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349900.9778Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in mangrove area and their relationship with bacterial communities - A study in Hainan Island, China. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants in the environment and have been highlighted as a worldwide environmental and health concern. As important participants in the biogeochemical cycles, mangrove ecosystems are subject to various anthropogenic disturbances, and its microbiota may be affected by various contaminants such as ARGs. This study selected 13 transects of mangrove-covered areas in Hainan, China for sediment sample collection. The abundance and diversity of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were investigated using high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), and high-throughput sequencing was used to study microbial structure and diversity. A total of 179 ARGs belonging to 9 ARG types were detected in the study area, and the detection rates of vanXD and vatE-01 were 100%. The abundance of ARGs was 8.30 × 10(7)-6.88 × 10(8) copies per g sediment (1.27 × 10(-2)-3.39 × 10(-2) copies per 16S rRNA gene), which was higher than similar studies, and there were differences in the abundance of ARGs in these sampling transects. The multidrug resistance genes (MRGs) accounted for the highest proportion (69.0%), which indicates that the contamination of ARGs in the study area was very complicated. The ARGs significantly positively correlated with MGEs, which showed that the high level of ARGs was related to its self-enhancement. The dominant bacteria at the genus level were Desulfococcus, Clostridium, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Vibrio, Enterococcus, Sedimentibacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Paracoccus, Oscillospira, Mariprofundus, Sulfurimonas, Aminobacterium, and Novosphingobium. There was a significant positive correlation between 133 bacterial genera and some ARGs. Chthoniobacter, Flavisolibacter, Formivibrio, Kaistia, Moryella, MSBL3, Perlucidibaca, and Zhouia were the main potential hosts of ARGs in the sediments of Hainan mangrove area, and many of these bacteria are important participants in biogeochemical cycles. The results contribute to our understanding of the distribution and potential hosts of ARGs and provide a scientific basis for the protection and management of Hainan mangrove ecosystem.202133652188
349810.9776Comparative study on the bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistance genes of urban landscape waters replenished by reclaimed water and surface water in Xi'an, China. Pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban landscape waters may pose a potential threat to human health. However, the investigation of their occurrence in the urban landscape waters replenished by reclaimed water (RW) and surface water (SW) is still insufficient. The water samples collected from six urban landscape waters replenished by RW or SW were used to analyze bacterial diversity using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and to detect 18 ARGs and 2 integron-integrase genes by means of quantitative PCR array. Results indicated that Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all six urban landscape waters. The bacterial species richness was lower in urban landscape waters replenished by RW than that by SW. Sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI and sulIII) were the major ARGs in these urban landscape waters. No significant difference in the relative abundance of sulfonamide resistance genes, tetracycline resistance genes, and most of beta-lactam resistance genes was observed between RW-replenished and SW-replenished urban landscape waters. By contrast, the relative abundance of bla(ampC) gene and qnrA gene in RW-replenished urban landscape waters was significantly higher than that in SW-replenished urban landscape waters (p < 0.05), which suggested that use of RW may increase the amount of specific ARGs to urban landscape waters. Interestingly, among six urban landscape waters, RW-replenished urban landscape waters had a relatively rich variety of ARGs (12-15 of 18 ARGs) but a low relative abundance of ARGs (458.90-1944.67 copies/16S × 10(6)). The RW replenishment was found to have a certain impact on the bacterial diversity and prevalence of ARGs in urban landscape waters, which provide new insight into the effect of RW replenishment on urban landscape waters.202133786766
