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650200.9802A critical review on the occurrence of resistomes in the environment and their removal from wastewater using apposite treatment technologies: Limitations, successes and future improvement. Recent reports are pointing towards the potential increasing risks of resistomes in human host. With no permissible limit in sight, resistomes are continually multiplying at an alarming rate in the ecosystem, with a disturbing level in drinking water source. The morphology and chemical constituent of resistomes afford them to resist degradation, elude membrane and counter ionic charge, thereby, rendering both conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment inefficient. Water and wastewater matrix may govern the propagation of individual resistomes sub-type, co-selection and specific interaction towards precise condition may have enhanced the current challenge. This review covers recent reports (2011-2019) on the occurrence of ARB/ARGs and ease of spread of resistance genes in the aquatic ecosystem. The contributions of water matrix to the spread and mitigation, treatment options, via bulk removal or capture, and intracellular and extracellular DNA lysis were discussed. A complete summary of recent occurrences of ARB/ARGs, fate after disinfection and optimum conditions of individual treatment technology or in tandem, including process limitations, with a brief assessment of removal or degradation mechanism were highlighted.202032224385
910810.9801Learning from losers. Bacteria can overcome environmental challenges by killing nearby bacteria and incorporating their DNA.201729148975
883220.9800Pharyngeal Pumping and Tissue-Specific Transgenic P-Glycoprotein Expression Influence Macrocyclic Lactone Susceptibility in Caenorhabditis elegans. Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are widely used drugs to treat and prevent parasitic nematode infections. In many nematode species including a major pathogen of foals, Parascaris univalens, resistance against MLs is widespread, but the underlying resistance mechanisms and ML penetration routes into nematodes remain unknown. Here, we examined how the P-glycoprotein efflux pumps, candidate genes for ML resistance, can modulate drug susceptibility and investigated the role of active drug ingestion for ML susceptibility in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Wildtype or transgenic worms, modified to overexpress P. univalens PGP-9 (Pun-PGP-9) at the intestine or epidermis, were incubated with ivermectin or moxidectin in the presence (bacteria or serotonin) or absence (no specific stimulus) of pharyngeal pumping (PP). Active drug ingestion by PP was identified as an important factor for ivermectin susceptibility, while moxidectin susceptibility was only moderately affected. Intestinal Pun-PGP-9 expression elicited a protective effect against ivermectin and moxidectin only in the presence of PP stimulation. Conversely, epidermal Pun-PGP-9 expression protected against moxidectin regardless of PP and against ivermectin only in the absence of active drug ingestion. Our results demonstrate the role of active drug ingestion by nematodes for susceptibility and provide functional evidence for the contribution of P-glycoproteins to ML resistance in a tissue-specific manner.202133668460
792430.9800Electro-peroxone pretreatment for enhanced simulated hospital wastewater treatment and antibiotic resistance genes reduction. Hospital wastewater is one of the possible sources responsible for antibiotic resistant bacteria spread into the environment. This study proposed a promising strategy, electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) pretreatment followed by a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for simulated hospital wastewater treatment, aiming to enhance the wastewater treatment performance and to reduce antibiotic resistance genes production simultaneously. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency of 94.3% and 92.8% were obtained using the E-peroxone-SBR process. The microbial community analysis through high-throughput sequencing showed that E-peroxone pretreatment could guarantee microbial richness and diversity in SBR, as well as reduce the microbial inhibitions caused by antibiotic and raise the amount of nitrification and denitrification genera. Specially, quantitative real-time PCRs revealed that E-peroxone pretreatment could largely reduce the numbers and contents of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) production in the following biological treatment unit. It was indicated that E-peroxone-SBR process may provide an effective way for hospital wastewater treatment and possible ARGs reduction.201829550711
910740.9799A versatile pH-responsive peptide based dynamic biointerface for tracking bacteria killing and infection resistance. Herein we reported a versatile dynamic biointerface based on pH-responsive peptide self-assembly and disassembly to capture the bacteria to avoid bacteria further infected tissue around that can release peptides from the surface in a slightly acidic environment to kill the bacteria with the specificity. The exposed biointerface still presented infection resistance.202134350905
