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775500.7591Anthropogenic impacts on sulfonamide residues and sulfonamide resistant bacteria and genes in Larut and Sangga Besar River, Perak. The environmental reservoirs of sulfonamide (SA) resistome are still poorly understood. We investigated the potential sources and reservoir of SA resistance (SR) in Larut River and Sangga Besar River by measuring the SA residues, sulfamethoxazole resistant (SMX(r)) in bacteria and their resistance genes (SRGs). The SA residues measured ranged from lower than quantification limits (LOQ) to 33.13 ng L(-1) with sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and SMX as most detected. Hospital wastewater effluent was detected with the highest SA residues concentration followed by the slaughterhouse and zoo wastewater effluents. The wastewater effluents also harbored the highest abundance of SMX(r)-bacteria (10(7) CFU mL(-1)) and SRGs (10(-1)/16S copies mL(-1)). Pearson correlation showed only positive correlation between the PO(4) and SMX(r)-bacteria. In conclusion, wastewater effluents from the zoo, hospital and slaughterhouse could serve as important sources of SA residues that could lead to the consequent emergence of SMX(r)-bacteria and SRGs in the river.201931726563
787610.7447Sulfamethoxazole impact on pollutant removal and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge with filamentous bacteria. In this study, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was employed to investigate its impact on the process of aerobic granule sludge with filamentous bacteria (FAGS). FAGS has shown great tolerance ability. FAGS in a continuous flow reactor (CFR) could keep stable with 2 μg/L of SMX addition during long-term operation. The NH(4)(+), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and SMX removal efficiencies kept higher than 80%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. Both adsorption and biodegradation play important roles in SMX removal for FAGS. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) might play important role in SMX removal and FAGS tolerance to SMX. The EPS content increased from 157.84 mg/g VSS to 328.22 mg/g VSS with SMX addition. SMX has slightly affected on microorganism community. A high abundance of Rhodobacter, Gemmobacter, and Sphaerotilus of FAGS may positively correlate to SMX. The SMX addition has led to the increase in the abundance of the four sulfonamide resistance genes in FAGS.202336871701
810920.7417The fate of antibiotic resistance genes and their influential factors in swine manure composting with sepiolite as additive. Manures are storages for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) entering the environment. This study investigated the effects of adding sepiolite at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% (CK, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) on the fates of ARGs during composting. The relative abundances (RAs) of the total ARGs in CK and T3 decreased by 0.23 and 0.46 logs, respectively, after composting. The RAs of 10/11 ARGs decreased in CK, whereas they all decreased in T3. The reduction in the RA of the total mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was 1.26 times higher in T3 compared with CK after composting. The bacterial community accounted for 47.93% of the variation in the abundances of ARGs. Network analysis indicated that ARGs and MGEs shared potential host bacteria (PHB), and T3 controlled the transmission of ARGs by reducing the abundances of PHB. Composting with 7.5% sepiolite is an effective strategy for reducing the risk of ARGs proliferating.202235063626
775730.7407Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Effect of flow configuration and plant species. This study aims to investigate the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in raw domestic wastewater by various mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different flow configurations or plant species including the constructed wetland with or without plant. Six mesocosm-scale CWs with three flow types (surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and vertical subsurface flow) and two plant species (Thaliadealbata Fraser and Iris tectorum Maxim) were set up in the outdoor. 8 antibiotics including erythromycin-H2O (ETM-H2O), monensin (MON), clarithromycin (CTM), leucomycin (LCM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfapyridine (SPD) and 12 genes including three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2 and sul3), four tetracycline resistance genes (tetG, tetM, tetO and tetX), two macrolide resistance genes (ermB and ermC), two chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA and floR) and 16S rRNA (bacteria) were determined in different matrices (water, particle, substrate and plant phases) from the mesocosm-scale systems. The aqueous removal efficiencies of total antibiotics ranged from 75.8 to 98.6%, while those of total ARGs varied between 63.9 and 84.0% by the mesocosm-scale CWs. The presence of plants was beneficial to the removal of pollutants, and the subsurface flow CWs had higher pollutant removal than the surface flow CWs, especially for antibiotics. According to the mass balance analysis, the masses of all detected antibiotics during the operation period were 247,000, 4920-10,600, 0.05-0.41 and 3500-60,000μg in influent, substrate, plant and effluent of the mesocosm-scale CWs. In the CWs, biodegradation, substrate adsorption and plant uptake all played certain roles in reducing the loadings of nutrients, antibiotics and ARGs, but biodegradation was the most important process in the removal of these pollutants.201627443461
