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218800.9598Detection of Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Clinical and Intensive Care Unit Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative non-glucose fermenting aerobic bacteria and an opportunistic pathogen in humans and animals. The present study was carried out to investigate the distribution of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance properties of P. aeruginosa isolated from patients and intensive care unit (ICU) environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 116 P. aeruginosa isolated from patients and ICU environment were collected from Besat hospital in Hamadan, the West of Iran. P. aeruginosa isolates were analyzed based on the presence of the virulence factors encoding genes included exoA, exoS, exoU, and algD using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using a disk diffusion method. RESULTS: The results showed the prevalence of exoA 33 (56.9%), exoS 21 (36.20%), exoU 37 (63.8%), and algD 35 (60.34%) genes in ICU environment P. aeruginosa strains and exo A 23 (39.25%), exoS 25 (43.1%), exoU 40(68.98%), and algD 25 (43.1%) genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. High resistance levels of the clinical and ICU environment isolate to ampicillinsulbactam (100%), were also observed. CONCLUSION: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in hospitalized patients in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution in prescribing antibiotics, especially in cases of human infections.202031889501
122610.9586Multi-drug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. We collected flies from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to examine for the presence of bacteria and to determine the sensitivity patterns of those bacteria. A total of 1,228 flies were collected from 6 sites around Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport from April to September 2011. The predominant species was Chrysomya megacephala (n=276, 22.5%). Antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria (n=48) were isolated from flies using MacConkey agar supplemented with cephalothin (20 microg/ml). These were identified as Escherichia coli (n=37), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3) and Aeromonas hydrophila (n=2). All isolated bacteria were tested for resistance to 21 commonly used antimicrobials: amoxicillin (100%), ticarcillin (100%), cephalothin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), ceftazidime 1 (93.8%), piperacillin (93.8%), cefotaxime (89.6%), ticarcillin-clavulanate (81.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), gentamicin (45.8%), cefepime (39.6%), tobramycin (39.6%), ceftazidime (22.9%), cefoxitin (16.7%), amikacin (16.7%), netilmicin (14.6%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (6.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (2.1%). No resistance to meropenem or imipenem was observed. Antibiotic resistance genes among the isolated bacteria were analyzed for by polymerase chain reaction. Thirty of the 48 bacteria with resistance (62.5%) possessed the blaTEM gene.201324450236
125720.9584Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in the Bacteria Isolated from Surgical Site Infection: Emphasis on Staphylococcus Aureus; Yasuj City, Southwest Iran. BACKGROUND: Surgical site infections (SSIs) in surgical wards remains the most common cause of postoperative complications and realistically is the third most common origin of healthcare-related conditions. Staphylococcus aureus is undoubtedly the most common bacteria causing SSIs. The current study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in bacteria isolated from SSIs, evaluation of tetracycline resistance genes, and SCCmec typing in S. aureus isolates isolated from patients with SSIs from 2018 to 2019 in Yasuj, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. METHODS: This study diligently investigated 240 potential patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed properly by the disk diffusion method. For the final confirmation of isolated bacteria, PCR was used. The presence of tet genes and SCCmec typing was carried out by multiplex PCR. RESULTS: The results showed that the most common isolated pathogens included S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and K. pneumonia in 58.8%, 19.8%, 9.2%, 6.8% and 5.4% of cases, respectively. The majority of the Gram positive isolates were resistant against penicillin (86%) and Gram negative were resistant against ciprofloxacin (75.6%). In isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, the mecA gene was detected in 63.6% of isolates. The predominant SCCmec types were type III (59.1%) and type I (18.4%). The tetK and tetM genes were detected in 80.7% and 71.9% of the S. aureus isolates, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between tet genes (tetK and tetM) from the viewpoint of resistance to tetracycline (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the current study, it is recommended to administer vancomycin, amikacin, and imipenem in Yasuj to treat SSIs.202133616327