506850.9799Ultrasensitive Label-Free Detection of Unamplified Multidrug-Resistance Bacteria Genes with a Bimodal Waveguide Interferometric Biosensor. Infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming a major healthcare emergence with millions of reported cases every year and an increasing incidence of deaths. An advanced diagnostic platform able to directly detect and identify antimicrobial resistance in a faster way than conventional techniques could help in the adoption of early and accurate therapeutic interventions, limiting the actual negative impact on patient outcomes. With this objective, we have developed a new biosensor methodology using an ultrasensitive nanophotonic bimodal waveguide interferometer (BiMW), which allows a rapid and direct detection, without amplification, of two prevalent and clinically relevant Gram-negative antimicrobial resistance encoding sequences: the extended-spectrum betalactamase-encoding gene blaCTX-M-15 and the carbapenemase-encoding gene blaNDM-5 We demonstrate the extreme sensitivity and specificity of our biosensor methodology for the detection of both gene sequences. Our results show that the BiMW biosensor can be employed as an ultrasensitive (attomolar level) and specific diagnostic tool for rapidly (less than 30 min) identifying drug resistance. The BiMW nanobiosensor holds great promise as a powerful tool for the control and management of healthcare-associated infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria.202033086716
855660.9799Bubbles Expand the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in the Aquatic Environment. Antibiotic resistance is a global health challenge, and the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the urgency to understand its airborne transmission. The bursting of bubbles is a fundamental phenomenon in natural and industrial processes, with the potential to encapsulate or adsorb antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). However, there is no evidence to date for bubble-mediated antibiotic resistance dissemination. Here, we show that bubbles can eject abundant bacteria to the air, form stable biofilms over the air-water interface, and provide opportunities for cell-cell contact that facilitates horizontal gene transfer at and over the air-liquid interface. The extracellular matrix (ECM) on bacteria can increase bubble attachment on biofilms, increase bubble lifetime, and, thus, produce abundant small droplets. We show through single-bubble probe atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations that hydrophobic interactions with polysaccharides control how the bubble interacts with the ECM. These results highlight the importance of bubbles and its physicochemical interaction with ECM in facilitating antibiotic resistance dissemination and fulfill the framework on antibiotic resistance dissemination.202337379503
817670.9799Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria Through Antibiotics Delivery in Surface-Engineered Nano-Cargos: Recent Developments for Future Nano-Antibiotics. In the recent few decades, the increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has reached an alarming rate and caused serious health problems. The incidence of infections due to MDR bacteria has been accompanied by morbidity and mortality; therefore, tackling bacterial resistance has become an urgent and unmet challenge to be properly addressed. The field of nanomedicine has the potential to design and develop efficient antimicrobials for MDR bacteria using its innovative and alternative approaches. The uniquely constructed nano-sized antimicrobials have a predominance over traditional antibiotics because their small size helps them in better interaction with bacterial cells. Moreover, surface engineering of nanocarriers offers significant advantages of targeting and modulating various resistance mechanisms, thus owe superior qualities for overcoming bacterial resistance. This review covers different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, application of nanocarrier systems in drug delivery, functionalization of nanocarriers, application of functionalized nanocarriers for overcoming bacterial resistance, possible limitations of nanocarrier-based approach for antibacterial delivery, and future of surface-functionalized antimicrobial delivery systems.202134307323
280.9797A Widespread Glycosidase Confers Lobophorin Resistance and Host-Dependent Structural Diversity. Identifying new environmental resistance determinants is significant to combat rising antibiotic resistance. Herein we report the unexpected correlation of a lobophorin (LOB) resistance-related glycosidase KijX with the host-dependent chemical diversity of LOBs, by a process of glycosylation, deglycosylation and reglycosylation. KijX homologues are widespread among bacteria, archaea and fungi, and encode the same glycohydrolytic activity on LOBs. The crystal structure of AcvX (a KijX homologue) shows a similar fold to that of the glycoside hydrolase family 113 and a special negatively charged groove to accommodate and deglycosylate LOBs. Antagonistic assays indicate kijX as a defense weapon of actinomycetes to combat LOB producers in environment, reflecting an elegant coevolution relationship. Our study provides insight into the KijX-related glycosidases as preexisting resistance determinants and represents an example of resistance genes accidentally integrated into natural product assembly.202337076762
