MICROCOSM - Word Related Documents




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812300.9902The effect of bulk-biochar and nano-biochar amendment on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic contaminated soil. Biochar amendment has significant benefits in removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil. Nevertheless, there is little information on ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil. Herein, a 42-day soil microcosm experiment were carried out to study how two coconut shell biochars (bulk- and nano-size) eliminate soil ARGs with/without microplastic presence. The results showed that microplastic increased significantly the numbers and abundances of ARGs in soil at 14d of cultivation. And, two biochars amendment effectively inhibited soil ARGs spread whether or not microplastic was present, especially for nano-biochar which had more effective removal compared to bulk-biochar. However, microplastic weakened soil ARGs removal after applying same biochar. Two biochars removed ARGs through decreasing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, potential host-bacteria abundances, some bacteria crowding the eco-niche of hosts and promoting soil properties. The adverse effect of microplastic on ARGs removal was mainly caused by weakening mobile genetic elements (MGEs) removal, and by changing soil properties. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that biochar's effect on ARGs profile was changed by its size and microplastic presence through altering MGEs abundances. These results highlight that biochar amendment is still an effective method for ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil.202437907163
811710.9901Composting of oxytetracycline fermentation residue in combination with hydrothermal pretreatment for reducing antibiotic resistance genes enrichment. Hydrothermal pretreatment can efficiently remove the residual antibiotics in oxytetracycline fermentation residue (OFR), but its effect on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during composting remains unclear. This study compared the shifts in bacterial community and evolutions in ARGs and integrons during different composting processes of OFRs with and without hydrothermal pretreatment. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal pretreatment increased the bacterial alpha diversity at the initial phase, and increased the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria but decreased that of Bacteroidetes at the final phase by inactivating mycelia and removing residual oxytetracycline. Composting process inevitably elevated the abundance and relative abundance of ARGs. However, the increase in ARGs was significantly reduced by hydrothermal pretreatment, because the removal of oxytetracycline decreased their potential host bacteria and inhibited their horizontal gene transfer. The results demonstrated that hydrothermal pretreatment is an efficient strategy to reduce the enrichment of ARGs during the OFR composting.202033099099
692120.9898Impacts of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Bacterial Communities, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Paddy Soil Under Rice-Wheat Rotation. The responses of sulfonamides, sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul) and soil bacterial communities to different fertilization regimes were investigated by performing a field experiment using paddy soil with no fertilizer applied, chemical fertilizer applied, organic fertilizer applied, and combination of chemical and organic fertilizer applied. Applying organic fertilizer increased the bacterial community diversity and affected the bacterial community composition. Eutrophic bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria) were significantly enriched by applying organic fertilizer. It was also found organic fertilizer application increased sulfamethazine content and the relative abundances of sul1 and sul2 in the soil. In contrast, applying chemical fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of Nitrospirae, Parcubacteria, and Verrucomicrobia and caused no obvious changes on sul. Correlation analysis indicated that sul enrichment was associated with the increases in sulfamethazine content and potential hosts (e.g., Novosphingobium and Rhodoplanes) population. The potential ecological risks of antibiotics in paddy soil with organic fertilizer applied cannot be ignored.202236547725