805040.7402Effects of antibiotics on corncob supported solid-phase denitrification: Denitrification and antibiotics removal performance, mechanism, and antibiotic resistance genes. Solid-phase denitrification (SPD) has been used in wastewater treatment plant effluent to enhance nitrate removal, and antibiotics co-existing in the effluent is a common environmental problem. In this study, it was systematically investigated the effect of single trace sulfamethoxazole (SMX)/trimethoprim (TMP) and their mixture on microbial denitrification performance, the antibiotics removal, and antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in corncob supported SPD system. The average denitrification rate was improved by 46.90% or 61.09% with single 50 µg/L SMX or TMP, while there was no significant inhibition with mixed SMX and TMP. The abundance of dominant denitrifiers (Comamonadaceae family and Azospia) and fermentation bacteria (Ancalomicrobium) were consistent with the denitrification performance of different antibiotics groups. Single SMX and TMP achieved relatively higher denitrification gene and enzyme abundance. Mixed SMX and TMP improved the denitrification gene copies, but they reduced the key denitrification enzymes except for EC 1.7.7.2. Additionally, the removal efficiency of TMP (56.70% ± 3.18%) was higher than that of SMX (25.44% ± 2.62%) in single antibiotic group, and the existence of other antibiotics (i.e. SMX or TMP) had no significant impact on the TMP or SMX removal performance. Biodegradation was the main removal mechanism of SMX and TMP, while sludge and corncob adsorption contributed a little to their removal. SMX had the risk of sulfanilamide resistance genes (SRGs) dissemination. Furthermore, network analysis indicated that Niveibacterium and Bradyrhizobium were the potential hosts of SRGs, which promoted the horizontal transmission of ARGs.202337032040
716050.7399High-throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in the Yellow River of Henan Province, China. Profiling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Yellow River of China's Henan Province is essential for understanding the health risks of antibiotic resistance. The profiling of ARGs was investigated using high-throughput qPCR from water samples in seven representative regions of the Yellow River. The absolute and relative abundances of ARGs and moble genetic elements (MGEs) were higher in summer than in winter (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The diversity and abundance of ARGs were higher in the Yellow River samples from PY and KF than the other sites. Temperature (r = 0.470 ~ 0.805, p < 0.05) and precipitation (r = 0.492 ~ 0.815, p < 0.05) positively influenced the ARGs, while pH had a negative effect (r = - 0.462 ~ - 0.849, p < 0.05). Network analysis indicated that the pathogenic bacteria Rahnella, Bacillus, and Shewanella were the possible hub hosts of ARGs, and tnpA1 was the potential MGE hub. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing ARG dynamics and the complex interaction among the MGEs, pathogenic bacteria and environmental parameters in enriching ARGs in the Yellow River of Henan Province.202439080455
810560.7392Refluxing mature compost to replace bulking agents: A low-cost solution for suppressing antibiotic resistance genes rebound in sewage sludge composting. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) rebounding during composting cooling phase is a critical bottleneck in composting technology that increased ARGs dissemination and application risk of compost products. In this study, mature compost (MR) was used as a substitute for rice husk (RH) to mitigate the rebound of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) during the cooling phase of sewage sludge composting, and the relationship among ARGs, MGEs, bacterial community and environmental factors was investigated to explore the key factor influencing ARGs rebound. The results showed that aadD, blaCTX-M02, ermF, ermB, tetX and vanHB significantly increased 4.76-32.41 times, and the MGEs rebounded by 38.60% in the cooling phase of RH composting. Conversely, MR reduced aadD, tetM, ermF and ermB concentrations by 59.49-98.58%, and reduced the total abundance of ARGs in the compost product by 49.32% compared to RH, which significantly restrained ARGs rebound. MR promoted secondary high temperature inactivation of potential host bacteria, including Ornithinibacter, Rhizobiales and Caldicoprobacter, which could harbor aadE, blaCTX-M02, and blaVEB. It also reduced the abundance of lignocellulose degrading bacteria of Firmicutes, which were potential hosts of aadD, tetX, ermF and vanHB. Moreover, MR reduced moisture and increased oxidation reduction potential (ORP) that promoted aadE, tetQ, tetW abatement. Furthermore, MR reduced 97.36% of total MGEs including Tn916/1545, IS613, Tp614 and intI3, which alleviated ARGs horizontal transfer. Overall finding proposed mature compost reflux as bulking agent was a simple method to suppress ARGs rebound and horizontal transfer, improve ARGs removal and reduce composting plant cost.202539798649