781590.9796Microbial Water Quality through a Full-Scale Advanced Wastewater Treatment Demonstration Facility. The fates of viruses, bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes during advanced wastewater treatment are important to assess for implementation of potable reuse systems. Here, a full-scale advanced wastewater treatment demonstration facility (ozone, biological activated carbon filtration, micro/ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and advanced oxidation) was sampled over three months. Atypically, no disinfectant residual was applied before the microfiltration step. Microbial cell concentrations and viability were assessed via flow cytometry and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Concentrations of bacteria (16S rRNA gene), viruses (human adenovirus and JC polyomavirus), and antibiotic resistance genes (sul1 and bla (TEM) ) were assessed via quantitative PCR following the concentration of large sample volumes by dead-end ultrafiltration. In all membrane filtration permeates, microbial concentrations were higher than previously reported for chloraminated membranes, and log(10) reduction values were lower than expected. Concentrations of 16S rRNA and sul1 genes were reduced by treatment but remained quantifiable in reverse osmosis permeate. It is unclear whether sul1 in the RO permeate was from the passage of resistance genes or new growth of microorganisms, but the concentrations were on the low end of those reported for conventional drinking water distribution systems. Adenovirus, JC polyomavirus, and bla (TEM) genes were reduced below the limit of detection (∼10(-2) gene copies per mL) by microfiltration. The results provide insights into how treatment train design and operation choices affect microbial water quality as well as the use of flow cytometry and ATP for online monitoring and process control.202236530600
7316100.9796Nanopore-based long-read metagenomics uncover the resistome intrusion by antibiotic resistant bacteria from treated wastewater in receiving water body. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge could induce the resistome enrichment in the receiving water environments. However, because of the general lack of a robust antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) identification method, the driving mechanism for resistome accumulation in receiving environment is unclear. Here, we took advantage of the enhanced ARBs recognition by nanopore long reads to distinguish the indigenous ARBs and the accumulation of WWTP-borne ARBs in the receiving water body of a domestic WWTP. A bioinformatic framework (named ARGpore2: https://github.com/sustc-xylab/ARGpore2) was constructed and evaluate to facilitate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and ARBs identification in nanopore reads. ARGs identification by ARGpore2 showed comparable precision and recall to that of the commonly adopt BLASTP-based method, whereas the spectrum of ARBs doubled that of the assembled Illumina dataset. Totally, we identified 33 ARBs genera carrying 65 ARG subtypes in the receiving seawater, whose concentration was in general 10 times higher than clean seawater's. Notably we report a primary resistome intrusion caused by the revival of residual microbes survived from disinfection treatment. These WWTP-borne ARBs, including several animal/human enteric pathogens, contributed up to 85% of the receiving water resistome. Plasmids and class 1 integrons were reckoned as major vehicles facilitating the persistence and dissemination of ARGs. Moreover, our work demonstrated the importance of extensive carrier identification in determining the driving force of multifactor coupled resistome booming in complicated environmental conditions, thereby paving the way for establishing priority for effective ARGs mitigation strategies.202236332295
6499110.9796From Conventional Disinfection to Antibiotic Resistance Control-Status of the Use of Chlorine and UV Irradiation during Wastewater Treatment. Extensive use of antibiotics for humans and livestock has led to an enhanced level of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are regarded as one of the main sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the aquatic environment. A significant amount of research has been carried out to understand the microbiological quality of wastewater with respect to its antibiotic resistance potential over the past several years. UV disinfection has primarily been used to achieve disinfection, including damaging DNA, but there has been an increasing use of chlorine and H(2)O(2)-based AOPs for targeting genes, including ARGs, considering the higher energy demands related to the greater UV fluences needed to achieve efficient DNA damage. This review focuses on some of the most investigated processes, including UV photolysis and chlorine in both individual and combined approaches and UV advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using H(2)O(2). Since these approaches have practical disinfection and wastewater treatment applications globally, the processes are reviewed from the perspective of extending their scope to DNA damage/ARG inactivation in full-scale wastewater treatment. The fate of ARGs during existing wastewater treatment processes and how it changes with existing treatment processes is reviewed with a view to highlighting the research needs in relation to selected processes for addressing future disinfection challenges.202235162659
6505120.9796Treatment Processes for Microbial Resistance Mitigation: The Technological Contribution to Tackle the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance. Advances generated in medicine, science, and technology have contributed to a better quality of life in recent years; however, antimicrobial resistance has also benefited from these advances, creating various environmental and health problems. Several determinants may explain the problem of antimicrobial resistance, such as wastewater treatment plants that represent a powerful agent for the promotion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), and are an important factor in mitigating the problem. This article focuses on reviewing current technologies for ARB and ARG removal treatments, which include disinfection, constructed wetlands, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), anaerobic, aerobic, or combined treatments, and nanomaterial-based treatments. Some of these technologies are highly intensive, such as AOP; however, other technologies require long treatment times or high doses of oxidizing agents. From this review, it can be concluded that treatment technologies must be significantly enhanced before the environmental and heath problems associated with antimicrobial resistance can be effectively solved. In either case, it is necessary to achieve total removal of bacteria and genes to avoid the possibility of regrowth given by the favorable environmental conditions at treatment plant facilities.202033260585