716020.9772High-throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in the Yellow River of Henan Province, China. Profiling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Yellow River of China's Henan Province is essential for understanding the health risks of antibiotic resistance. The profiling of ARGs was investigated using high-throughput qPCR from water samples in seven representative regions of the Yellow River. The absolute and relative abundances of ARGs and moble genetic elements (MGEs) were higher in summer than in winter (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The diversity and abundance of ARGs were higher in the Yellow River samples from PY and KF than the other sites. Temperature (r = 0.470 ~ 0.805, p < 0.05) and precipitation (r = 0.492 ~ 0.815, p < 0.05) positively influenced the ARGs, while pH had a negative effect (r = - 0.462 ~ - 0.849, p < 0.05). Network analysis indicated that the pathogenic bacteria Rahnella, Bacillus, and Shewanella were the possible hub hosts of ARGs, and tnpA1 was the potential MGE hub. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing ARG dynamics and the complex interaction among the MGEs, pathogenic bacteria and environmental parameters in enriching ARGs in the Yellow River of Henan Province.202439080455
349330.9771Studies on the airborne bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance genes in duck houses based on metagenome and PCR analysis. The threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is on the rise globally, especially with the development of animal husbandry and the increased demand for antibiotics. Livestock and poultry farms, as key sites for prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), can spread antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) through microbial aerosols and affect public health. In this study, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and airborne culturable microorganisms were collected from duck houses in Tai'an, Shandong Province, and the bacterial communities and airborne ARGs were analyzed using metagenomics and PCR methods. The results showed that the bacterial communities in the air of duck houses were mainly Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobactria, Chlamydia, and Bcateroidetes at the phylum level. At the genus level, the air was dominated by Corynebacterium, Jeotgalicoccus, Staphylococcus, Brevibacterium, and Megacoccus, and contained some pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were also potential hosts for ARGs. The airborne ARGs were mainly macrolides (10.97%), penicillins (10.73%), cephalosporins (8.91%), streptozotocin (8.91%), and aminoglycosides (8.02%). PCR detected 27 ARGs in airborne culturable microorganisms, and comparative analysis between PCR and the metagenomic data revealed that a total of 9 ARGs were found to the same, including macrolides ErmA, ErmF, tetracyclines tetG, tetX, methicarbamazepines dfrA12, dfrA15, aminoglycosides APH3-VI, ANT2-Ⅰ, and sulfonamides sul2. Moreover, inhalation exposure modeling showed that the workers in duck houses inhaled higher concentrations of ARB, human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) and human pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria (HPARB) than hospital workers. These results provide new insights into airborne microorganisms and ARGs in animal farms and lay the foundation for further study.202438157791
348840.9770Characteristics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment System Using Metagenomics and Culturing. The contamination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) may directly threaten human health. This study used a metagenomic approach to investigate the ARG profile in a drinking water treatment system (DWTS) in south China. In total, 317 ARG subtypes were detected; specifically, genes encoding bacitracin, multidrug, and sulfonamide were widely detected in the DWTS. Putative ARG hosts included Acidovorax (6.0%), Polynucleobacter (4.3%), Pseudomonas (3.4%), Escherichia (1.7%), and Klebsiella (1.5%) as the enriched biomarkers in the DWTS, which mainly carried bacitracin, beta-lactam, and aminoglycoside ARGs. From a further analysis of ARG-carrying contigs (ACCs), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common pathogens among the 49 ACC pathogens in the DWTS. The metagenomic binning results demonstrated that 33 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were discovered in the DWTS; particularly, the MAG identified as S. maltophilia-like (bin.195) harbored the greatest number of ARG subtypes (n = 8), namely, multidrug (n = 6; smeD, semE, multidrug_transporter, mexE, semB, and smeC), beta-lactam (n = 1; metallo-beta-lactamase), and aminoglycoside [n = 1; aph(3')-IIb]. The strong positive correlation between MGEs and ARG subtypes revealed a high ARG dissemination risk in the DWTS. Based on the pure-culture method, 93 isolates that belong to 30 genera were recovered from the DWTS. Specifically, multidrug-resistant pathogens and opportunistic pathogens such as P. aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, and S. maltophilia were detected in the DWTS. These insights into the DWTS's antibiotic resistome indicated the need for more comprehensive ARG monitoring and management in the DWTS. Furthermore, more effective disinfection methods need to be developed to remove ARGs in DWTSs, and these findings could assist governing bodies in the surveillance of antibiotic resistance in DWTSs.202135273579