125330.9582Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, cagE, and babA2 Alleles of Helicobacter pylori Bacteria Isolated from Raw Meat. BACKGROUND: Foodstuffs with animal origins, particularly meat, are likely reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori. PURPOSE: An existing survey was accompanied to assess phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and genotyping of vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, oipA, and babA2 alleles amongst the H. pylori bacteria recovered from raw meat. METHODS: Six-hundred raw meat samples were collected and cultured. H. pylori isolates were tested using disk diffusion and PCR identification of antibiotic resistance genes and genotyping. RESULTS: Fifty-two out of 600 (8.66%) raw meat samples were contaminated with H. pylori. Raw ovine meat (13.07%) had the uppermost contamination. H. pylori bacteria displayed the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (82.69%), erythromycin (80.76%), trimethoprim (65.38%), levofloxacin (63.46%), and amoxicillin (63.46%). All H. pylori bacteria had at least resistance toward one antibiotic, even though incidence of resistance toward more than eight antibiotics was 28.84%. Total distribution of rdxA, pbp1A, gyrA, and cla antibiotic resistance genes were 59.61%, 51.92%, 69.23%, and 65.38%, respectively. VacA s1a (84.61%), s2 (76.92%), m1a (50%), m2 (39.13%), iceA1 (38.46%), and cagA (55.76%) were the most generally perceived alleles. S1am1a (63.46%), s2m1a (53.84%), s1am2 (51.92%), and s2m2 (42.30%) were the most generally perceived genotyping patterns. Frequency of cagA-, oipA-, and babA2- genotypes were 44.23%, 73.07%, and 80.76%, respectively. A total of 196 combined genotyping patterns were also perceived. CONCLUSION: The role of raw meat, particularly ovine meat, in transmission of virulent and resistant H. pylori bacteria was determined. VacA and cagA genotypes had the higher incidence. CagE-, babA2-, and oipA- H. pylori bacteria had the higher distribution. Supplementary surveys are compulsory to originate momentous relations between distribution of genotypes, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic resistance genes.202032099418
122340.9576Characterization of Escherichia coli virulence genes, pathotypes and antibiotic resistance properties in diarrheic calves in Iran. BACKGROUND: Calf diarrhea is a major economic concern in bovine industry all around the world. This study was carried out in order to investigate distribution of virulence genes, pathotypes, serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves. RESULTS: Totally, 76.45% of 824 diarrheic fecal samples collected from Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Fars and Khuzestan provinces, Iran were positive for E. coli and all of them were also positive for cnf2, hlyA, cdtIII, f17c, lt, st, stx1, eae, ehly, stx2 and cnf1 virulence genes. Chaharmahal had the highest prevalence of STEC (84.61%), while Isfahan had the lowest (71.95%). E. coli serogroups had the highest frequency in 1-7 days old calves and winter season. Distribution of ETEC, EHEC, AEEC and NTEC pathotypes among E. coli isolates were 28.41%, 5.07%, 29.52% and 3.49%, respectively. Statistical analyses were significant for presence of bacteria between various seasons and ages. All isolates had the high resistance to penicillin (100%), streptomycin (98.25%) and tetracycline (98.09%) antibiotics. The most commonly detected resistance genes were aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, CITM, and dfrA1. The most prevalent serogroup among STEC was O26. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in diarrheic calves in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing antibiotics.201425052999
140650.9574Multicentre study of the burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the aetiology of infected diabetic foot ulcers. BACKGROUND: Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Very few published data on IDFU exist in most West African countries. OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the aetiology and antibacterial drug resistance burden of IDFU in tertiary hospitals in Osun state, Nigeria, between July 2016 and April 2017. METHODS: Isolates were cultured from tissue biopsies or aspirates collected from patients with IDFU. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase production were done by established protocols. Specific resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There were 218 microorganisms isolated from 93 IDFUs, comprising 129 (59.2%) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 59 (27.1%) Gram-positive cocci and 29 (13.3%) anaerobic bacteria. The top five facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (34; 15.6%), Escherichia coli (23; 10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20; 9.