacterial communities in the air of duck houses were mainly Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobactria, Chlamydia, and Bcateroidetes at the phylum level. At the genus level, the air was dominated by Corynebacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Staphylococcus, Brevibacterium, and Megacoccus, and contained some pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were also potential hosts for ARGs. The airborne ARGs were mainly macrolides (10.97%), penicillins (10.73%), cephalosporins (8.91%), streptozotocin (8.91%), and aminoglycosides (8.02%). PCR detected 27 ARGs in airborne culturable microorganisms, and comparative analysis between PCR and the metagenomic data revealed that a total of 9 ARGs were found to the same, including macrolides ErmA, ErmF, tetracyclines tetG, tetX, methicarbamazepines dfrA12, dfrA15, aminoglycosides APH3-VI, ANT2-Ⅰ, and sulfonamides sul2. Moreover, inhalation exposure modeling showed that the workers in duck houses inhaled higher concentrations of ARB, human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) and human pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (HPARB) than hospital workers. These results provide new insights into airborne microorganisms and ARGs in animal farms and lay the foundation for further study.202438157791
7168160.9762Insights into microbial contamination in multi-type manure-amended soils: The profile of human bacterial pathogens, virulence factor genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Concerns regarding biological risk in environment have garnered increasing attention. Manure has been believed to be a significant source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soil. Nevertheless, the profile of microbial contamination including ARGs, virulence factor genes (VFGs) and human bacterial pathogens (HBPs) in different manure-amended soils remain largely unknown. Here, we conducted the systematic metagenome-based study to explore changes in resistome, VFGs and HBPs in soils treated by frequently-used manures. The results revealed that many manure-borne ARGs, VFGs, and HBPs could be spreaded into soils, and their diversity and abundance were significantly different among chemical fertilizer, pig manure, chicken manure, cow dung and silkworm excrement application. A total of 157 potential HBPs accounting about 1.33% of total bacteria were detected. The main ARGs transferred from manures to soil conferred resistance to vancomycin and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin. The series analysis revealed positive co-occurrence patterns of ARGs-HBPs, VFGs-HBPs and ARGs-VFGs. Microbial contamination were more serious in pig manure and silkworm excrement sample than in the other samples, implying the usage of these two manures increased the risk of HBPs and dissemination of ARGs. This study confirmed the prevalence and discrepancy of resistome, VFGs and HBPs in different manure-amended soils.202235728317
6790170.9761Overlooked dissemination risks of antimicrobial resistance through green tide proliferation. Green tides, particularly those induced by Enteromorpha, pose significant environmental challenges, exacerbated by climate change, coastal eutrophication, and other anthropogenic impacts. More concerningly, these blooms may influence the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within ecosystems. However, the manner in which Enteromorpha blooms affect the distribution and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains uncertain. This study investigated ARG profiles, dynamic composition, and associated health risks within the Enteromorpha phycosphere and surrounding seawater in typical bays (Jiaozhou, Aoshan, and Lingshan) in the South Yellow Sea. The Enteromorpha phycosphere exhibited significantly higher ARG abundance (p < 0.05) but lower diversity compared to the surrounding seawater. Source-tracking and metagenomic analyses revealed that the phycosphere was the main contributor to the resistome of surrounding seawater. Moreover, resistant pathogens, especially ESKAPE pathogens, with horizontal gene transfer (HGT) potential, were more abundant in the phycosphere than in the surrounding seawater. The phycosphere released high-risk ARGs to the surrounding seawater during Enteromorpha blooms, posing serious health and ecological AMR risks in marine environments. This study highlights the significant role of Enteromorpha blooms in ARG spread and associated risks, urging a reassessment of AMR burden from a public health perspective.202539488061
7007180.9761Tracking resistomes, virulence genes, and bacterial pathogens in long-term manure-amended greenhouse soils. Organic manure has been implicated as an important source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in agricultural soils. However, the profiles of biocide resistance genes (BRGs), metal resistance genes (MRGs) and virulence genes (VGs) and their bacterial hosts in manure-amended soils remain largely unknown. Herein, a systematic metagenome-based survey was conducted to comprehensively explore the changes in resistomes, VGs and their bacterial hosts, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and pathogenic bacteria in manure-amended greenhouse soils. Many manure-borne ARGs, BRGs, MRGs, VGs, and bacterial pathogens could be transferred into soils by applying manures, and their abundance and diversity were markedly positively correlated with greenhouse planting years (manure amendment years). The main ARGs transferred from manures to soils conferred resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin. Both statistical analysis and gene arrangements showed a good positive co-occurrence pattern of ARGs/BRGs/MRGs/VGs and MGEs. Furthermore, bacterial hosts of resistomes and VGs were significantly changed in the greenhouse soils in comparison with the field soils. Our findings confirmed the migration and dissemination of resistomes, VGs, and bacterial pathogens, and their accumulation and persistence were correlated with the continuous application of manures.202032298867
7005190.9761The mobility, host, and co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in multi-type pig manure-soil systems: Metagenome assembly analysis. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) pose significant threats to public health and environmental safety, yet the mobility and hosts of ARGs in animal manure-soil systems remain poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the environmental risks of tilmicosin (TIL) and investigated ARG profiles, mobility, and drivers in pig manure-soil systems using metagenomic assembly. TIL was effectively degraded during aerobic composting and fertilization via hydroxylation, demethylation, and deglycosylation. Notably, the total abundance of ARGs significantly decreased during aerobic composting and fertilization, and manure types affected the distribution and composition of ARGs in fertilized soils. There was a special correlation between the genetic location and type of ARGs. In addition, the results showed co-localization of some specific ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (tetA-tetR- transposase; tetR-floR- Tn3 family). A significant correlation was found between Escherichia coli and multiple ARG types, especially multidrug ARGs. Microbial community was the dominant factor driving the variations of ARGs in pig manure-soil systems, followed by MGEs, environmental factors, and antibiotic concentration. This study advances the understanding on the environmental risk assessment of TIL and elucidates the key drivers of ARG dissemination in pig manure-soil systems, providing critical insights and actionable strategies for sustainable livestock management and environmental risk control.202540865323