7056130.9796Shift in antibiotic resistance gene profiles associated with nanosilver during wastewater treatment. This study investigated the response of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to nanosilver (Ag) in lab-scale nitrifying sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), compared to Ag(+)-dosed and undosed controls. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) targeting sul1, tet(O), ermB and the class I integron gene intI1 and corresponding RNA expression did not indicate measureable effects of nanoAg or Ag(+) on abundance or expression of these genes. However, high-throughput sequencing based metagenomic analysis provided a much broader profile of gene responses and revealed a greater abundance of aminoglycoside resistance genes (mainly strA) in reactors dosed with nanoAg. In contrast, bacitracin and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) resistance genes were more abundant in the SBRs dosed with Ag(+). The distinct ARG profiles associated with nanoAg and Ag(+) were correlated with the taxonomic composition of the microbial communities. This study indicates that nanoAg may interact with bacteria differently from Ag(+) during biological wastewater treatment. Therefore, it cannot necessarily be assumed that nanosilver behaves identically as Ag(+) when conducting a risk assessment for release into the environment.201626850160
6471140.9796Antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants: understanding the problem and future perspectives. Antibiotics residues (AR), antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are a new class of water contaminants, due to their adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Contamination of water bodies occurs mainly by the excretion of antibiotics incompletely metabolized by humans and animals and is considered the main source of contamination of antibiotics in the environment. Given the imminent threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized the spread of antibiotics as one of the top three threats to public health in the twenty-first century. The Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants (UWWTP) bring together AR, ARB, ARG, making the understanding of this peculiar environment fundamental for the investigation of technologies aimed at combating the spread of bacterial resistance. Several methodologies have been employed focusing on reducing the ARB and ARG loads of the effluents, however the reactivation of these microorganisms after the treatment is widely reported. This work aims to elucidate the role of UWWTPs in the spread of bacterial resistance, as well as to report the efforts that have been made so far and future perspectives to combat this important global problem.202133112995
8175150.9795Role of Nanocarrier Systems in Drug Delivery for Overcoming Multi-Drug Resistance in Bacteria. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have risen alarmingly in the last few decades, posing a serious threat to human health. The need for effective bacterial resistance treatment is urgent and unmet due to the rise in morbidity and mortality that has coincided with the prevalence of infections caused by MDR bacteria. Using its creative and unconventional methods, effective antibiotics for MDR bacteria could be developed using nanomedicine techniques. To combat microbial resistance, a number of strategies have been developed, including the use of natural bactericides, the introduction of fresh antibiotics, the application of combination therapy and the creation of NP-based antibiotic nanocarriers. The absence of novel antibacterial agents has worsened the situation for MDR bacteria. Ineffective antibiotics used to treat MDR bacteria also contribute to the bacteria's tolerance growing. Nanoparticles (NPs) are the most efficient method for eliminating MDR bacteria because they serve as both carriers of natural antibiotics and antimicrobials and active agents against bacteria. Additionally, surface engineering of nanocarriers has important benefits for focusing on and modifying a variety of resistance mechanisms. The use of nanocarrier systems in drug delivery for overcoming bacterial resistance is covered in this review along with various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.202337480270