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (19; 8.7%) and Citrobacter spp. (19; 8.7%). The most common anaerobes were Bacteroides spp. (7; 3.2%) and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (6; 2.8%). Seventy-four IDFUs (80%) were infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria, predominantly methicillin-resistant S. aureus and GNB producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases, mainly of the CTX-M variety. Only 4 (3.1%) GNB produced carbapenemases encoded predominantly by bla (VIM). Factors associated with presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria were peripheral neuropathy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.05, p = 0.04) and duration of foot infection of more than 1 month (AOR = 7.63, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Multidrug-resistant facultative anaerobic bacteria are overrepresented as agents of IDFU. A relatively low proportion of the aetiological agents were anaerobic bacteria.202133824857
125460.9570Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from recurrent tonsillitis in children. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in the tonsils of children subjected tonsillectomy due to recurrent tonsilitis and to determine the spa types of the pathogens, carriage of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance profiles. The study included 73 tonsillectomized children. Bacteria, including S. aureus were isolated from tonsillar surface prior to tonsillectomy, recovered from tonsillar core at the time of the surgery, and from posterior pharynx 2-4 weeks after the procedure. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were compared by spa typing, tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and for the presence of superantigenic toxin genes (sea-seu, eta, etb, tst, lukS/lukF-PV) by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Seventy-three patients (mean 7.1 ± 4.1 years, 61.6% male) were assessed. The most commonly isolated bacteria were S. aureus. The largest proportion of staphylococcal isolates originated from tonsillar core (63%), followed by tonsillar surface (45.1%) and posterior pharynx in tonsillectomized children (18.2%, p = 0.007). Five (6.3%) isolates were identified as MRSA (mecA-positive). Up to 67.5% of the isolates synthesized penicillinases (blaZ-positive isolates), and 8.8% displayed MLS(B) resistance. The superantigenic toxin genes were detected in more than half of examined isolates (56.3%). spa types t091, t084, and t002, and clonal complexes (CCs) CC7, CC45, and CC30 turned out to be most common. Staphylococcus aureus associated with RT in children showed pathogenicity potential and considerable genetic diversity, and no clones were found to be specific for this condition although further studies are needed.202031692060
145570.9570Resistance to bacterial infection, complication occurring after cardiac surgery. To analyze the occurrence of resistant bacterial infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery hospitalized in the surgical specialty hospital, in Erbil city, Iraq. A prospective study was done on a total of 138 patients operated and hospitalized in an intensive care unit and surgical wards. Bacterial isolates identification was done according to cultural characteristics, microscopic examination, some biochemical tests, analytic Profile Index 20E& API Staph, confirmed with VITEK® 2 compact system (BioMérieux). Antimicrobial susceptibility for disc diffusion tested to 17 antimicrobial agents. Resistance isolates were confirmed phenotypically for carbapenemase by Rapidec Carba NP Test (bioMe´rieux SA, Marcy-l'E´toile, France) for ESBLs producers by ESBL screening test VITEK 2 system. Molecularly blaIMP blaTEM, blaKPC, AmpC and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR. In 134 patients, 28.3% of patients got infected post-operatively. The most frequent source of isolation was from ICU patients (75%). Isolated bacteria included gram-positive 29 (54.7%) and gram-negative bacteria 24 (45.3%). Most frequently:  Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%), each of pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia (15.1%), Streptococcus spp. (11.3%), Escherichia coli (9.4%). Whereas included Coagulase Negative Staphylococci species (CoNS) (13.2%) and Enterococci species (5.7) Statistical analysis showed significantly higher sensitive isolates as compared with resistance isolates. Resistance to Carbapenems calss was 18.9% and Cephalosporins class 41.5% of isolates. The antimicrobial resistance pattern indicated that MDR bacterial isolates (81.1%) were widespread. Of the 34 phenotypically ESBL positive isolates, the ESBL genes (AmpC, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM) were amplified in 7(20.6), 6(17.6) and 6(17.6) isolates respectively. Out of 8 K. pneumonia (37.5%) harboring both blaAmpC and bla-CTX-M genes, while 6(75%) carries blaTEM. The blaCTX-M gene was found in only 1 (12.5%) out of 8 isolates of P. aeruginosa. While blaAmpC genotyping revealed that 1(7.7%) out of 13 Staph. aureus isolates were harboring it. Finally, 3(60%) out of 5 E. coli isolates harboring both AmpC and bla-CTX-M genes. Cardiac surgery patients wound show increasingly emerging strains of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and E. coli especially patients prolonged in the intensive care unit.202034174972