785970.7390Abatement of antibiotics and resistance genes during catalytic ozonation enhanced sludge dewatering process: Synchronized in volume and hazardousness reduction. Based on the efficiency of the catalytic ozonation techniques (HDWS+O(3) and MnFe(2)O(4) @SBC+O(3)) in enhancing the sludge dewaterability, the effectiveness in synchronized abatement antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was conducted to determine. The results revealed that catalytic ozonation conditioning altered the distribution of target antibiotics (tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), norfloxacin (NOR), ofloxacin (OFL)) in the dewatered filtrate, the dewatered sludge cake and the extra-microcolony/cellular polymers (EMPS/ECPS) layers, achieving the redistribution from solid-phase adsorption to liquid-phase dissolution. The total degradation rate was over 90% for TC and OTC, 72-78% for NOR and OFL; the abatement efficiency of eleven ARGs reached 1.47-3.01 log and 1.64-3.59 log, respectively, and more than four eARGs were eliminated. The effective abatement of the absolute abundance of Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (0.91-1.89 log) demonstrated that catalytic ozonation conditioning could also significantly inhibit horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The abundance of resistant bacteria was greatly reduced and the signal transduction of the typical ARGs host bacteria was inhibited. The highly reactive oxidation species (ROS) generated were responsible for the abatement of antibiotics and ARGs. These findings provided new insights into the sludge conditioning for ideal and synchronized reduction in volume and hazardousness by catalytic ozonation processes in sludge treatment.202437944236
774980.7390Interaction of ciprofloxacin chlorination products with bacteria in drinking water distribution systems. The interaction of ciprofloxacin chlorination products (CIP-CPs) with bacteria in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) was investigated. The piperazine ring of CIP was destroyed by chlorination. Among of CIP-CPs, by the bacterial role, 7.63% of the derivative with two carboxylic groups went through decarboxylation to form desethylene ciprofloxacin, and then loss of C(2)H(5)N group generated aniline compound. Furthermore, 12.3% of the aniline compound, 7.60% of chlorinated aniline compound and 1.35% of defluorinated product were bio-mineralized. Therefore, the chlorine and bacteria played synergistic effects on transformation of CIP-CPs in DWDSs, contributing to the obvious decrease of genotoxicity in effluents. Correspondingly, the TEQ(4-NQO) decreased from 667μg/L to 9.41μg/L. However, compared with DWDSs without CIP-CPs, the relative abundance of mexA and qnrS increased 1-fold in effluents and the relative abundance of qnrA and qnrB increased 3-fold in biofilms in DWDSs with CIP-CPs. mexA and qnrS positively correlated with Hyphomicrobium, Sphingomonas and Novosphingobium (p<0.05), while qnrA and qnrB positively correlated with Shewanella and Helicobacter (p<0.05), indicating the increase of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) came from the growth of these bacterial genera by transformation of CIP-CPs in DWDSs. These results suggested that biotransformation of antibiotics might increase ARGs risk in DWDSs.201728648729
811290.7390Fate of antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes during enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by microwave pretreatment. The fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated during the sludge anaerobic digestion (AD) with microwave-acid (MW-H), microwave (MW) and microwave-H2O2-alkaline (MW-H2O2) pretreatments. Results showed that combined MW pretreatment especially for the MW-H pretreatment could efficiently reduce the ARB concentration, and most ARG concentrations tended to attenuate during the pretreatment. The subsequent AD showed evident removal of the ARB, but most ARGs were enriched after AD. Only the concentration of tetX kept continuous declination during the whole sludge treatment. The total ARGs concentration showed significant correlation with 16S rRNA during the pretreatment and AD. Compared with unpretreated sludge, the AD of MW and MW-H2O2 pretreated sludge presented slightly better ARB and ARGs reduction efficiency.201626970692