812630.9896Antiallergic drugs drive the alteration of microbial community and antibiotic resistome in surface waters: A metagenomic perspective. Antiallergic drugs (AADs) are emerging contaminants of global concern due to their environmental persistence and potential ecological impacts. This study investigated the effects of seven AADs (chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, cetirizine, loratadine, desloratadine, sodium cromoglicate and calcium gluconate) at environmentally relevant concentrations on antibiotic resistome and bacterial community structures in water using microcosm experiments and metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that AADs increased the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) by 1.24- to 7.78-fold. Community structure shifts indicated that chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and cetirizine promoted Actinobacteria (e.g., Aurantimicrobium), while the other four AADs favored Proteobacteria (e.g., Limnohabitans). AADs also significantly altered the relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria identified as key ARB components and potential hosts of ARGs (e.g., evgS, mtrA, RanA). Host analysis showed ARGs were primarily carried by Actinobacteria (e.g., Aurantimicrobium) under chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and cetirizine exposure, but by Proteobacteria (e.g., Limnohabitans) under the other four AADs. Furthermore, AADs facilitated the horizontal transfer of ARGs (e.g., evgS) within microbial communities, contributing to antibiotic resistance dissemination. This study highlights the ecological risks of AADs in promoting antibiotic resistance spread and provides new insights into their impact on microbial communities and resistome dynamics in aquatic environments.202540570627
794040.9894Microplastics affect the ammonia oxidation performance of aerobic granular sludge and enrich the intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes. Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as emerging pollutants, are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants, and their threats to the environment have received extensive attentions. However, the effects of MPs on the nitrification of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and the spread patterns of intracellular and extracellular ARGs (iARGs and eARGs) in AGS were still unknown. In this study, the responses of AGS to the exposure of 1, 10 and 100 mg/L of typical MPs (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE)) and tetracycline were focused on in 3 L nitrifying sequencing batch reactors. 10 mg/L MPs decreased the nitrification function, but nitrification could recover. Furthermore, MPs inhibited ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and enriched nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, leading partial nitrification to losing stability. PVC, PA and PS stimulated the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and reactive oxygen species. PE had less negative effect on AGS than PVC, PA and PS. The abundances of iARGs and eARGs (tetW, tetE and intI1) increased significantly and the intracellular and extracellular microbial communities obviously shifted in AGS system under MPs stress. Potential pathogenic bacteria might be the common hosts of iARGs and eARGs in AGS system and were enriched in AGS and MPs biofilms.202133387747
692650.9892Insights into the driving factors of vertical distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in long-term fertilized soils. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils has aroused wide attention. However, the influence of long-term fertilization on the distribution of ARGs in different soil layers and its dominant drivers remain largely unknown. In this study, a total of 203 ARGs were analyzed in greenhouse vegetable soils (0-100 cm from a 13-year field experiment applied with different fertilizers (control, chemical fertilizer, organic manure, and mixed fertilizer). Compared with unfertilized and chemically fertilized soils, manure application significantly increased the abundance and alpha diversity of soil ARGs, where the assembly of ARG communities was strongly driven by stochastic processes. The distribution of ARGs was significantly driven by manure application within 60 cm, while it was insignificantly changed in soil below 60 cm under different fertilization regimes. The inter-correlations of ARGs with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and microbiota were strengthened in manured soil, indicating manure application posed a higher risk for ARGs diffusion in subsurface soil. Bacteria abundance and MGEs directly influenced ARG abundance and composition, whereas soil depth and manure application indirectly influenced ARG abundance and composition by affecting antibiotics. These results strengthen our understanding of the long-term anthropogenic influence on the vertical distribution of soil ARGs and highlight the ecological risk of ARGs in subsurface soil induced by long-term manure application.202337247491
693760.9891Differential responses of bacterial and archaeal communities to biodegradable and non-biodegradable microplastics in river. Microplastics are widespread environmental pollutants that pose risks to ecosystems, yet their effects on bacterial and archaeal communities in aquatic ecosystems remain understudied. In this study, we performed a 14-day microcosm experiment combined with metagenomic sequencing to compare bacterial and archaeal responses to a biodegradable microplastic (polylactic acid, PLA) and a non-biodegradable microplastic (polyvinyl chloride, PVC). Microplastics selectively enriched distinct microbial assemblages, with Pseudomonadota and Euryarchaeota identified as the dominant bacterial and archaeal phyla, accounting for 67.83 % and 15.95 %, respectively. Archaeal community in surrounding water were more sensitive to