133280.9567First study on capsular serotypes and virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida isolates from Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Pasteurella multocida is considered as a main factor mediating pneumonic pasteurellosis in ruminants, including sheep. It is also a current threat to Phan Rang sheep in Vietnam. This study aimed to characterize P. multocida isolated from Phan Rang sheep, their antibiotic resistance profile, and the prevalence of some virulence-associated genes of these strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bacteria were isolated on brain heart infusion, 10% sheep blood agar plates, and screened by biochemical tests. The polymerase chain reaction technique was used with specific primers to identify P. multocida, the presence of virulence-associated genes, and serotypes of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation of isolates were examined using the disk diffusion method and crystal violet-based method, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 41 P. multocida strains were isolated from 485 samples from clinically sick and healthy sheep. Of the isolates, 58.53% were serotype A, 9.75% were serotype B, and 31.71% were serotype D. Healthy animals were infected with serotype D only. All 15 virulence genes were identified in all strains isolated from clinically sick sheep, while strains isolated from healthy sheep carried 11/15 virulence genes tested. Among virulence-associated genes exbB, exbD, tonB, ompA, oma87, fimA, hgbA, and nanB were detected in over 90% of isolates, whereas hgbB, nanH, tbpA and pfhA were less frequent. Interestingly, pmHAS and tadD were highly prevalent in capsular type A strains, whereas the toxA gene was detected in capsular type D strains only. All of the isolated strains were fully susceptible to enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, neomycin, and ofloxacin. About 92.68% were susceptible to chloramphenicol and 90.24% to amikacin, but there was high resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. Our results reveal that 53.65% of 41 isolates could produce biofilm, whereas 46.34% could not. CONCLUSION: Pasteurella multocida from Phan Rang sheep possess many virulence genes and resistance to several common antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. The results are an important warning regarding antibiotic resistance of P. multocida.202337042011
128890.9566Assessment of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance among the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from animal meat and carcass samples. BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are emerging causes of food spoilage and foodborne diseases. Raw meat of animal species may consider a reservoir of P. aeruginosa strains. OBJECTIVES: The present survey was done to assess the prevalence, antibiotic resistance properties and distribution of virulence factors among the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from raw meat and carcass surface swab samples of animal species. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were collected from cattle and sheep species referred to as slaughterhouses. P. aeruginosa bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion. The distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-seven of 550 (8.54%) examined samples were contaminated with P. aeruginosa. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were 6.57 and 12%, respectively. P. aeruginosa isolates showed the maximum resistance rate toward penicillin (87.23%), ampicillin (85.10%), tetracycline (85.10%), gentamicin (65.95%) and trimethoprim (57.44%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were BlaCTX-M (53.19%), blaDHA (42.55%) and blaTEM (27.65%). The most commonly detected virulence factors was ExoS (42.55%), algD (31.91%), lasA (31.91%), plcH (31.91%) and exoU (25.53%). CONCLUSIONS: Meat and carcass surface swab samples may be sources of resistant and virulent P. aeruginosa, which pose a hygienic threat in their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of P. aeruginosa in meat and carcass surface samples.202336418165