348150.9768Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sediment of Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake, China. Sediment is an ideal medium for the aggregation and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The levels of antibiotics and ARGs in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake of central China were investigated in this study. The concentrations of eight antibiotics (four sulfonamides and four tetracyclines) in Honghu Lake were in the range 90.00-437.43 μg kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)) with mean value of 278.21 μg kg(-1) dw, which was significantly higher than those in East Dongting Lake (60.02-321.04 μg kg(-1) dw, mean value of 195.70 μg kg(-1) dw). Among the tested three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul) and eight tetracycline resistance genes (tet), sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, and tetM had 100 % detection frequency in sediment samples of East Dongting Lake, while only sul1, sul2, and tetC were observed in all samples of Honghu Lake. The relative abundance of sul2 was higher than that of sul1 at p < 0.05 level in both lakes. The relative abundance of tet genes in East Dongting Lake was in the following order: tetM > tetB > tetC > tetA. The relative abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC in East Dongting Lake was significantly higher than those in Honghu Lake. The abundance of background bacteria may play an important role in the horizontal spread of sul2 and tetC genes in Honghu Lake and sul1 in East Dongting Lake, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that tetracyclines may play a more important role than sulfonamides in the abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC gens in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake.201627418176
524560.9768Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. ABSTRACT: Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production.202133302298
526170.9767Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes from effluent of coastal aquaculture, South Korea. The wide use of antibiotics in aquaculture for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes can potentially lead to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study reports for the first time the profile of ARGs from effluents of coastal aquaculture located in South Jeolla province and Jeju Island, South Korea. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), twenty-two ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetH, tetM, tetQ, tetX, tetZ, tetBP), sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2), quinolone resistance (qnrD, qnrS, aac(6')-Ib-cr), β-lactams resistance (bla(TEM), bla(CTX), bla(SHV)), macrolide resistance (ermC), florfenicol resistance (floR) and multidrug resistance (oqxA) and a class 1 integrons-integrase gene (intI1) were quantified. In addition, Illumina Miseq sequencing was applied to investigate microbial community differences across fish farm effluents. Results from qPCR showed that the total number of detected ARGs ranged from 4.24 × 10(-3) to 1.46 × 10(-2) copies/16S rRNA gene. Among them, tetB and tetD were predominant, accounting for 74.8%-98.0% of the total ARGs. Furthermore, intI1 gene showed positive correlation with tetB, tetD, tetE, tetH, tetX, tetZ tetQ and sul1. Microbial community analysis revealed potential host bacteria for ARGs and intI1. Two genera, Vibrio and Marinomonas belonging to Gammaproteobacteria, showed significant correlation with tetB and tetD, the most dominant ARGs in all samples. Also, operational taxonomic units (OTUs)-based network analysis revealed that ten OTUs, classified into the phyla Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and an unclassified phylum, were potential hosts of tetracycline resistance genes (i.e., tetA, tetG, tetH, tetM, tetQ and tetZ). Further systematic monitoring of ARGs is warranted for risk assessment and management of antibacterial resistance from fish farm effluents.201829031406
349780.9767Biomarkers of antibiotic resistance genes during seasonal changes in wastewater treatment systems. To evaluate the seasonal distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and explore the reason for their patterns in different seasons and different systems, two wastewater treatment systems were selected and analyzed using high-throughput qPCR. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) was used to discover the differential ARGs (biomarkers) and estimate the biomarkers' effect size. We found that the total absolute abundances of ARGs in inflows and excess sludge samples had no obvious seasonal fluctuations, while those in winter outflow samples decreased in comparison with the inflow samples. Eleven differentially abundant ARGs (biomarker genes, BmGs) (aadA5-02, aac-6-II, cmlA1-01, cmlA1-02, blaOXA10-02, aadA-02, tetX, aadA1, ereA, qacEΔ1-01, and blaTEM) in summer samples and 10 BmGs (tet-32, tetA-02, aacC2, vanC-03, aac-6-I1, tetE, ermB, mefA, tnpA - 07, and sul2) in winter samples were validated. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level exhibited significant seasonal changes in outflow water (OW), and biomarker bacteria (BmB) were discovered at the family (or genus) level. Synechococcus and vadinCA02 are BmB in summer, and Trichococcus, Lactococcus, Pelosinus, Janthinobacterium, Nitrosomonadaceae and Sterolibacterium are BmB in winter. In addition, BmB have good correlations with BmGs in the same season, which indicates that bacterial community changes drive different distributions of ARGs during seasonal changes and that LEfSe is an acute and effective method for finding significantly different ARGs and bacteria between two or more classes. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the seasonal changes of BmGs and BmB at two wastewater treatment systems.201829169020
713690.9766Insights into the effects of haze pollution on airborne bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in fine particulate matter. Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is a key component of haze pollution and poses a substantial threat to human health. However, airborne bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), which are important biological components of PM(2.5), have received less attention. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of haze on airborne bacteria and ARGs in PM(2.5). Overall, during haze days, high concentrations of airborne bacteria (haze: 4782.24 ± 2689.85 cells/m(3); non-haze: 2866.00 ± 1753.95 cells/m(3)) were observed with unique bacterial community structures. At the genus level, Microvirga, Arthrobacter, and JG30-KF-CM45 were identified as the bacterial biomarkers of haze days. Neutral processes contributed more to the establishment of airborne bacterial communities on haze days (R(2) = 0.724) than that on non-hazy days (R(2) = 0.338). The pathogenicity of bacterial communities per unit volume of air was significantly higher during haze days (169.36 ± 8.36 cell/m(3)) than that during non-haze days (112.66 ± 5.92 cell/m(3)) (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis indicated that relatively stable atmospheric conditions and high concentrations of water-soluble ions (Na(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and F(-)), metals (Cd, As, Mn, and Cr), and carbonaceous fractions (elemental carbon) in PM(2.5) play critical roles in shaping the bacterial community during haze days. On haze days, airborne ARGs exhibited unique distribution characteristics and network structures with dominant bacteria. This study highlighted the impact of haze days on airborne bacteria and ARGs on PM(2.5) and provides a reference for managing the risks of bioaerosols.202540409396
7780100.9766Antibiotic Resistance Genes in drinking water of China: Occurrence, distribution and influencing factors. Drinking water samples were collected from 71 cities, including 28 provincial capital cities or municipalities, 20 prefecture cities and 23 counties, of 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China from July to August in 2017. Futhermore, 24 Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs), 16S rRNA and 2 integrase genes were quantified by qPCR to investigate the pollution degree of ARGs. The results revealed that the 16S ranged from 10(5) - 10(8) copies/100 mL in the drinking water, and its treatment process could effectively remove bacteria. Moreover, sulfonamides-ARGs were the most prevalent ARGs in the drinking water of China, and the abundance of bla(TEM) ranked top five in all cities among the selected ARGs, indicating that the pollution condition of the genes should be aroused more attention. The data of qPCR and correlation analyses indicated that intI1 played a more crucial role than intI2 in the propagation of ARGs in the drinking water. Additionally, the pollution degree of ARGs among different city types showed no significant difference.202031683044
3484110.9765Occurrence of human pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes revealed by metagenomic approach: A case study from an aquatic environment. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria (HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs are public issues that pose a high risk to aquatic environments and public health. Their diversity and abundance in water, intestine, and sediments of shrimp culture pond were investigated using metagenomic approach. A total of 19 classes of ARGs, 52 HPB species, and 7 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. Additionally, 157, 104, and 86 subtypes of ARGs were detected in shrimp intestine, pond water, and sediment samples, respectively. In all the samples, multidrug resistance genes were the highest abundant class of ARGs. The dominant HPB was Enterococcus faecalis in shrimp intestine, Vibrio parahaemolyticus in sediments, and Mycobacterium yongonense in water, respectively. Moreover, E. faecalis (contig Intestine_364647) and Enterococcus faecium (contig Intestine_80272) carrying efrA, efrB and ANT(6)-Ia were found in shrimp intestine, Desulfosaricina cetonica (contig Sediment_825143) and Escherichia coli (contig Sediment_188430) carrying mexB and APH(3')-IIa were found in sediments, and Laribacter hongkongensis (contig Water_478168 and Water_369477), Shigella sonnei (contig Water_880246), and Acinetobacter baumannii (contig Water_525520) carrying sul1, sul2, ereA, qacH, OXA-21, and mphD were found in pond water. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) analysis indicated that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of integrons, insertion sequences, and plasmids existed in shrimp intestine, sediment, and water samples, and the abundance of integrons was higher than that of other two MGEs. The results suggested that HPB carrying ARGs potentially existed in aquatic environments, and that these contributed to the environment and public health risk evaluation.201930952342
7213120.9764Distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in fresh and composted manures of livestock farms. Livestock manure is a major reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigated the distribution characteristics of ARB, ARGs in fresh and composted manures of traditional breading industry in rural areas in China. Samples collected were naturally piled without professional composting, and will be applied to farmland. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed the presence of ten target ARGs and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the tested manure samples. The relative abundance of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (TRGs and SRGs) was generally higher than that of macrolide resistance genes (MRGs), followed by quinolone resistance genes (QRGs). There were significant positive correlations between the abundance of sul1, sul2, tetW and MGEs (intl1, intl2). In addition, the distribution of target ARGs was associated with the residual concentrations of doxycycline (DOX), sulfamethazine (SM2), enrofloxacin (ENR) and tylosin (TYL). Overall, a total of 24 bacterial genera were identified. The resistance rates of ARB were 17.79%-83.70% for SM2, followed 0.40%-63.77% for TYL, 0.36%-43.90% for DOX and 0.00%-13.36% for ENR, which showed a significant dose-effect. This study also demonstrated that the abundance of clinically relevant ARB and ARGs in chicken, swine and cow fresh manures significantly greater than that in composted manures, and chicken and swine manures had higher proportion of ARB and higher abundance of ARGs than that in cow manures.201931756854
2272130.9763Routine wastewater-based monitoring of antibiotic resistance in two Finnish hospitals: focus on carbapenem resistance genes and genes associated with bacteria causing hospital-acquired infections. BACKGROUND: Wastewater-based monitoring represents a useful tool for antibiotic resistance surveillance. AIM: To investigate the prevalence and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in hospital wastewater over time. METHODS: Wastewater from two hospitals in Finland (HUS1 and HUS2) was monitored weekly for nine weeks (weeks 25-33) in summer 2020. A high-throughput real-time polymerization chain reaction (HT-qPCR) system was used to detect and quantify 216 ARGs and genes associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), integrons, and bacteria causing hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), as well as the 16S rRNA gene. Data from HT-qPCR were analysed and visualized using a novel digital platform, ResistApp. Eight carbapenem resistance genes (blaGES, blaKPC, blaVIM, blaNDM, blaCMY, blaMOX, blaOXA48, and blaOXA51) and three genes associated with bacteria causing HAIs (Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were studied. FINDINGS: There was a significantly higher number of ARGs at both hospitals in weeks 27-30 (174-191 genes) compared to other sampling weeks (151-171 genes). Our analyses also indicated that the two hospitals, which used different amounts of antibiotics, had significantly different resistance gene profiles. Carbapenem resistance genes were more prevalent and abundant in HUS1 than HUS2. Across both hospitals, blaGES and blaVIM were the most prevalent and abundant. There was also a strong positive association between blaKPC and K. pneumoniae in HUS1 wastewater. CONCLUSION: Routine wastewater-based monitoring using ResistApp can provide valuable information on the prevalence and abundance of ARGs in hospitals. This helps hospitals understand the spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals and identify potential areas for intervention.202134537275