7829100.7380Insights into capture-inactivation/oxidation of antibiotic resistance bacteria and cell-free antibiotic resistance genes from waters using flexibly-functionalized microbubbles. The spread of antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environment severely threatens the public health and ecological security. This study investigated simultaneously capturing and inactivating/oxidizing the antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and cell-free antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in waters by flexibly-functionalized microbubbles. The microbubbles were obtained by surface-modifying the bubbles with coagulant (named as coagulative colloidal gas aphrons, CCGAs) and further encapsulating ozone in the gas core (named as coagulative colloidal ozone aphrons, CCOAs). CCGAs removed 92.4-97.5% of the sulfamethoxazole-resistant bacteria in the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and the log reduction of cell-free ARGs (particularly, those encoded in plasmid) reached 1.86-3.30. The ozone release from CCOAs led to efficient in-situ oxidation: 91.2% of ARB were membrane-damaged and inactivated. In the municipal wastewater matrix, the removal of ARB increased whilst that of cell-free ARGs decreased by CCGAs with the DOM content increasing. The ozone encapsulation into CCGAs reinforced the bubble performance. The predominant capture mechanism should be electrostatic attraction between bubbles and ARB (or cell-free ARGs), and DOM enhanced the sweeping and bridging effect. The functionalized microbubble technology can be a promising and effective barrier for ARB and cell-free ARGs with shortened retention time, lessened chemical doses and simplified treatment unit.202235063836
3481110.7378Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sediment of Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake, China. Sediment is an ideal medium for the aggregation and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The levels of antibiotics and ARGs in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake of central China were investigated in this study. The concentrations of eight antibiotics (four sulfonamides and four tetracyclines) in Honghu Lake were in the range 90.00-437.43 μg kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)) with mean value of 278.21 μg kg(-1) dw, which was significantly higher than those in East Dongting Lake (60.02-321.04 μg kg(-1) dw, mean value of 195.70 μg kg(-1) dw). Among the tested three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul) and eight tetracycline resistance genes (tet), sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, and tetM had 100 % detection frequency in sediment samples of East Dongting Lake, while only sul1, sul2, and tetC were observed in all samples of Honghu Lake. The relative abundance of sul2 was higher than that of sul1 at p < 0.05 level in both lakes. The relative abundance of tet genes in East Dongting Lake was in the following order: tetM > tetB > tetC > tetA. The relative abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC in East Dongting Lake was significantly higher than those in Honghu Lake. The abundance of background bacteria may play an important role in the horizontal spread of sul2 and tetC genes in Honghu Lake and sul1 in East Dongting Lake, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that tetracyclines may play a more important role than sulfonamides in the abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC gens in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake.201627418176
8108120.7376Insights into the beneficial effects of woody peat for reducing abundances of antibiotic resistance genes during composting. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in manure endangered human health, while heavy metals in manure will pose selective pressure on ARGs. This study explored the effects on ARGs of adding woody peat during composting at different ratios (0 (CK), 5% (T1), and 15% (T2)). After composting, the relative abundances of 8/11 ARGs were 6.97-38.09% and 10.73-54.31% lower in T1 and T2, respectively, than CK. The bioavailable Cu content was 1.40% and 18.40% lower in T1 and T2, respectively, than CK. Network analysis showed that ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and metal resistance genes possessed common potential host bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Dietzia, and Corynebacterium_1. Environmental factors, especially bioavailable Cu, and MGEs accounted for 80.75% of the changes in the abundances of ARGs. In conclusion, 15% Woody peat is beneficial to decrease the bioavailable Cu content and weaken horizontal gene transfer for controlling the spread of ARGs during composting.202134534940
