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138800.9949Snapshot Study of Whole Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli from Healthy Companion Animals, Livestock, Wildlife, Humans and Food in Italy. Animals, humans and food are all interconnected sources of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), allowing extensive and rapid exchange of AMR bacteria and genes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize 279 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from animals (livestock, companion animals, wildlife), food and humans in Italy. E. coli predominantly belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 (46.6%) and A (29%) using the original Clermont criteria. One hundred and thirty-six sequence types (STs) were observed, including different pandemic (ST69, ST95, ST131) and emerging (ST10, ST23, ST58, ST117, ST405, ST648) extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) lineages. Eight antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and five chromosomal mutations conferring resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) were identified (qnrS1, qnrB19, mcr-1, bla(CTX-M1,15,55), bla(CMY-2), gyrA/parC/parE, ampC and pmrB). Twenty-two class 1 integron arrangements in 34 strains were characterized and 11 ARGs were designated as intI1 related gene cassettes (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aad23, ant2_Ia, dfrA1, dfrA7, dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA17, cmlA1). Notably, most intI1 positive strains belonged to rabbit (38%) and poultry (24%) sources. Three rabbit samples carried the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in association with IS6 family insertion elements. Poultry meat harbored some of the most prominent ExPEC STs, including ST131, ST69, ST10, ST23, and ST117. Wildlife showed a high average number of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) (mean = 10), mostly associated with an ExPEC pathotype and some predominant ExPEC lineages (ST23, ST117, ST648) were identified.202033172096
122310.9948Characterization of Escherichia coli virulence genes, pathotypes and antibiotic resistance properties in diarrheic calves in Iran. BACKGROUND: Calf diarrhea is a major economic concern in bovine industry all around the world. This study was carried out in order to investigate distribution of virulence genes, pathotypes, serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves. RESULTS: Totally, 76.45% of 824 diarrheic fecal samples collected from Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Fars and Khuzestan provinces, Iran were positive for E. coli and all of them were also positive for cnf2, hlyA, cdtIII, f17c, lt, st, stx1, eae, ehly, stx2 and cnf1 virulence genes. Chaharmahal had the highest prevalence of STEC (84.61%), while Isfahan had the lowest (71.95%). E. coli serogroups had the highest frequency in 1-7 days old calves and winter season. Distribution of ETEC, EHEC, AEEC and NTEC pathotypes among E. coli isolates were 28.41%, 5.07%, 29.52% and 3.49%, respectively. Statistical analyses were significant for presence of bacteria between various seasons and ages. All isolates had the high resistance to penicillin (100%), streptomycin (98.25%) and tetracycline (98.09%) antibiotics. The most commonly detected resistance genes were aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, CITM, and dfrA1. The most prevalent serogroup among STEC was O26. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in diarrheic calves in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing antibiotics.201425052999
135120.9948Characteristics of High-Level Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from Retail Chicken Meat in Korea. Genes encoding ciprofloxacin resistance in enterococci in animals may be transferred to bacteria in the animal gut and to zoonotic bacteria where they could pose a human health hazard. The objective of this study was to characterize antimicrobial resistance in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from retail chicken meat. A total of 345 enterococci (335 E. faecalis and 10 E. faecium) were isolated from 200 chicken meat samples. Of these, 85 E. faecalis isolates and 1 E. faecium isolate were confirmed as HLCR enterococci. All 86 HLCR enterococci displayed gyrA- parC point mutations consisting of S83I-S80I (94.2%, 81 isolates), S83F-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), S83Y-S80I (2.3%, 2 isolates), and S83Y-S80F (1.2%, 1 isolate). Sixty-one (72.9%) of the 86 HLCR enterococci showed multidrug resistance to three to six classes of antimicrobial agents. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that E. faecalis had 17 different sequence types (ST) and E. faecium had 1 different ST, with ST256 observed most often (44 isolates, 51.8%). Although these results cannot exclude the possibility that pathotypes of enterococci isolated from chicken might represent transmission to or from humans, the foodborne HLCR E. faecalis indicated that the food chain is a potential route of enterococcal infection in humans.201830015506