3482140.9763Metagenomic profiling of ARGs in airborne particulate matters during a severe smog event. Information is currently limited regarding the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in smog and their correlations with airborne bacteria. This study characterized the diversity and abundance of ARGs in the particulate matters (PMs) of severe smog based on publicly available metagenomic data, and revealed the occurrence of 205 airborne ARG subtypes, including 31 dominant ones encoding resistance to 11 antibiotic types. Among the detectable ARGs, tetracycline, β-lactam and aminoglycoside resistance genes had the highest abundance, and smog and soil had similar composition characteristics of ARGs. During the smog event, the total abundance of airborne ARGs ranged from 4.90 to 38.07ppm in PM(2.5) samples, and from 7.61 to 38.49ppm in PM(10) samples, which were 1.6-7.7 times and 2.1-5.1 times of those in the non-smog day, respectively. The airborne ARGs showed complicated co-occurrence patterns, which were heavily influenced by the interaction of bacterial community, and physicochemical and meteorological factors. Lactobacillus and sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 were determined as keystones in the co-occurrence network of microbial taxa and airborne ARGs. The results may help to understand the distribution patterns of ARGs in smog for the potential health risk evaluation.201829751438
7164150.9761Anthropogenic pressures amplify high-risk antibiotic resistome via co-selection among biocide resistance, virulence, and antibiotic resistance genes in the Ganjiang River basin: Drivers diverge in densely versus sparsely populated reaches. As the largest river in the Poyang Lake system, the Ganjiang River faces escalating anthropogenic pressures that amplify resistance gene dissemination. This study integrated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), biocide resistance genes (BRGs), and virulence factor genes (VFGs) to reveal their co-selection mechanisms and divergent environmental drivers between densely (DES) and sparsely populated (SPAR) regions of the Ganjiang River basin. The microbial and viral communities and structures differed significantly between the DES and SPAR regions (PERMANOVA, p < 0.001). Midstream DES areas were hotspots for ARGs/BRGs/VFGs enrichment, with peak enrichment multiples reaching 10.2, 5.7, and 5.9-fold respectively. Procrustes analysis revealed limited dependence of ARGs transmission on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (p > 0.05). Separately, 74 % of dominant ARGs (top 1 %) showed strong correlations with BRGs (r(2) = 0.973, p < 0.01) and VFGs (r(2) = 0.966, p < 0.01) via co-selection. Pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. carrying multidrug-resistant ARGs, BRGs, and adhesion-VFGs were identified as high-risk vectors. In SPAR areas, anthropogenic pressure directly dominated ARGs risk (RC = 54.2 %, β = 0.39, p < 0.05), with biological factors as secondary contributors (RC = 45.8 %, β = 0.33, p < 0.05). In contrast, DES regions showed anthropogenic pressure exerting broader, enduring influences across microorganisms, physicochemical parameters, and biological factors, escalating ARGs risks through diverse pathways, with BRGs/VFGs acting as direct drivers. This study proposes establishing a risk prevention system using BRGs and pathogenic microorganisms as early-warning indicators.202540858019
3494160.9761Pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital indoor bioaerosols: pollution characteristics, interrelation analysis, and inhalation risk assessment. Hospitals are high risk areas for the spread of diseases, with indoor bioaerosols containing a variety of pathogens. Inhalation of these pathogens may cause severe nosocomial infections in patients and medical staff. A comprehensive investigation was conducted during the influenza A outbreak to explore the distribution and pathogenic risk of airborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across different hospital departments. It was revealed that airborne bacterial concentrations ranged from 118 to 259 CFU/m(3), and the main aerosol particle size was 4.7-5.8 μm (27.7 %). The proportion of bioaerosols smaller than 2.5 μm was highest in the respiratory waiting area (59.3 %). The dominant pathogens detected in hospital air were Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Micrococcus. The absolute abundance of ARGs/mobile genetic elements (MGEs) ranged from 0.55 to 479.44 copies/m(3), peaking in the respiratory ward air. TetL-02, lnuA-01, intI1, ermB, and qacEdelta1-02 were the top five ARGs/MGEs in hospital air. Moreover, doctors inhaled higher doses of ARGs/MGEs in inpatient wards than outpatient waiting areas. Network analysis identified Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, and Enterobacter as potential ARGs reservoirs. The Bugbase result showed the presence of potentially pathogenic pathogens in the bioaerosols at all sampling sites. The quantitative microbiological risk assessment results further showed that airborne Staphylococcus could pose an infection risk to medical staff. It was determined that the use of masks was effective in reducing this risk to an acceptable level. This study will provide a scientific basis for comprehensively understanding the characteristics and potential risks of hospital bioaerosols during the outbreak of respiratory infectious diseases.202540222613
