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47900.9376Genome sequences of Methylobacterium and Methylorubrum isolates from Cd-contaminated soils in the Tar Creek Superfund site. Soil bacteria were isolated from the Tar Creek Superfund site in the presence of cadmium. Eight of these strains belong to the genus Methylobacterium, whereas one strain belongs to the genus Methylorubrum. Here, we report drafts of their genome sequences and highlight cadmium-resistance genes required in an exceptionally contaminated environment.202539835800
611110.9327Five copper homeostasis gene clusters encode the Cu-efflux resistome of the highly copper-tolerant Methylorubrum extorquens AM1. BACKGROUND: In the last decade, the use of copper has reemerged as a potential strategy to limit healthcare-associated infections and to control the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. Numerous environmental studies have proposed that most opportunistic pathogens have acquired antimicrobial resistance in their nonclinical primary habitat. Thus, it can be presumed that copper-resistant bacteria inhabiting a primary commensal niche might potentially colonize clinical environments and negatively affect the bactericidal efficacy of Cu-based treatments. The use of copper in agricultural fields is one of the most important sources of Cu pollution that may exert selection pressure for the increase of copper resistance in soil and plant-associated bacteria. To assess the emergence of copper-resistant bacteria in natural habitats, we surveyed a laboratory collection of bacterial strains belonging to the order Rhizobiales. This study proposes that Methylorubrum extorquens AM1 is an environmental isolate well adapted to thrive in copper-rich environments that could act as a reservoir of copper resistance genes. METHODS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CuCl(2) were used to estimate the copper tolerance of eight plant-associated facultative diazotrophs (PAFD) and five pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs (PPFM) belonging to the order Rhizobiales presumed to come from nonclinical and nonmetal-polluted natural habitats based on their reported source of isolation. Their sequenced genomes were used to infer the occurrence and diversity of Cu-ATPases and the copper efflux resistome of Mr. extorquens AM1. RESULTS: These bacteria exhibited minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CuCl(2) ranging between 0.020 and 1.9 mM. The presence of multiple and quite divergent Cu-ATPases per genome was a prevalent characteristic. The highest copper tolerance exhibited by Mr. extorquens AM1 (highest MIC of 1.9 mM) was similar to that found in the multimetal-resistant model bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 and in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. The genome-predicted copper efflux resistome of Mr. extorquens AM1 consists of five large (6.7 to 25.7 kb) Cu homeostasis gene clusters, three clusters share genes encoding Cu-ATPases, CusAB transporters, numerous CopZ chaperones, and enzymes involved in DNA transfer and persistence. The high copper tolerance and the presence of a complex Cu efflux resistome suggest the presence of relatively high copper tolerance in environmental isolates of Mr. extorquens.202336846457
873420.9325Effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, Folium Artemisiae argyi, and Galla Chinensis on the protein expression and resistance genes of Exiguobacterium sp. in response to gentamicin. Currently, the issue of antibiotic resistance genes as emerging pollutants in the environment has attracted significant attention in the field of environmental pollution research. Moreover, plant-derived compounds has become a research hotspot due to its high efficiency and low toxicity in reversing microbial intracellular antibiotic resistance genes. However, there is little research on the impact of specific plant extracts on proteins and antibiotic resistance genes during the process of reversing antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, the phosphorus removal performance test, combined with protein Raman spectroscopy analysis and antibiotic resistance gene abundance detection methods, was employed to investigate the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, Folium Artemisiae argyi, and Galla Chinensis on the phosphorus removal rate, intracellular protein binding sites, and antibiotic resistance gene abundance of Exiguobacterium sp. after exposure to gentamicin. The Raman spectroscopy test results revealed a shift in the protein peaks of Exiguobacterium sp., transitioning from the stable C = C = C = C, C = C, C = C = C structures found in drug-resistant Exiguobacterium sp. to unsaturated bonds of C, CH(2), olefinic unsaturation, and H bonds, similar to those of normal Exiguobacterium sp. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance gene abundance test results indicated a significant reduction in the abundance of gentamicin resistance genes within the intracellular environment of Exiguobacterium sp. following treatment with these plant extracts. The potential roles of flavonoids in Scutellaria baicalensis and Folium Artemisiae argyi, and tannins in Galla Chinensis in reversing resistance were discussed.202540721471