123330.9948Prevalence, Antibiogram, and Resistance Profile of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Pig Farms in Luzon, Philippines. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, and resistance profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms in Luzon, Philippines. A total of 162 rectal samples from healthy finisher and breeder pigs and boot swab samples from pig houses were collected from 54 randomly selected pig farms. Bacteria were isolated and screened using MacConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out through Vitek(®) 2 and combined disk test. PCR amplifications were carried out in all isolates targeting bla(CTX-M) and its five major groupings, bla(TEM), and bla(SHV). The farm prevalence of ESBL-EC was 57.41% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.21-70.77). A total of 48 (29.63%) ESBL-EC isolates were isolated from samples that showed 14 different phenotypic multidrug resistance patterns. The prevalence of bla(CTX-M) gene was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68). All major bla(CTX-M-groups) except bla(CTX-M-25group) were detected. The bla(CTX-M-1) was the most prevalent bla(CTX-M) gene, 75.0% (95% CI = 60.40-86.36). The prevalence of bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68) and 60.42% (95% CI = 45.27-74.23), respectively. Coexistence of different bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), and bla(SHV) genes was observed in 44 isolates with 20 different genotypic patterns. High prevalence, diverse antibiogram profile, and genotypic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms were observed in this study that could result in possible transmission to farm workers, susceptible bacteria, and the environment.202031532307
129540.9947Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in faecal bacteria from 30 Giant pandas. To study the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in faecal bacteria from Giant pandas in China, 59 isolates were recovered from faecal pats of 30 Giant pandas. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by the standardised disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Of the 59 study isolates, 32.20% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 16.95% showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Thirteen drug resistance genes [aph(3')-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, ant(3'')-Ia, aac(3)-IIa, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetC, tetM, cat1, floR and cmlA] were analysed using four primer sets by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The detection frequency of the aph(3')-IIa gene was the highest (10.17%), followed by cmlA (8.47%). The genes aac(6')-Ib, sul2 and tetA were not detected. PCR products were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The results revealed that multidrug resistance was widely present in bacteria isolated from Giant pandas.200919168331
218350.9947Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Enterococcus is a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Enterococcus from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2021 to March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses in the area. Then, the samples were screened for Enterococcus using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar (EA). We also cultivated the samples directly on EA. However, the disk diffusion method was used to investigate positive Enterococcus resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Investigations showed that the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 28.32% (78/279), respectively. Most Enterococcus positive isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin. These isolates also showed a prevalence of MDR species (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR Enterococcus (MDRE) from cloacal swabs and breast meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and breast meat were beta-lactamase TEM (bla (TEM) [0%, 1.96%]), Class 1 integrase (intI1 [14.28%, 0%]), colistin (mrc-1 [3.57%, 0%]), and vancomycin (vanA [14.28%, 0%]). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria.202236590124
129360.9946Antibiotic resistance in faecal bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp.) in feral pigeons. AIMS: To determine the presence of antibiotic-resistant faecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in feral pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) in the Czech Republic. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cloacal swabs of feral pigeons collected in the city of Brno in 2006 were cultivated for antibiotic-resistant E. coli. Resistance genes, class 1 and 2 integrons, and gene cassettes were detected in resistant isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The samples were also cultivated for enterococci. Species status of enterococci isolates was determined using repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR. Resistance genes were detected in resistant enterococci by PCR. E. coli isolates were found in 203 of 247 pigeon samples. Antibiotic resistance was recorded in three (1·5%, n(E. coli) =203) isolates. Using agar containing ciprofloxacin, 12 (5%, n(samples) =247) E. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin were isolated. No ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were detected. A total of 143 enterococci were isolated: Ent. faecalis (36 isolates), Ent. faecium (27), Ent. durans (19), Ent. hirae (17), Ent. mundtii (17), Ent. gallinarum (12), Ent. casseliflavus (12) and Ent. columbae (3). Resistance to one to four antibiotics was detected in 45 (31%) isolates. Resistances were determined by tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, aac(6')aph(2''), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ermB, pbp5, vanA and vanC1 genes. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic-resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. occurred in feral pigeons in various prevalences. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Feral pigeon should be considered a risk species for spreading in the environment antimicrobial resistant E. coli and enterococci.201020602656
120970.9945Molecular Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O177 Isolates, Their Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Profiles From Broiler Chickens. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as a bacterium that can cause severe food-borne diseases. Common sources of infection include undercooked meat products and faecal contamination in vegetables. This study aimed to isolate, identify and assess the virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of STEC isolates from broiler chicken faeces. Faecal samples were cultured, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to identify the isolates. Subsequently, the confirmed isolates were screened for seven virulence markers using PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates to 13 different antibiotics was determined using the disk diffusion method. PCR was also employed to screen for antibiotic resistance genes. The uidA gene, which encodes the beta-glucuronidase enzyme, was detected in 62 (64.6%) of the 91 presumptively identified E. coli isolates. Of these, 23 isolates (37.1%) were confirmed to be E. coli O177 serogroup through amplification of wzy gene. All E. coli O177 isolates possessed the virulence stx2 gene, while 65% carried the stx1 gene. Among the E. coli O177 isolates, three harboured a combination of vir + stx2 + stx1 + hlyA genes, while one isolate contained a combination of eaeA + stx2 + stx1 + hlyA genes. All E. coli O177 isolates carried one or more antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, with 17 isolates (73.7%) identified as multidrug resistance (MDR). This is the first study to report the presence of E. coli O177 serotype from broiler chickens in South Africa. The findings reveal that broiler chicken faeces are a significant reservoir for MDR E. coli O177 and a potential source of AMR genes. These results underscore the importance of continuous surveillance and monitoring of the spread of AMR infectious bacteria in food-producing animals and their environments. The study also emphasizes that monitoring and control of poultry meat should be considered a major public health concern.202439665069
122980.9945Detection of multi-drug resistance and AmpC β-lactamase/extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes in bacterial isolates of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from the Mediterranean Sea. Sea turtles are useful sentinels to monitor the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the marine coastal ecosystems. Forty Gram negative bacteria were isolated from wounds of 52 injured Caretta caretta, living in the Mediterranean Sea. Bacteria were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and tested for susceptibility to 15 antibiotics. In addition, NGS amplicon sequencing was performed to detect the presence of AmpC β-lactamase genes (bla(AmpC)) and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes (bla(CTX-M,)bla(SHV,)bla(TEM)). Seventy-five percent of the isolates (30/40 isolates) exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes and 32.5% (13/40 isolates) were confirmed to be positive for at least one gene. The variants of ESBLs genes were bla(CTX-M-3,)bla(TEM-236) and bla(SHV-12). Variants of the bla(AmpC)β-lactamase gene i.e., bla(ACT-24), bla(ACT-2), bla(ACT-17), bla(DHA-4) and bla(CMY-37), were also detected. In addition, 4 isolates were found simultaneously harboring CTX and AmpC genes while 2 strains harbored 3 genes (bla(ACT-2+TEM-236+SHV-12), and bla(CTX-M-3+ACT-24+TEM-236)).202133513540