7989130.7375Feasibility of sulfate-calcined eggshells for removing pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes from landfill leachates. High abundance of human pathogen and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in landfill leachate has become an emerging threat against human health. Therefore, sulfate- and calcination-modified eggshells as green agricultural bioresource were applied to test the feasibility of removing pathogenic bacteria and ARGs from leachate. The highest removal of Escherichia coli (E. coil) and gentamycin resistant gene (gmrA) from artificial contaminated landfill leachate was achieved by the application of eggshell with combined treatment of sulfate and calcination. The 16S and gmrA gene copies of E. coil declined significantly from 1.78E8±8.7E6 and 4.12E8±5.9E6 copies mL(-1) to 1.32E7±2.6E6 and 2.69E7±7.2E6 copies mL(-1), respectively, within 24h dynamic adsorption equilibrium process (p<0.05). Moreover, according to the Langmuir kinetic model, the greatest adsorption amount (1.56×10(9) CFU E. coil per gram of modified eggshells) could be obtained at neutral pH of 7.5. The optimal adsorption eggshells were then screened to the further application in three typical landfill leachates in Nanjing, eastern China. Significant decrease in species and abundance of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs (tet, sul, erm, qnr, and ampC) indicated its great efficiency to purify landfill leachates. This study demonstrated that sulfate-calcined eggshells can be an environmentally-friendly and highly efficient bioadsorbent to the management of reducing dissemination risk of pathogen and ARGs in landfill leachate.201728343745
7228140.7374Proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in coastal recirculating mariculture system. The abuse of antibiotics has caused the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aquaculture systems. Although the recirculating systems have been considered as a promising approach for preventing the coastal water pollution of antibiotics and ARG, rare information is available on the distribution and proliferation of ARGs in the recirculating mariculture system. This study firstly investigated the proliferation of ARGs in coastal recirculating mariculture systems. Ten subtypes of ARGs including tet (tetB, tetG, tetX), sul (sul1, sul2), qnr (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS), and erm (ermF, ermT) were detected. The absolute abundances of the ARGs detected in the mariculture farm were more than 1 × 10(4) copies/mL. The sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) were the most abundant ARGs with the abundance of 3.5 × 10(7)-6.5 × 10(10) copies/mL. No obvious correlation existed between the antibiotics and ARGs. Some bacteria were positively correlated with two or more ARGs to indicate the occurrence of multidrug resistance. The fluidized-bed biofilter for wastewater treatment in the recirculating system was the main breeding ground for ARGs while the UV sterilization process could reduce the ARGs. The highest flux of ARGs (6.5 × 10(21) copies/d) indicated that the discharge of feces and residual baits was the main gateway for ARGs in the recirculating mariculture system to enter the environments.201930826609
8007150.7373Distinguishing removal and regrowth potential of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria on microplastics and in leachate after chlorination or Fenton oxidation. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance, as well as microplastics (MPs) as vectors for antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has attracting growing attention. However, the fate of ARB/ARGs on MPs treated by chlorination and Fenton oxidation were poorly understood. Herein, the removal and regrowth of ARGs/ARB on MPs and in MPs-surrounding landfill leachate (an important reservoir of MPs and ARGs) after chlorination and Fenton oxidation were comparatively analyzed. Target ARGs on MPs were reduced obviously less than that in leachate, with the largest percentages reduction of 34.0-46.3% vs. 54.3-77.6% after chlorination and 92.1-97.3% vs. > 99.9% after Fenton oxidation, and similar removal patterns were observed for ARB. Moreover, a considerable regrowth of ARGs/ARB in leachate were found after 48 h of storage at the end of chlorination (5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/L), and a greater regrowth of ARGs and ARB occurred on MPs with up to 17 and 139 fold, respectively. In contrast, Fenton oxidation achieved a reduced regrowth of target ARGs/ARB. These findings indicated that the removal of ARGs/ARB on MPs were more difficult than that in leachate, and ARGs/ARB in leachate and especially on MPs exhibited a considerable potential for rapid regrowth after chlorination.202235158247
8058160.7373Effects of biochars on the fate of antibiotics and their resistance genes during vermicomposting of dewatered sludge. It is currently still difficult to decrease the high contents of antibiotics and their corresponding antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sludge vermicompost. To decrease the environmental risk of vermicompost as a bio-fertilizer, this study investigated the feasibility of biochar addition to decrease the levels of antibiotics and ARGs during vermicomposting of dewatered sludge. To achieve this, 1.25% and 5% of corncob and rice husk biochars, respectively, were added to sludge, which was then vermicomposted by Eisenia fetida for 60 days. The sludge blended with corncob biochar showed increased decomposition and humification of organic matter. Higher biochar concentration promoted both the number and diversity of bacteria, and differed dominant genera. The level of antibiotics significantly decreased as a result of biochar addition (P < 0.05), and tetracycline was completely removed. Relative to the control without addition of biochars, ermF and tetX genes significantly decreased with corncob biochar treatment (P < 0.05). Rice husk biochar (5%) could effectively decrease sul-1 and sul-2 genes in vermicompost (P < 0.05). However, the abundance of the intI-1 gene increased with biochar concentration. This study suggests that biochar addition can lessen the antibiotic and ARG pollution in sludge vermicompost, depending on the type and concentration of biochars.202032388093