2186100.9565Bacterial drug-resistance patterns and genetic diversity of bacteria-associated bacteriuria in diabetic patients in Ghana. OBJECTIVES: Our study aimed to determine the etiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs), resistance profiles of isolated bacteria, and virulence factors of Escherichia coli associated with bacteriuria in diabetic patients in Ghana. METHODS: Midstream urine samples from 982 diabetic patients were tested for uropathogens at the National Diabetes Management and Research Centre in Ghana, using standard bacteriological methods, with antibiogram testing of the isolates using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion, as per CLSI guidelines. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the phylogenetic groupings and virulence factor (VF) genes of isolated E. coli. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of UTIs was 9.2%, and the main uropathogens were Klebsiella spp. (55.6%) and Escherichia coli (31.3%). Age, duration of diabetes, and a previous history of UTIs were risk factors associated with UTI (p-value < 0.05). High levels of antibacterial resistance to cefuroxime (84%), ampicillin (80%), and gentamicin (70.7%) were observed. The distribution of VFs in each phylogenetic group revealed that sfa-iutA-KpsTMII-KpsTMIII genes were associated with group B2, and iutA-ibe were associated with group D. CONCLUSIONS: The isolated uropathogens were highly resistant, and the E. coli isolates possessed varying VFs. Continuous monitoring of bacteria associated with UTI in diabetics is highly recommended.202135757820
1331110.9565Serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes of Salmonella in children with diarrhea. BACKGROUND: Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that causes acute diarrhea in humans worldwide. This study analyzed the relationships of serotypes and antibiotic resistance with virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from children with salmonellosis. METHODS: Serological typing was performed using the slide-agglutination method. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Twenty virulence genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Salmonella Typhimurium (21 isolates, 34.43%) and S Enteritidis (12 isolates, 19.67%) were the predominant species among the 61 isolates. Ampicillin resistance was most common (63.93%), and among the cephalosporins, resistance was most often found to cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin (19.67%). Among the 20 virulence genes, prgH, ssrB, and pagC were detected in all Salmonella isolates. In S Typhimurium, the detection rates of hilA, sipB, marT, mgtC, sopB, pagN, nlpI, bapA, oafA, and tolC were high. In S Enteritidis, the detection rates of icmF, spvB, spvR, and pefA were high. Nitrofurantoin resistance was negatively correlated with the virulence gene bapA (P = .005) and was positively correlated with icmF, spvB, spvR, and pefA (P = .012, .008, .002, and .005, respectively), The P values between all other virulence genes and antibiotic resistance were >.05. CONCLUSION: Salmonella Typhimurium and S Enteritidis were the main serotypes in children with diarrhea in Hangzhou, China. Salmonella exhibited a high level of resistance to common antibiotics, and a high rate of bacteria carrying virulence genes was observed. However, no significant correlation was found between virulence genes and resistance to common antibiotics.202032797660
1456120.9563Resistance and Co-Resistance of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Genes in Diarrheal and Urinary-Tract Pathogens in Bangladesh. Carbapenems are the antibiotics of choice for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are carbapenemases capable of hydrolyzing nearly all therapeutically available beta-lactam antibiotics. Consequently, this research assessed the distribution of two MBL genes and three β-lactamases and their associated phenotypic resistance in diarrheal and urinary-tract infections (UTIs) to guide future policies. Samples were collected through a cross-sectional study, and β-lactamase genes were detected via PCR. A total of 228 diarrheal bacteria were isolated from 240 samples. The most predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli (32%) and Klebsiella spp. (7%). Phenotypic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, netilmicin, and amikacin was 50.4%, 65.6%, 66.8%, 80.5%, 54.4%, 41.6%, 25.7%, 41.2%, 37.2%, and 42.9%, respectively. A total of 142 UTI pathogens were identified from 150 urine samples. Klebsiella spp. (39%) and Escherichia coli (24%) were the major pathogens isolated. Phenotypic resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefuroxime, cefixime, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, netilmicin, and amikacin was 93.7%, 75.0%, 91.5%, 93.7%, 88.0%, 72.5%, 13.6%, 44.4%, 71.1%, and 43%, respectively. Twenty-four diarrheal isolates carried blaNDM-1 or blaVIM genes. The overall MBL gene prevalence was 10.5%. Thirty-six UTI pathogens carried either blaNDM-1 or blaVIM genes (25.4%). Seven isolates carried both blaNDM-1 and blaVIM genes. MBL genes were strongly associated with phenotypic carbapenem and other β-lactam antibiotic resistance. blaOXA imparted significantly higher phenotypic resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Active surveillance and stewardship programs are urgently needed to reduce carbapenem resistance in Bangladesh.202439203431