130790.9945Identification of shiga toxin and intimin coding genes in Escherichia coli isolates from pigeons (Columba livia) in relation to phylotypes and antibiotic resistance patterns. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are responsible for outbreaks of human intestinal diseases worldwide. Pigeons are distributed in public areas and are potential reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria. One hundred fifty-four fresh fecal samples were obtained from trapped pigeons in southeast of Iran and were cultured for isolation of E. coli. The isolates were examined to determine the prevalence of stx1, stx2, and eae genes, antimicrobial resistance, and their phylotypes. The confirmed E. coli isolates (138) belong to four phylogenetic groups: A (54.34%), B1 (34.05%), B2 (3.62%), and D (7.79%). Thirteen (9.42%) isolates were positive for one of the examined genes. Eight isolates (5.79%) were positive for eae, four (2.89%) for stx2, and one isolate (1.44%) for stx1 gene. Phylotyping assays showed that eight eae-positive isolates fall into three phylogroups; A (three isolates), B1 (three isolates), and D (two isolates), whereas four stx2-positive isolates belonged to the A (three isolates) and D (one isolate) groups. The stx1-positive isolate belonged to phylogroup A. One hundred six isolates (76.81%) showed resistance to at least one of the selected antibacterial agents. The maximum resistance rate was against oxytetracycline (73.91%), and the minimum was against flumequine (2.17%). Twenty different patterns of drug resistance were observed. According to the results, pigeons could be considered as carriers of STEC strains. However, E. coli isolates of pigeon feces increase the potential of these birds to act as a reservoir of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria.201222105907
960100.9945Beta-lactamase genes in bacteria from food animals, retail meat, and human surveillance programs in the United States from 2002 to 2021. The spread of beta-lactamase-producing bacteria is a global public-health concern. This study aimed to explore the distribution of beta-lactamases reported in three sampling sources (cecal, retail meat, and human) collected as part of integrated surveillance in the United States. We retrieved and analyzed data from the United States National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Systems (NARMS) from 2002 to 2021. A total of 115 beta-lactamase genes were detected in E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter, Shigella and Vibrio: including 35 genes from cecal isolates, 32 genes from the retail meat isolates, and 104 genes from the human isolates. Three genes in E. coli (bla(CMY-2,)bla(TEM-1A), and bla(TEM-1B)), 6 genes in Salmonella enterica (bla(CARB-2), bla(CMY-2), bla(CTXM-65), bla(TEM-1A), bla(TEM-1B), and bla(HERA-3)), and 2 genes in Campylobacter spp. (bla(OXA-61) and bla(OXA-449)) have been detected across food animals (cattle, chicken, swine, and turkey) and humans over the study period. bla(CTXM-55) has been detected in E. coli isolates from the four food animal sources while bla(CTXM-15) and bla(CTXM-27) were found only in cattle and swine. In Salmonella enterica, bla(CTXM-2), bla(CTXM-9), bla(CTXM-14), bla(CTXM-15), bla(CTXM-27), bla(CTXM-55), and bla(NDM-1) were only detected among human isolates. bla(OXAs) and bla(CARB) were bacteria-specific and the only beta-lactamase genes detected in Campylobacter spp. and Vibrio spp respectively. The proportions of beta-lactamase genes detected varies from bacteria to bacteria. This study provided insights on the beta-lactamase genes detected in bacteria in food animals and humans in the United States. This is necessary for better understanding the molecular epidemiology of clinically important beta-lactamases in one health interface.202438325128
1114110.9945Third-Generation Cephalosporin Resistance in Intrinsic Colistin-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolated from Retail Meat. Consumption of retail meat contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria is a common route for transmitting clinically relevant resistant bacteria to humans. Here, we investigated the genotypic and phenotypic resistance profiles of intrinsic colistin-resistant (ICR) Enterobacterales isolated from retail meats. ICR Enterobacterales were isolated from 103 samples of chicken, 103 samples of pork, and 104 samples of beef purchased from retail shops in Japan, using colistin-containing media, and their antimicrobial susceptibility was examined. Serratia spp. (440 isolates) showed resistance to cefotaxime (19 isolates, 4.3%), tetracycline (15 isolates, 3.4%), and other antimicrobials (<1%). Hafnia spp. (136) showed resistance to cefotaxime (12 isolates, 8.6%), ceftazidime (four isolates, 2.9%), and tetracycline (two isolates, 1.4%). Proteus spp. (39) showed resistance to chloramphenicol (four isolates, 10.3%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (four isolates, 10.3%), cefotaxime (two isolates, 5.1%), kanamycin (two isolates, 5.1%), and gentamicin (one isolate, 2.6%). Cedecea spp. (22) were resistant to tetracycline (two isolates, 9.1%) whereas Morganella spp. (11) were resistant to tetracycline (four isolates, 36.4%) and chloramphenicol (one isolate, 9.2%). The resistance genes bla(fonA), bla(ACC), and bla(DHA) were detected in cefotaxime-resistant Serratia spp., Hafnia spp., and Morganella spp. isolates, respectively. This emergence of antimicrobial resistance in ICR Enterobacterales may pose a public health risk.202134943649
1301120.9944Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE: This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS: Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION: Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.202032440171