366830.9323The presence of pathogens and heavy metals in urban peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). BACKGROUND AND AIM: Wild birds raised in urban environments may be exposed to many negative factors, including biological and chemical toxic elements. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of bacteria and parasites in wild birds, based on the example of the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) as a potential indicator of bacterial drug resistance genes. Toxicological contamination was also analyzed to determine the impact of urbanized areas on this predatory species, in terms of its health, welfare, and survival in urban environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The samples consisted of down feathers and fresh feces obtained from seven falcon chicks (during obligatory veterinary examination) reared in two nests located in the Lublin region (Lublin and Puławy). Bacteria and parasites were isolated directly from feces by classical microbiological methods, polymerase chain reaction, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS). The down feathers and feces of birds were used for toxicological testing by plasma inductively coupled plasma MS to assess the concentrations of selected heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], lead [Pb], arsenic [As], zinc [Zn], and copper [Cu]). RESULTS: The study revealed the presence of a diverse microbiome in the falcon chicks, among which Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. bacteria and parasites of the genus Caryospora were dominant. The presence of drug resistance genes was also confirmed among the pathogens. The toxicological analysis found high concentrations of toxic heavy metals, including Cd, Pb, As, and Zn, in the downy feathers and feces of peregrine chicks. CONCLUSION: Predatory free-living birds living in urban environments not only can be infected with various pathogens but may also show contamination with heavy metals, which could influence their natural resistance, condition, and welfare.202134475693
864040.9322Comparative genomics reveals the acquisition of mobile genetic elements by the plant growth-promoting Pantoea eucrina OB49 in polluted environments. Heavy metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have gained popularity in bioremediation in recent years. A genome-assisted study of a heavy metal-tolerant PGPB Pantoea eucrina OB49 isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat grown on a heavy metal-contaminated site is presented. Comparative pan-genome analysis indicated that OB49 acquired heavy metal resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. On contigs S10 and S12, OB49 has two arsRBCH operons that give arsenic resistance. On the S12 contig, an arsRBCH operon was discovered in conjunction with the merRTPCADE operon, which provides mercury resistance. P. eucrina OB49 may be involved in an ecological alternative for heavy metal remediation and growth promotion of wheat grown in metal-polluted soils. Our results suggested the detection of mobile genetic elements that harbour the ars operon and the fluoride resistance genes adjacent to the mer operon.202336792019
521250.9322Draft Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas MWU13-2625 and MWU12-2115, Isolated from a Wild Cranberry Bog at the Cape Cod National Seashore. Two highly similar Pseudomonas sp. genome sequences from wetland bog soil isolates with draft genomes of ~6.3 Mbp are reported. Although the exact taxonomic placement and environmental roles of these bacteria are unclear, predicted genes for stress tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and a type VI secretion system were detected.201830533670
614460.9321Efficient arsenate reduction by As-resistant bacterium Bacillus sp. strain PVR-YHB1-1: Characterization and genome analysis. Arsenate (AsV) reduction in bacteria is essential to alleviate their arsenic (As) toxicity. We isolated a Bacillus strain PVR-YHB1-1 from the roots of As-hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata. The strain was efficient in reducing AsV to arsenite (AsIII), but the associated mechanisms were unclear. Here, we investigated its As resistance and reduction behaviors and associated genes at genome level. Results showed that the strain tolerated up to 20 mM AsV. When grown in 1 mM AsV, 96% AsV was reduced to AsIII in 48 h, with its AsV reduction ability being positively correlated to bacterial biomass. Two ars operons arsRacr3arsCDA and arsRKacr3arsC for As metabolisms were identified based on draft genome sequencing and gene annotations. Our data suggested that both operons might have attributed to efficient As resistance and AsV reduction in PVR-YHB1-1, providing clues to better understand As transformation in bacteria and their roles in As transformation in the environment.201930609485