colonization time than bacterial community. Compared to the surrounding water, the plastisphere displayed simpler and more loosely connected microbial networks. Notably, co-occurrence networks of both bacteria and archaea in the PVC plastisphere were predominantly shaped by symbiotic interactions. Both bacteria and archaea carried diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but PLS-PM indicated that bacteria were the primary drivers of ARG dissemination (path coefficient = 0.952). While the PVC plastisphere showed higher ARG abundance than the PLA plastisphere, elevated intI1 expression in the PLA plastisphere suggests a potentially greater risk of ARG dissemination associated with PLA microplastics. These findings reveal the distinct effects of PLA and PVC microplastics on microbial communities and highlight the role of microplastics in ARG dissemination, emphasizing their ecological risks in aquatic ecosystems.202540712359
693870.9891Assessment of the Effects of Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Microplastics Combined with Pesticides on the Soil Microbiota. Microplastics (MPs) and pesticides pose significant threats to the health of soil ecosystems. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and nonbiodegradable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics alongside glyphosate and imidacloprid pesticides on soil microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via microcosm experiments. Compared with the control, PLA significantly increased microbial alpha diversity and enhanced microbial functions related to environmental information processing and metabolism. However, PLA also selectively enriched populations of beneficial and potentially pathogenic bacteria, whereas PET had comparatively weaker effects. Crucially, PLA exposure resulted in substantially higher total abundance and ecological risk levels of soil ARGs than did PET. Coexposure with pesticides further amplified these effects, with PLA demonstrating notable synergistic interactions with both glyphosate and imidacloprid. These findings challenge the conventional assumption that biodegradable MPs such as PLA are environmentally safer than nonbiodegradable MPs, thus highlighting their potential to induce more complex and potentially severe ecological risks under co-contamination scenarios with pesticides.202541175058
811280.9890Fate of antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes during enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by microwave pretreatment. The fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated during the sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) with microwave-acid (MW-H), microwave (MW) and microwave-H2O2-alkaline (MW-H2O2) pretreatments. Results showed that combined MW pretreatment especially for the MW-H pretreatment could efficiently reduce the ARB concentration, and most ARG concentrations tended to attenuate during the pretreatment. The subsequent AD showed evident removal of the ARB, but most ARGs were enriched after AD. Only the concentration of tetX kept continuous declination during the whole sludge treatment. The total ARGs concentration showed significant correlation with 16S rRNA during the pretreatment and AD. Compared with unpretreated sludge, the AD of MW and MW-H2O2 pretreated sludge presented slightly better ARB and ARGs reduction efficiency.201626970692
812490.9890Effect of graphene and graphene oxide on antibiotic resistance genes during copper-contained swine manure anaerobic digestion. Copper is an important selectors for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transfer because of metal-antibiotic cross-resistance and/or coresistance. Due to carbon-based materials' good adsorption capacity for heavy metals, graphene and graphene oxide have great potential to reduce ARGs abundance in the environment with copper pollution. To figure out the mechanics, this study investigated the effects of graphene and graphene oxide on the succession of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs), and bacterial communities during copper-contained swine manure anaerobic digestion. Results showed that graphene and graphene oxide could reduce ARGs abundance in varying degrees with the anaerobic reactors that contained a higher concentration of copper. Nevertheless, graphene decreased the abundance of ARGs more effectively than graphene oxide. Phylum-level bacteria such as Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Verrucomicrobiaat were significantly positively correlated with most ARGs. Network and redundancy analyses demonstrated that alterations in the bacterial community are one of the main factors leading to the changes in ARGs. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes were enriched lower in graphene reactor than graphene oxide in anaerobic digestion products, which may be the main reason that graphene is superior to graphene oxide in reduced ARGs abundance. Additionally, ARGs were close to HMRGs than MGEs in the treatments with graphene, the opposite in graphene oxide reactors. Therefore, we speculate that the reduction of HMRGs in graphene may contribute to the result that graphene is superior to graphene oxide in reduced ARGs abundance in anaerobic digestion.202336394812