1296130.9944Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellaisolates from goose farms in Northeast China. BACKGROUND: Salmonella is one of the most important enteric pathogenic bacteria that threatened poultry health. AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates in goose farms. METHODS: A total of 244 cloacal swabs were collected from goose farms to detect Salmonella in Northeast China. Antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance gene distribution of Salmonella isolates were investigated. RESULTS: Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were identified. Overall prevalence of Salmonella in the present study was 8.6%. Among the Salmonella isolates, the highest resistance frequencies belonged to amoxicillin (AMX) (85.7%), tetracycline (TET) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (81%), followed by chloramphenicol (CHL) (76.2%), florfenicol (FLO) (71.4%), kanamycin (KAN) (47.6%), and gentamycin (GEN) (38.1%). Meanwhile, only 4.8% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cefotaxime (CTX). None of the isolates was resistant to cefoperazone (CFP) and colistin B (CLB). Twenty isolates (95%) were simultaneously resistant to at least two antimicrobials. Ten resistance genes were detected among which the bla (TEM-1), cmlA, aac(6')-Ib-cr, sul1, sul2, sul3, and mcr-1.1 were the most prevalent, and presented in all 21 isolates followed by tetB (20/21), qnrB (19/21), and floR (15/21). CONCLUSION: Results indicated that Salmonella isolates from goose farms in Northeast China exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR), harboring multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. Our results will be useful to design prevention and therapeutic strategies against Salmonella infection in goose farms.202033584841
2185140.9944Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. from dogs in Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Antibacterial resistance is a great concern in human and food animal medicine, and it poses a significant concern in pet animals like dogs. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. along with the carryover of some resistance genes in E. coli from dogs in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and skin swab (n = 50) samples were collected from dogs having respiratory infections, skin infections, and/or enteritis, respectively. Three types of bacteria were identified and isolated by conventional bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion methods. Six resistance genes, namely bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II, were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 39 (78%) E. coli, 25 (50%) Staphylococcus spp., and 24 (48%) Streptococcus spp. isolates were isolated from the rectal swab, nasal swab, and skin swab samples, respectively. In the cultural sensitivity test, the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (79%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (64%). Doxycycline (80%) demonstrated the highest resistance among Staphylococcus isolates, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%). Streptococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (63%), followed by ceftriaxone (54%), while no isolate showed resistance to gentamycin. The prevalence of bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II genes in phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates were 100%, 61.29%, 100%, 8.33%, 56%, and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Spillover of such multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from pet dogs pose a serious public health risk.202033409311
2184150.9944Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, and Antibiotic Residue in Food from Animal Sources: One Health Food Safety Concern. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing foodborne serious illnesses can be found in contaminated food. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the pathogens, genes, and antimicrobial residues present in raw milk and meat. We collected 40 raw milk and 40 beef samples using the aseptic method from various parts of the Faisalabad metropolis, Pakistan. The samples were cultured on blood, MacConkey, and UTI chrome agar. The VITEK 2 compact system was used for microbial identification and determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Antimicrobial resistance genes for extended-spectrum β-lactamases, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, and carbapenem resistance were identified using molecular techniques. ELISA was used to determine the tetracycline residue level in each sample. The beef samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 64 bacterial isolates, with Escherichia coli (29; 45.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11; 17.1%) predominating. The milk samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 73 bacterial isolates, with E. coli (22; 30%), K. pneumoniae (12; 16.4%), and S. aureus (10; 13.6%) forming the majority. Twenty-eight (43.7%) isolates from beef harbored tet genes, nineteen (29.6%) bla(CTX-M), and fourteen (21.8%) bla(NDM-1), and twenty-six (35.6%) isolates from milk harbored tet genes, nineteen (26%) bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M), and three (4%) bla(NDM-1). Twenty-two (55%) each of the beef and milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limit for tetracycline. Polymicrobial contamination by bacteria possessing bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA), mecA, and tet genes was identified in food samples. The high tetracycline residue levels pose a serious health risk to consumers.202336677453