6392160.9795Environmental drivers impact the accumulation and diversity of antibiotic resistance in green stormwater infrastructure. Antibiotic resistance poses an urgent public health concern, with the environment playing a crucial role in the development and dissemination of resistant bacteria. There is a growing body of research indicating that stormwater is a significant source and transport vector of resistance elements. This research sought to characterize the role of green stormwater infrastructure (GSI), designed for stormwater infiltration, in accumulating and propagating antibiotic resistance in the urban water cycle. Sampling included 24 full-scale GSI systems representing three distinct types of GSI - bioswales, bioretention cells, and constructed wetlands. The results indicated that GSI soils accumulate antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) at elevated concentrations compared to nonengineered soils. Bioretention cells specifically harbored higher abundances of ARGs, suggesting that the type of GSI influences ARG accumulation. Interestingly, ARG diversity in GSI soils was not impacted by the type of GSI design or the diversity of the microbial community and mobile genetic elements. Instead, environmental factors (catchment imperviousness, metals, nutrients, and salts) were identified as significant drivers of ARG diversity. These findings highlight how environmental selective pressures in GSI promote ARG persistence and proliferation independently of the microbial community. Therefore, GSI systems have the potential to be a substantial contributor of abundant and diverse ARGs to the urban water cycle.202438457973
7932170.9795How multi-walled carbon nanotubes in wastewater influence the fate of coexisting antibiotic resistant genes in the subsequent disinfection process. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important hubs for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Engineered nanoparticles, which was inevitably released to WWTPs, could change environmentally sensitive of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). This would influence the fate of ARGs in subsequent disinfection process and consequent health risk. In this study, the ARGs fate of the effluent in conventional sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection process was investigated as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) existed in sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The results showed the existence of MWCNTs in SBR could enhance the removal efficiency of intracellular 16S rRNA gene and intI1, extracellular intI1, sul2 and tetX in the effluent by NaClO. This is mainly due to the variation of bacterial physiological status, bacterial population structure and the activation of NaClO under the role of MWCNTs. MWCNTs in SBR could increase in membrane permeability of bacterial cells, which would be conducive to the penetration of chlorination to cytoplasm. MWCNTs in SBR also could change the bacterial population structure and induce the chlorine-sensitive bacteria; thus the potential hosts of ARGs in the effluent would be more easily inactivated by NaClO. Moreover, the residual MWCNTs in the effluent could activate NaClO to generate various free radical, which would enhance the oxidizing capacity of chlorination.202235500623
7553180.9795Does the biological treatment or membrane separation reduce the antibiotic resistance genes from swine wastewater through a sequencing-batch membrane bioreactor treatment process. Swine wastes are the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which can potentially spread from swine farms to the environment. This study establishes a sequencing-batch membrane bioreactor (SMBR) for ARG removal from swine wastewater, and analyzes the effect of biological treatment and membrane separation on the ARG removal at different solid retention times (SRTs). The SMBR removed 2.91 logs (copy number) of ARGs at a short SRT (12 days). Raising the SRT reduced the removal rates of the detected genes by the biological treatment. Under the relative long SRT (30 days), ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were maximized within the reactor and were well removed by membrane separation, with the average genes removal rate of 2.95 (copy number) and 1.18 logs (abundance). At the relatively low SRT, the biological treatment showed the dominant ARG removal effect, while the membrane separation took the advantages of ARG removal especially at the relatively long SRT. The ARG profile was related to the shift of the microbial community structure. The ARGs coexisted with the functional bacteria (ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria and denitrifiers), suggesting they are hosted by the functional bacteria.201829906721
7606190.9795Dissemination prevention of antibiotic resistant and facultative pathogenic bacteria by ultrafiltration and ozone treatment at an urban wastewater treatment plant. Conventional wastewater treatment is not sufficient for the removal of hygienically relevant bacteria and achieves only limited reductions. This study focuses on the reduction efficiencies of two semi-industrial ultrafiltration units operating at a large scale municipal wastewater treatment plant. In total, 7 clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes, together with 3 taxonomic gene markers targeting specific facultative pathogenic bacteria were analysed via qPCR analyses before and after advanced treatment. In parallel with membrane technologies, an ozone treatment (1 g ozone/g DOC) was performed for comparison of the different reduction efficiencies. Both ultrafiltration units showed increased reduction efficiencies for facultative pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes of up to 6 log units, resulting mostly in a strong reduction of the bacterial targets. In comparison, the ozone treatment showed some reduction efficiency, but was less effective compared with ultrafiltration due to low ozone dosages frequently used for micro-pollutant removal at municipal wastewater treatment plants. Additionally, metagenome analyses demonstrated the accumulation of facultative pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factor genes, and metabolic gene targets in the back flush retentate of the membranes, which opens further questions about retentate fluid material handling at urban wastewater treatment plants.201931492933