6932100.9890Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soil amended using Azolla imbricata and its driving mechanisms. The floating aquatic plant of Azolla imbricata has an outstanding purification capability for polluted river water, and it is also employed to improve soil fertility. However, the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil amended using A.imbricata remain unclear. In the soil amendment with A. imbricata, heavy metals, antibiotics, transposase genes, ARGs, and bacterial communities in the soil were determined in this study. The results indicated that the diversity of bacteria and ARGs increased, while the diversity of ARGs decreased under the amendment using an appropriate amount of A. imbricata. The Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the main host bacteria of ARGs. The vertical gene transfer of ARGs was weak, and the horizontal gene transfer became the dominant transfer pathway of ARGs. The amendment with A. imbricata altered the distribution of heavy metals, antibiotics, transposase genes, ARGs, and dominant bacteria. The amendment using A. imbricata promoted the degradation of antibiotics, decreased the concentrations of available heavy metals, and eliminated the abundance of ARGs and transposase genes. Our findings suggested a comprehensive effect of multiple stresses on the fate of ARGs in soil amended with A. imbricata, providing an insight into the distribution and propagation of ARGs in soil amended using plant residues.201931351286
7928110.9889Insight into the responses of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic biofilms to zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc ions pressures in landfill leachate. Microplastic (MP) biofilms are hotspots of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in landfill environment. MP biofilms in landfill leachate coexist with heavy metals and metallic nanoparticles (NPs) that considered to be the selective agents of ARGs. However, the effects of these selective pressures on ARGs in MP biofilms and their differences in MP-surrounding leachate have not been well understood. Herein, the changes of ARG abundances in MP biofilms and corresponding leachate under zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and zinc ion (Zn(2+)) pressures were comparatively analyzed. The presence of ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) promoted the enrichment of ARGs in MP biofilms, and the enrichment was more pronounced in ZnO NPs groups. ZnO NPs and especially Zn(2+) mainly decreased the abundances of ARGs in leachate. The increase of integron abundances and reactive oxygen species production in MP biofilms implied the enhanced potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures. Meanwhile, the co-occurrence pattern between ARGs and bacterial genera in MP biofilms with more diverse potential ARG hosts was more complex than in leachate, and the enrichment of ARG-hosting bacteria in MP biofilms under ZnO NPs and Zn(2+) pressures supported the enrichment of ARGs.202337480611
8120120.9889Insight into the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community in co-composting green tea residues with swine manure. Green tea residues (GTRs) are byproducts of tea production and processing, and this type of agricultural waste retains nutritious components. This study investigated the co-composting of GTRs with swine manure, as well as the effects of GTRs on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the bacterial community during co-composting. The temperature and C/N ratio indicate compost was mature after processing. The addition of GTRs effectively promoted the reduction in the abundances of most targeted ARGs (tet and sul genes), mobile genetic element (MGE; intI1), and metal resistance genes (MRGs; pcoA and tcrB). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that GTRs can reduce the abundance of MRGs and ARGs by reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals. Network analysis shows that Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were the main hosts of ARGs and ARGs, MGEs, and MRGs shared the same potential host bacteria. Adding GTRs during composting may reduce ARGs transmission through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). GTRs affected the bacterial community, thereby influencing the variations in the ARG profiles and reducing the potential risk associated with the compost product.202032310121