48070.9319Permanent draft genome sequences of cadmium-resistant isolates of Cupriavidus from soils within the Tar Creek Superfund site. Soil samples taken near the abandoned town of Picher, OK, USA, were used to enrich and isolate bacteria in the presence of cadmium. Isolates reported belong to the genus Cupriavidus. Here, we report their permanent draft sequences with an emphasis on genes conferring resistance to cadmium.202539589146
842280.9318Slightly beneficial genes are retained by bacteria evolving DNA uptake despite selfish elements. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and gene loss result in rapid changes in the gene content of bacteria. While HGT aids bacteria to adapt to new environments, it also carries risks such as selfish genetic elements (SGEs). Here, we use modelling to study how HGT of slightly beneficial genes impacts growth rates of bacterial populations, and if bacterial collectives can evolve to take up DNA despite selfish elements. We find four classes of slightly beneficial genes: indispensable, enrichable, rescuable, and unrescuable genes. Rescuable genes - genes with small fitness benefits that are lost from the population without HGT - can be collectively retained by a community that engages in costly HGT. While this 'gene-sharing' cannot evolve in well-mixed cultures, it does evolve in a spatial population like a biofilm. Despite enabling infection by harmful SGEs, the uptake of foreign DNA is evolutionarily maintained by the hosts, explaining the coexistence of bacteria and SGEs.202032432548
680090.9318Shotgun Metagenomics-Guided Prediction Reveals the Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance of Microbes in Poly-Extreme Environments in the Danakil Depression, Afar Region. The occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental microorganisms, particularly in poly-extremophilic bacteria, remain underexplored and have received limited attention. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in shotgun metagenome sequences obtained from water and salt crust samples collected from Lake Afdera and the Assale salt plain in the Danakil Depression, northern Ethiopia. Potential ARGs were characterized by the comprehensive antibiotic research database (CARD), while MRGs were identified by using BacMetScan V.1.0. A total of 81 ARGs and 39 MRGs were identified at the sampling sites. We found a copA resistance gene for copper and the β-lactam encoding resistance genes were the most abundant the MRG and ARG in the study area. The abundance of MRGs is positively correlated with mercury (Hg) concentration, highlighting the importance of Hg in the selection of MRGs. Significant correlations also exist between heavy metals, Zn and Cd, and ARGs, which suggests that MRGs and ARGs can be co-selected in the environment contaminated by heavy metals. A network analysis revealed that MRGs formed a complex network with ARGs, primarily associated with β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. This suggests potential co-selection mechanisms, posing concerns for both public health and ecological balance.202338136731
8821100.9315Aromatics valorization to polyhydroxyalkanoate by the ligninolytic bacteria isolated from soil sample. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are ecofriendly alternatives to conventional plastics due to their biodegradable nature. However, the high production cost limits their applications. Exploring novel bacteria with ligninolytic potential would be crucial to advance cost-effective PHA synthesis. The current study aims to unveil soil bacteria capable of aromatics valorization to PHA. Considering this, six aromatics resistance bacteria from a soil sample were isolated through culture acclimatization strategy and their growth was analyzed in various lignin model compounds. Ralstonia sp. BPSS-1 and Arthrobacter sp. BPSS-3 presented high-cell-densities in 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) and benzoate, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the strains to be PHA positive and were subsequently evaluated for PHA synthesis from 4-HBA and benzoate at a concentration of 2 g L(-1) in a nitrogen-limited M9 medium. However, applying a co-feeding strategy by the integration of 4-HBA and benzoate further increased the substrates consumption efficiency, biomass and PHA titer compared to single carbon sources. The maximum dry cell weight (DCW) and PHA yield by Ralstonia sp. BPSS-1 through the substrate co-feeding under optimized fermentation conditions was 0.69 ± 0.03, and 0.4 ± 0.02 g L(-1), respectively. The draft genome analysis confirmed the genes involved in aromatic degradation. Besides, the proposed metabolic pathway was validated by studying the expression level of key genes, analyzing key intermediates and associated enzymes activities. The FTIR, (1)H NMR and GC-MS determined the PHA functional group, chemical structure and monomers analysis, respectively. Overall, the current study highlighted the aromatic valorization potential of newly isolated PHA producing bacteria for sustainable biomanufacturing.202540032105