3483170.9761Abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities in the western Pacific and Southern Oceans. This study investigated the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the composition of bacterial communities along a transect covering the western Pacific Ocean (36°N) to the Southern Ocean (74°S) using the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon (total cruise distance: 14,942 km). The relative abundances of ARGs and bacteria were assessed with quantitative PCR and next generation sequencing, respectively. The absolute abundance of ARGs was 3.0 × 10(6) ± 1.6 × 10(6) copies/mL in the western Pacific Ocean, with the highest value (7.8 × 10(6) copies/mL) recorded at a station in the Tasman Sea (37°S). The absolute abundance of ARGs in the Southern Ocean was 1.8-fold lower than that in the western Pacific Ocean, and slightly increased (0.7-fold) toward Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica, possibly resulting from natural terrestrial sources or human activity. β-Lactam and tetracycline resistance genes were dominant in all samples (88-99%), indicating that they are likely the key ARGs in the ocean. Correlation and network analysis showed that Bdellovibrionota, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Margulisbacteria, and Proteobacteria were positively correlated with ARGs, suggesting that these bacteria are the most likely ARG carriers. This study highlights the latitudinal profile of ARG distribution in the open ocean system and provides insights that will help in monitoring emerging pollutants on a global scale.202235085628
3206180.9760High pollution and health risk of antibiotic resistance genes in rural domestic sewage in southeastern China: A study combining national-scale distribution and machine learning. Rural domestic sewage has emerged as an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) under rapid urbanization, while the national-scale geographical patterns and risks of ARGs remaining unclear. We investigated ARG pollution in rural domestic sewage across 39 sites in 22 Chinese provinces using metagenomic sequencing, identifying 702 ARG subtypes across 21 types. Multidrug resistance genes were predominant in the shared ARGs, accounting for 58.96 % of the total ARG abundance. Host bacteria analysis revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were the main pathogenic-resistant bacteria. Southeastern China exhibited the highest level of ARG pollution in rural domestic sewage, followed by south-central, northern, and western. This ARG pollution was primarily caused by human/animal feces based on ARG indicators. Partial least-squares path model and partial redundancy analysis highlighted antibiotics as the primary driver, explaining 24.16 % of ARG variation, with sulfamethazine, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin identified as priority control targets. Risk assessment by calculating the risk index indicated 24.58 % of detected ARGs posed potential health threats, particularly multidrug resistance. Machine learning models predicted higher ARG risks in rural domestic sewage from southeastern China with intensive human activity. This study underscores the crucial impact of antibiotics in ARG proliferation and risk in rural domestic sewage.202540701495
3489190.9760Metagenomics-based antibiotic resistance genes diversity and prevalence risk revealed by pathogenic bacterial host in Taihu Lake, China. In recent decades, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been regarded as emerging pollutants. In Taihu Lake, as a typical representative of freshwater system in China, the ARGs occurrence and abundance was of great importance for ecological risk control and public health protection. In this research, high-throughput sequencing and metagenomics technique were used to investigate the seasonal ARGs profile in overlying water and sediment at typical area of Taihu Lake. Besides, taxonomy pattern of ARGs host bacteria and potential pathogens were identified. The results showed that 33 ARG subtypes and 11 ARG types were detected in research area, among which bacitracin, multidrug and sulfonamides resistance gene were with the highest abundance. The relative abundance of ARGs in overlying water and sediment ranged from 1.68 to 661.05 ppm and from 1.93 to 49.47 ppm, respectively. ARG host (18 bacteria genus) were identified and annotated, among which Clostridium botulinum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia were pathogenic bacteria. The pathogens were mostly detected at Xukou Bay in spring and fall, which might be caused by the inlet water from aquaculture area of Yangcheng Lake. Pseudomonas was the most abundant ARGs host (ant2ib, baca, bl2d_oxa2,mexb, mexf, mexw and oprn), which may facilitate the propagation of ARGs in freshwater system.202234292452