6923130.9889Soil types influence the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes following the land application of sludge composts. Sewage sludge was generally considered a significant reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and could enter agricultural systems as fertilizer after composting. Soil types and the discrepancy of sludge composts could have influenced the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) following the land application of sludge composts, which deserved to be clarified. Thus, the fate of ARB and ARGs following the land application of three types of sludge composts (A, B, and C) to three different soils (red soil, loess, and black soil) was investigated. The results showed that tetX, which was enriched the most during composting, did not affect the soil resistome, whereas tetG did. Soil types influenced the dynamics of ARB and ARGs significantly, whereas no significant difference was observed among compost types. The advantage of reducing ARGs during the composting process in compost B did not extend to land application. Land application of composts influenced the microbial community significantly at the early stage, but the microbial community returned to the control pattern gradually. Changes in the microbial community contributed more to the dynamics of ARGs in red and black soil compared with other factors, including co-selection from heavy metals, horizontal gene transfer, biomass and environmental factors, whereas horizontal gene transfer, reflected by intI1 levels, contributed the most in loess.201829793114
7929140.9889Size-dependent effects of microplastics on antibiotic resistance genes fate in wastewater treatment systems: The role of changed surface property and microbial assemblages in a continuous exposure mode. Microplastics (MPs) were continuously transported to wastewater treatment systems and accumulated in sludge constantly, potentially affecting systems function and co-occurrent contaminants fate. However, previous studies were based on acute exposure of MPs, which could not reflect the dynamics of MPs accumulation. Herein, this study firstly raised a more realistic method to evaluate the practical impacts of MPs on systems purification efficiency and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) fate. Continuous exposure of MPs did not pose negative effects on nutrients removal, but significantly changed the occurrence patterns of ARGs. ARGs abundances increased by 42.8 % and 54.3 % when exposed to millimeter-size MPs (mm-MPs) polyamide and polyethylene terephthalate, but increased by 31.3 % and 39.4 % to micron-size MPs (μm-MPs), respectively. Thus, mm-MPs posed severer effects on ARGs than μm-MPs. Further, mm-MPs surface properties were obviously altered after long-term exposure (higher specific surface area and O-containing species), which benefited microbes attachment. More importantly, more taxa linkages and changed topological properties (higher average degree and average weight) of co-occurrent network were observed in sludge with mm-MPs than with μm-MPs, as well as totally different potential host bacteria of ARGs. Rough surface of MPs and closer relations between ARGs and bacteria taxa contributed to the propagation of ARGs, which accounted for the observed higher ARGs abundances of mm-MPs. This study demonstrated that long-term accumulation of MPs in wastewater treatment systems affected ARGs fate, and mm-MPs caused severer risk due to their enrichment of ARGs. The results would promote the understanding of MPs real environmental behavior and influences.202236037899
6917150.9889Response characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities during agricultural waste composting: Focusing on biogas residue combined with biochar amendments. This research investigated biogas residue and biochar addition on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and changes in bacterial community during agricultural waste composting. Sequencing technique investigated bacterial community structure and ARGs, MGEs changes. Correlations among physicochemical factors, ARGs, MGEs, and bacterial community structure were determined using redundancy analysis. Results confirmed that biochar and biogas residue amendments effectively lowered the contents of ARGs and MGEs. The main ARGs detected was sul1. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the main host bacteria strongly associated with the dissemination of ARGs. The dynamic characteristics of the bacterial community were strongly correlated with pile temperature and pH (P < 0.05). Redundancy and network analysis revealed that nitrate, intI1, and Firmicutes mainly affected the in ARGs changes. Therefore, regulating these key variables would effectively suppress the ARGs spread and risk of compost use.202336657587
7926160.9888Microplastics Exacerbated Conjugative Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Ultraviolet Disinfection: Highlighting Difference between Conventional and Biodegradable Ones. Microplastics (MPs) have been confirmed as a hotspot for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in wastewater. However, the impact of MPs on the transfer of ARGs in wastewater treatment remains unclear. This study investigated the roles and mechanisms of conventional (polystyrene, PS) and biodegradable (polylactic acid, PLA) MPs in the conjugative transfer of ARGs during ultraviolet disinfection. The results showed that MPs significantly facilitated the conjugative transfer of ARGs compared with individual ultraviolet disinfection, and PSMPs exhibited higher facilitation than PLAMPs. The facilitation effects were attributed to light shielding and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nanoplastics from ultraviolet irradiation of MPs. The light shielding of MPs protected the bacteria and ARGs from ultraviolet inactivation. More importantly, ROS and nanoplastics generated from irradiated MPs induced intracellular oxidative stress on bacteria and further increased the cell membrane permeability and intercellular contact, ultimately enhancing the ARG exchange. The greater fragmentation of PSMPs than PLAMPs resulted in a higher intracellular oxidative stress and a stronger enhancement. This study highlights the concerns of conventional and biodegradable MPs associated with the transfer of ARGs during wastewater treatment, which provides new insights into the combined risks of MPs and ARGs in the environment.202539723446