8653110.9315Mining-related multi-resistance genes in sulfate-reducing bacteria treatment of typical karst nonferrous metal(loid) mine tailings in China. Management of tailings at metal mine smelter sites can reduce the potential hazards associated with exposure to toxic metal(loid)s and residual organic flotation reagents. In addition, microbes in the tailings harboring multi-resistance genes (e.g., tolerance to multiple antimicrobial agents) can cause high rates of morbidity and global economic problems. The potential co-selection mechanisms of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metal(loid) resistance genes (MRGs) during tailings sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) treatment have been poorly investigated. Samples were collected from a nonferrous metal mine tailing site treated with an established SRB protocol and were analyzed for selected geochemical properties and high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene barcoding. Based on the shotgun metagenomic analysis, the bacterial domain was dominant in nonferrous metal(loid)-rich tailings treated with SRB for 12 months. KEGGs related to ARGs and MRGs were detected. Thiobacillus and Sphingomonas were the main genera carrying the bacA and mexEF resistance operons, along with Sulfuricella which were also found as the main genera carrying MRGs. The SRB treatment may mediate the distribution of numerous resistance genes. KOs based on the metagenomic database indicated that ARGs (mexNW, merD, sul, and bla) and MRGs (czcABCR and copRS genes) were found on the same contig. The SRB strains (Desulfosporosinus and Desulfotomaculum), and the acidophilic strain Acidiphilium significantly contributed to the distribution of sul genes. The functional metabolic pathways related to siderophores metabolism were largely from anaerobic genera of Streptomyces and Microbacterium. The presence of arsenate reductase, metal efflux pump, and Fe transport genes indicated that SRB treatment plays a key role in the metal(loid)s transformation. Overall, our findings show that bio-treatment is an effective tool for managing ARGs/MRGs and metals in tailings that contain numerous metal(loid) contaminants.202337707732
7576120.9315Spatial behavior and source tracking of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in a chlorinated drinking water distribution system. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are receiving increasing concerns due to the antibiotic resistance crisis. Nevertheless, little is known about the spatial behavior and sources of extracellular ARGs (eARGs) in the chlorinated drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Here, tap water was continuously collected to reveal the occurrence of both eARGs and intracellular ARGs (iARGs) along a chlorinated DWDS. Afterward, the correlation between eARGs, eDNA-releasing communities, and communities of planktonic bacteria was further analyzed. The eARG concentration decreased significantly, whereas the proportion of vanA and bla(NDM-1) increased. Further, the diversity of the eDNA-releasing community increased markedly with increasing distance from the drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Moreover, the dominant eDNA-releasing bacteria shifted from Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum in finished water from the DWTP to Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Parabacteroides in the DWDS. In terms of eARG source, thirty genera were significantly correlated with seven types of eARGs that resulted from the lysis of dead planktonic bacteria and detached biofilms. Conversely, the iARGs concentration increased, whereas the biodiversity of the planktonic bacteria community decreased in the sampling points along the DWDSs. Our findings provide critical insights into the spatial behavior and sources of eARGs, highlighting the health risks associated with ARGs in DWDSs.202234902725
8483130.9315Thermodynamic Surface Analyses to Inform Biofilm Resistance. Biofilms are the habitat of 95% of bacteria successfully protecting bacteria from many antibiotics. However, inhibiting biofilm formation is difficult in that it is a complex system involving the physical and chemical interaction of both substrate and bacteria. Focusing on the substrate surface and potential interactions with bacteria, we examined both physical and chemical properties of substrates coated with a series of phenyl acrylate monomer derivatives. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed smooth surfaces often approximating surgical grade steel. Induced biofilm growth of five separate bacteria on copolymer samples comprising varying concentrations of phenyl acrylate monomer derivatives evidenced differing degrees of biofilm resistance via optical microscopy. Using goniometric surface analyses, the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good equation was solved linear algebraically to determine the surface energy profile of each polymerized phenyl acrylate monomer derivative, two bacteria, and collagen. Based on the microscopy and surface energy profiles, a thermodynamic explanation for biofilm resistance is posited.202033205020