1335130.9562Prevalence of virulence factor, antibiotic resistance, and serotype genes of Pasteurella multocida strains isolated from pigs in Vietnam. AIM: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characterization of the Pasteurella multocida isolates from suspected pigs in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 83 P. multocida strains were isolated from lung samples and nasal swabs collected from pigs associated with pneumonia, progressive atrophic rhinitis, or reproductive and respiratory symptoms. Isolates were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for capsular typing, detection of virulence-associated genes and antibiotic resistance genes by PCR. The antimicrobial sensitivity profiles of the isolates were tested by disk diffusion method. RESULTS: All the isolates 83/83 (100%) were identified as P. multocida by PCR: serogroup A was obtained from 40/83 (48.19%), serogroup D was detected from 24/83 strains (28.91%), and serogroup B was found in 19/83 (22.35%) isolates. The presence of 14 virulence genes was reported including adhesins group (ptfA - 93.97%, pfhA - 93.97%, and fimA - 90.36%), iron acquisition (exbB - 100%, and exbD - 85.54%), hyaluronidase (pmHAS - 84.33%), and protectins (ompA - 56.62%, ompH 68.67%, and oma87 - 100%). The dermonecrotoxin toxA had low prevalence (19.28%). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that cephalexin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin were the drugs most likely active against P. multocida while amoxicillin and tetracycline were inactive. The usage of PCR revealed that 63/83 isolates were carrying at least one of the drug resistance genes. CONCLUSION: Unlike other parts of the word, serotype B was prevalent among Vietnamese porcine P. multocida strains. The high antibiotic resistance detected among these isolates gives us an alert about the current state of imprudent antibiotic usage in controlling the pathogenic bacteria.202032636585
1302140.9561A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS: According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS: A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.202134635183
1301150.9561Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE: This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS: Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION: Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.202032440171
2170160.9561Drug resistance in bacteria isolated from patients presenting with wounds at a non-profit Surgical Center in Phnom Penh, Cambodia from 2011-2013. BACKGROUND: Emerging antibiotic resistance amongst clinically significant bacteria is a public health issue of increasing significance worldwide, but it is relatively uncharacterized in Cambodia. In this study we performed standard bacterial cultures on samples from wounds at a Non-Governmental-Organization (NGO) Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Testing was performed to elucidate pathogenic bacteria causing wound infections and the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial isolates. All testing was performed at the Naval Medical Research Unit, No.2 (NAMRU-2) main laboratory in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. METHODS: Between 2011-2013, a total of 251 specimens were collected from patients at the NGO hospital and analyzed for bacterial infection by standard bacterial cultures techniques. Specimens were all from wounds and anonymous. No specific clinical information accompanied the submitted specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, and phenotypic testing for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) were performed and reported based on CLSI guidelines. Further genetic testing for CTX-M, TEM and SHV ESBLs was accomplished using PCR. RESULTS: One-hundred and seventy-six specimens were positive following bacterial culture (70 %). Staphlycoccus aureus was the most frequently isolated bacteria. Antibiotic drug resistance testing revealed that 52.5 % of Staphlycoccus aureus isolates were oxacillin resistant. For Escherichia coli isolates, 63.9 % were ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistant and 96 % were ESBL producers. Resistance to meropenem and imipenem was observed in one of three Acinetobacter spp isolates. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first of its kind detailing the antibiotic resistance profiles of pathogenic bacteria causing wound infections at a single surgical hospital in Cambodia. The reported findings of this study demonstrate significant antibiotic resistance in bacteria from injured patients and should serve to guide treatment modalities in Cambodia.201528883936