6935170.9888Effects of soil protists on the antibiotic resistome under long term fertilization. Soil protists are key in regulating soil microbial communities. However, our understanding on the role of soil protists in shaping antibiotic resistome is limited. Here, we considered the diversity and composition of bacteria, fungi and protists in arable soils collected from a long-term field experiment with multiple fertilization treatments. We explored the effects of soil protists on antibiotic resistome using high-throughput qPCR. Our results showed that long term fertilization had stronger effect on the composition of protists than those of bacteria and fungi. The detected number and relative abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were elevated in soils amended with organic fertilizer. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that changes in protists may contribute to the changes in ARGs composition, and the application of different fertilizers altered the communities of protistan consumers, suggesting that effects of protistan communities on ARGs might be altered by the top-down impact on bacterial composition. This study demonstrates soil protists as promising agents in monitoring and regulating ecological risk of antibiotic resistome associated with organic fertilizers.202235609845
6915180.9887Industrial-scale aerobic composting of livestock manures with the addition of biochar: Variation of bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes caused by various composting stages. The presence of large amounts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock manures poses an impending, tough safety risk to ecosystems. To investigate more comprehensively the mechanisms of ARGs removal from industrial-scale composting of livestock manure based on biochar addition, we tracked the dynamics of bacterial community and ARGs at various stages of aerobic composting of livestock manures with 10% biochar. There were no significant effects of biochar on the bacterial community and the profiles of ARGs. During aerobic composting, the relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) showed overall trends of decreasing and then increasing. The key factor driving the dynamics of ARGs was bacterial community composition, and the potential hosts of ARGs were Caldicoprobacter, Tepidimicrobium, Ignatzschineria, Pseudogracilibacillus, Actinomadura, Flavobacterium and Planifilum. The retention of the thermophilic bacteria and the repopulation of the initial bacteria were the dominant reasons for the increase in ARGs at maturation stage. Additionally, among the MGEs, the relative abundance of transposon gene was substantially removed, while the integron genes remained at high relative abundance. Our results highlighted that the suitability of biochar addition to industrial-scale aerobic composting needs to be further explored and that effective measures are needed to prevent the increase of ARGs content on maturation stage.202236162559
7941190.9887Microplastics accelerate nitrification, shape the microbial community, and alter antibiotic resistance during the nitrifying process. Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are both emerging pollutants that are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the effects of various MPs, including polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), on nitrification performance, dominant microbial communities, and antibiotic resistance during nitrification were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of MPs increased the specific ammonia oxidation rate and specific nitrate production rate by 15.2 % - 15.5 % and 8.0 % - 11.6 %, respectively, via enrichment of nitrifying microorganisms, Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas. Moreover, ARGs were selectively enriched in nitrifying sludge and microplastic biofilms under stress from different MPs. Compared with PE-MPs (23.9 %) and PVC-MPs (21.4 %), exposure to PLA-MPs significantly increased intI1 abundance by 51.6 %. The results of the variance decomposition analysis implied that MPs and the microbial community play important roles in the behavior of ARGs. Network analysis indicated that Nitrosomonas and potentially pathogenic bacteria emerged as possible hosts, harboring ARGs and intI1 genes in the nitrifying sludge and microplastic biofilms. Critically, PLA-MPs were found to enrich both ARGs and potential pathogenic bacteria during nitrification, which should be considered in their promotion of application processes due to their biodegradability.202539740624