7712140.9315Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in spoiled household chemicals. Numerous attempts have been utilized to unveil the occurrences of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in human-associated and non-human-associated samples. However, spoiled household chemicals, which are usually neglected by the public, may be also a reservoir of ARGs because of the excessive and inappropriate uses of industrial drugs. Based upon the Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database, a metagenomic sequencing method was utilized to detect and quantify Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (AROs) in six spoiled household chemicals, including hair conditioner, dishwashing detergent, bath shampoo, hand sanitizer, and laundry detergent. Proteobacteria was found to be the dominant phylum in all the samples. Functional annotation of the unigenes obtained against the KEGG pathway, eggNOG and CAZy databases demonstrated a diversity of their functions. Moreover, 186 types of AROs that were members of 72 drug classes were identified. Multidrug resistance genes were the most dominant types, and there were 17 AROs whose resistance mechanisms were categorized into the resistance-nodulation-cell division antibiotic efflux pump among the top 20 AROs. Moreover, Proteobacteria was the dominant carrier of AROs with the primary resistance mechanism of antibiotic efflux. The maximum temperature of the months of collection significantly affected the distributions of AROs. Additionally, the isolated individual bacterium from spoiled household chemicals and artificial mixed communities of isolated bacteria demonstrated diverse resistant abilities to different biocides. This study demonstrated that there are abundant microorganisms and a broad spectrum profile of AROs in spoiled household chemicals that might induce a severe threat to public healthy securities and merit particular attention.202234740703
7057150.9314Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes in soil receiving composts derived from swine manure, yard wastes, or food wastes, and evidence for multiyear persistence of swine Clostridium spp. The impact of amendment with swine manure compost (SMC), yard waste compost (YWC), or food waste compost (FWC) on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil was evaluated. Following a commercial-scale application of the composts in a field experiment, soils were sampled periodically for a decade, and archived air-dried. Soil DNA was extracted and gene targets quantified by qPCR. Compared with untreated control soil, all 3 amendment types increased the abundance of gene targets for up to 4 years postapplication. The abundance of several gene targets was much higher in soil amended with SMC than in soil receiving either YWC or FWC. The gene target ermB remained higher in the SMC treatment for a decade postapplication. Clostridia were significantly more abundant in the SMC-amended soil throughout the decade following application. Eight percent of Clostridium spp. isolates from the SMC treatment carried ermB. Overall, addition of organic amendments to soils has the potential to increase the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes. Amendments of fecal origin, such as SMC, will in addition entrain bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Environmentally recalcitrant clostridia, and the antibiotic resistance genes that they carry, will persist for many years under field conditions following the application of SMC.201829342372
7669160.9314Evaluating the Potential Antibiotic Resistance Status in Environment Based on the Trait of Microbial Community. The overuse of antibiotics has promoted the propagation and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environment. Due to the dense human population and intensive activities in coastal areas, the health risk of ARGs in coastal environment is becoming a severe problem. To date, there still lacks of a quantitative method to assess properly the gross antibiotic resistance at microbial community level. Here, we collected sediment samples from Hangzhou Bay (HB), Taizhou Bay (TB), and Xiangshan Bay (XB) of the East China Sea for community-level ARGs analysis. Based on the 16S rRNA genes and predictive metagenomics, we predicted the composition of intrinsic ARGs (piARGs) and some related functional groups. Firstly, a total of 40 piARG subtypes, belonging to nine drug classes and five resistance mechanisms, were obtained, among which the piARGs encoding multidrug efflux pumps were the most dominant in the three bays. Secondly, XB had higher relative abundances of piARGs and pathogens than the other two bays, which posed higher potential health risk and implied the heavier impact of long-term maricultural activities in this bay. Thirdly, the co-occurrence network analysis identified that there were more connections between piARGs and some potential pathogenic bacteria. Several piARG subtypes (e.g., tetA, aacA, aacC, and aadK) distributed widely in the microbial communities. And finally, the microbial diversity correlated negatively with the relative abundance of piARGs. Oil, salinity, and arsenic had significant effects on the variations of piARGs and potential pathogenic bacteria. The abundance-weighted average ribosomal RNA operon (rrn) copy number of microbial communities could be regarded as an indicator to evaluate the antibiotic resistance status. In conclusion, this study provides a new insight on how to evaluate antibiotic resistance status and their potential risk in environment based on a quantitative analysis of microbial communities.202033123107