8049170.7371Microalgae simultaneously promote antibiotic removal and antibiotic resistance genes/bacteria attenuation in algal-bacterial granular sludge system. This study investigated the effects of microalgae growth on antibiotic removal and the attenuation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)/ARGs host bacteria in algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) system. In the presence of tetracycline (TC) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) mixture (2-4 mg/L), microalgae could grow on bacterial granular sludge (BGS) to form ABGS, with a chlorophyll-a content of 7.68-8.13 mg/g-VSS being achieved. The removal efficiencies of TC and SDZ by ABGS were as high as 79.0 % and 94.0 %, which were 4.3-5.0 % higher than those by BGS. Metagenomic analysis indicated that the relative abundances of TC/SDZ- related ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in BGS were 56.1 % and 22.1 % higher than those in ABGS. A total of 26 ARGs were detected from the granules, and they were identified to associate with 46 host bacteria. 13 out of 26 ARGs and 13 out of 46 hosts were shared ARGs and hosts, respectively. The total relative abundance of host bacteria in BGS was 30.8 % higher than that in ABGS. Scenedesmus and Chlorella were the dominant microalgae that may reduce the diversity of ARGs hosts. Overall, ABGS is a promising biotechnology for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment.202235777142
7134180.7371Elevated levels of antibiotic resistance in groundwater during treated wastewater irrigation associated with infiltration and accumulation of antibiotic residues. Treated wastewater irrigation (TWW) releases antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment and might thus promote the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in groundwater (GW). We hypothesized that TWW irrigation increases ARG abundance in GW through two potential mechanisms: the contamination of GW with resistant bacteria and the accumulation of antibiotics in GW. To test this, the GW below a real-scale TWW-irrigated field was sampled for six months. Sampling took place before, during and after high-intensity TWW irrigation. Samples were analysed with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, qPCR of six ARGs and the class 1 integron-integrase gene intI1, while liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was performed to detect antibiotic and pharmaceutical residues. Absolute abundance of 16S rRNA in GW decreased rather than increased during long-term irrigation. Also, the relative abundance of TWW-related bacteria did not increase in GW during long-term irrigation. In contrast, long-term TWW irrigation increased the relative abundance of sul1 and intI1 in the GW microbiome. Furthermore, GW contained elevated concentrations of sulfonamide antibiotics, especially sulfamethoxazole, to which sul1 confers resistance. Total sulfonamide concentrations in GW correlated with sul1 relative abundance. Consequently, TWW irrigation promoted sul1 and intI1 dissemination in the GW microbiome, most likely due to the accumulation of drug residues.202234555761
8000190.7369Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water reuse system with integrated membrane process. The fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in reclaimed water reuse system with integrated membrane process (IMR) was firstly investigated. Results indicated that ARGs, class 1 integrons (intI1) and 16S rRNA gene could be reduced efficiently in the IMR system. The absolute abundance of all detected ARGs in the reuse water after reverse osmosis (RO) filtration of the IMR system was 4.03 × 10(4) copies/mL, which was about 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that in the raw influent of the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Maximum removal efficiency of the detected genes was up to 3.8 log removal values. Daily flux of the summation of all selected ARGs in the IMR system decreased sharply to (1.02 ± 1.37) ×10(14) copies/day, which was 1-3 orders of magnitude lower than that in the activated sludge system (CAS) system. The strong clustering based on ordination analysis separated the reuse water from other water samples in the WWTPs. Network analysis revealed the existence of potential multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria. The potential multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria, including Clostridium and Defluviicoccus, could be removed effectively by microfiltration and RO filtration. These findings suggested that the IMR system was efficient to remove ARGs and potential multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria in the wastewater reclamation system.202031446351