1157160.9944Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant Escherichia coli from Healthy Broilers in Retail Chicken Outlets of Hotspot Cities in Southern India. E. coli is one of the first commensal bacteria to colonize the chicken gut. It may act as a source for the spread of antibiotic resistance to human via the food chain and contamination of the environment. Isolation and characterization of such E. coli from commercial broilers in retail outlets of Southern India were carried out. Eighty-three E. coli isolates (76.9%) were obtained from cloacal/meat swabs (108 samples). Phenotypically, 78.3% of isolates were ESBL producers, 69.9% were fluoroquinolone-resistant, and 6% were carbapenemase producers. Genotypically, the blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M were present in 48.2%, 43.4%, and 10.8% of the isolates, respectively. These isolates also carried fluoroquinolone-resistant genes viz qnrB (31.3%) and qnrS (34.9%) but not carbapenemase genes. Overall, ESBL were identified in 72.3% of isolates and fluoroquinolone-resistance genes in 51.8%. Strikingly, 53% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with both ESBL and fluoroquinolone-resistant genes. The study revealed the presence of MDR E. coli strains in broiler meat at retail outlets indicating the potential public health risks.202540778947
1222170.9943Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: bla (TEM), temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), bla (TEM), temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.202236406904
943180.9943Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profile, and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Minced Meat at Local Markets in Thailand. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli exhibits strong multidrug resistance (MDR) to ampicillin and third-generation cephalosporins. This study examined the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular genetic features of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from three commonly consumed minced meat varieties, namely pork, chicken, and beef. In total, 150 samples were collected from 10 local markets in Thailand. ESBL-producing E. coli was identified in 78 samples (52%), and minced chicken meat was most contaminated (79.17%). The isolates exhibited potential susceptibility to amikacin (96.16%) and carbapenems (91-95%). However, ESBL-producing E. coli displayed strong resistance to ampicillin and cefpodoxime (100%) and high MDR to 3-5 antibiotic classes (94.87%). Most presumptive ESBL producers harbored ESBL resistance genes (97.44%), most commonly bla(TEM) (78.21%). Indeed, our results demonstrated that raw minced meat has a high occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli harboring ESBL resistance genes, highlighting the importance of implementation of sanitary handling practices to reduce microbial contamination in commercial meat as well as the need for consumer education on safe handling and cooking of meat products.202234941425
1365190.9943The frequency of tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy and diarrheic pet birds. BACKGROUND: Pet birds have close contact to human and resistant bacteria can transfer from birds to intestinal flora of human. AIMS: This study was carried out to determine the tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains associated with enteric problem in pet birds. METHODS: Totally, 295 cloacal swabs were collected from 195 healthy and 100 diarrheic pet birds in Isfahan province, Iran. The presence of E. coli was identified by conventional bacteriological, biochemical, and molecular examinations. The presence of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE, tetG, tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, and tetS genes) were examined using three multiplex PCR. RESULTS: The results showed that 18.9% and 43% of cloacal samples of healthy and diarrheic pet birds contained E. coli, respectively. The mean percentage of E. coli isolated from cloacal samples of diarrheic birds was significantly higher than the healthy birds (46.6 vs 23.1%). In healthy birds, out of 37 E. coli isolates, 10 isolates were resistant to tetracycline, harboring tetA and tetB genes (3 tetA vs 7 tetB), but in the diarrheic birds, of 26 resistance E. coli, 11, 12, and 3 strains contained tetA (42.3%), tetB (46.15), and tetA+tetB (11.53%) genes. The percentage of tet genes were significantly higher in diarrheic birds than healthy birds (58.9 vs 24.0%). CONCLUSION: Both resistant genes of tetA and tetB were detected in E. coli isolates that are related with efflux pump activity. These genes can be transferred between Gram-negative bacteria and they have the potential ability to be transferred to the environment and human flora.202135126542