8631170.9314Bacterial metal(loid) resistance genes (MRGs) and their variation and application in environment: A review. Toxic metal(loid)s are widespread and permanent in the biosphere, and bacteria have evolved a wide variety of metal(loid) resistance genes (MRGs) to resist the stress of excess metal(loid)s. Via active efflux, permeability barriers, extracellular/intracellular sequestration, enzymatic detoxification and reduction in metal(loid)s sensitivity of cellular targets, the key components of bacterial cells are protected from toxic metal(loid)s to maintain their normal physiological functions. Exploiting bacterial metal(loid) resistance mechanisms, MRGs have been applied in many environmental fields. Based on the specific binding ability of MRGs-encoded regulators to metal(loid)s, MRGs-dependent biosensors for monitoring environmental metal(loid)s are developed. MRGs-related biotechnologies have been applied to environmental remediation of metal(loid)s by using the metal(loid) tolerance, biotransformation, and biopassivation abilities of MRGs-carrying microorganisms. In this work, we review the historical evolution, resistance mechanisms, environmental variation, and environmental applications of bacterial MRGs. The potential hazards, unresolved problems, and future research directions are also discussed.202336758696
8655180.9314Toxic trace element resistance genes and systems identified using the shotgun metagenomics approach in an Iranian mine soil. This study aimed to identify the microbial communities, resistance genes, and resistance systems in an Iranian mine soil polluted with toxic trace elements (TTE). The polluted soil samples were collected from a mining area and compared against non-polluted (control) collected soils from the vicinity of the mine. The soil total DNA was extracted and sequenced, and bioinformatic analysis of the assembled metagenomes was conducted to identify soil microbial biodiversity, TTE resistance genes, and resistance systems. The results of the employed shotgun approach indicated that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Deinococcus-Thermus was significantly higher in the TTE-polluted soils compared with those in the control soils, while the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria was significantly lower in the polluted soils. The high concentration of TTE increased the ratio of archaea to bacteria and decreased the alpha diversity in the polluted soils compared with the control soils. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) demonstrated that heavy metal pollution was the major driving factor in shaping microbial communities compared with any other soil characteristics. In the identified heavy metal resistome (HV-resistome) of TTE-polluted soils, major functional pathways were carbohydrates metabolism, stress response, amino acid and derivative metabolism, clustering-based subsystems, iron acquisition and metabolism, cell wall synthesis and capsulation, and membrane transportation. Ten TTE resistance systems were identified in the HV-resistome of TTE-polluted soils, dominated by "P-type ATPases," "cation diffusion facilitators," and "heavy metal efflux-resistance nodulation cell division (HME-RND)." Most of the resistance genes (69%) involved in resistance systems are affiliated to cell wall, outer membrane, periplasm, and cytoplasmic membrane. The finding of this study provides insight into the microbial community in Iranian TTE-polluted soils and their resistance genes and systems.202132949366
8559190.9313PFOA and a dash of aluminum: The perfect recipe for growing drug-resistant biofilms in urban water supply. This study investigated the impact of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and aluminum (Al(III)) on the proliferation of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in drinking water distribution system (DWDS) biofilms, and their combined effect. Experimental simulations of stagnant residential water conditions, analyzed via comprehensive metagenomics, revealed a significant increase in bacterial biomass, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Biofilm formation was markedly enhanced in the presence of PFOA and Al(III), creating protective niches that facilitated the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs. Key observations included increases in Legionella pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, along with a shift in ARG profiles towards antibiotic efflux and target protection mechanisms. Critically, this study identified the presence and dynamics of priority drug-resistant pathogens within these biofilms, providing essential insights into pollutant-influenced risks and transmission pathways. These findings highlight the significant public health implications of PFOA and Al(III) co-contamination in drinking water systems.202540885069