1434170.9561Molecular characterization of carbapenemases production among environmental Gram-negative isolates at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: first detection of NDM Producers in hospital environments. INTRODUCTION: The Gram-Negative bacteria, particularly carbapenem-resistant strains (CR-GNB), pose a global health threat due to high morbidity and mortality. Detecting carbapenemase-encoding genes is essential for understanding their spread in hospital environments. This study investigated environmental colonization by CR-GNB in Ethiopian hospitals, including genetic characterization of resistance genes. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study analyzed 103 environmental GNB isolates collected from inanimate surfaces at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) and ALERT Hospital (June-September 2021). Conventional microbiological methods identified the isolates, and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Carbapenemase production was screened using the Modified Hodge test (MHT) and combined disk test (CDT). Resistance genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48) were detected via PCR in isolates with reduced meropenem susceptibility. RESULTS: The predominant GNB were Acinetobacter baumannii (47%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33%), and E. coli (12%). Among 103 isolates, 62% showed reduced meropenem susceptibility. The most common CR-GNB was Acinetobacter baumannii (37.5%), followed by E. coli (18.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5%). Carbapenemase production was detected in 41.7% of isolates via PCR, with blaNDM being the most common (43 isolates). Linens (26.4%) and beds (21.4%) had the highest contamination rates. Most carbapenemase-producing isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of blaNDM and blaKPC genes highlights hospital surfaces as reservoirs for resistance genes, contributing to healthcare-associated infections. Routine surveillance and early detection of carbapenemase producers are crucial for infection control and antimicrobial resistance management.202540305531
1258180.9560Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy rabbits. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Methicillin-resistant globally, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of disease in both humans and animals. Several studies have documented the presence of MRSA in healthy and infected animals. However, there is less information on MRSA occurrence in exotic pets, especially healthy rabbits. This study aimed to look into the antimicrobial resistance profile, hidden antimicrobial-resistant genes in isolated bacteria, and to estimate prevalence of MRSA in healthy rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-hundreds and eighteen samples, including 42 eyes, 44 ears, 44 oral, 44 ventral thoracic, and 44 perineal swabs, were taken from 44 healthy rabbits that visited the Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, in Nakornpathom, Thailand, from January 2015 to March 2016. The traditional methods of Gram stain, mannitol fermentation, hemolysis on blood agar, catalase test, and coagulase production were used to confirm the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in all specimens. All bacterial isolates were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the antimicrobial-resistant genes (blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, msrA, tetK, gyrA, grlA, and dfrG) in isolates of MRSA with a cefoxitin-resistant phenotype. RESULTS: From 218 specimens, 185 S. aureus were isolated, with the majority of these being found in the oral cavity (29.73%) and ventral thoracic area (22.7%), respectively. Forty-seven (25.41%) MRSAs were found in S. aureus isolates, with the majority of these being found in the perineum (16, 34.04%) and ventral thoracic area (13, 27.66%) specimens. Among MRSAs, 29 (61.7%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Most of MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin (100%), followed by ceftriaxone (44.68%) and azithromycin (44.68%). In addition, these bacteria contained the most drug-resistance genes, blaZ (47.83%), followed by gyrA (36.17%) and tetK (23.4%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that MRSA could be found even in healthy rabbits. Some MRSAs strains were MDR-MRSA, which means that when an infection occurs, the available antibiotics were not effective in treating it. To prevent the spread of MDR-MRSA from pets to owners, it may be helpful to educate owners about effective prevention and hygiene measures.202236590129
2135190.9559Prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with polymicrobial infections. BACKGROUND: Wounds remain the most important cause of postoperative mortality and morbidity and generate considerable additional social and healthcare costs. Most wounds are caused by various coliforms, Enterococcus fecalis, Proteus sp., and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Wound is one of the leading cause of infections in the under developed and developing countries than developed nations. METHODS: A total of 43 samples associated with bacteremia and wound infection were collected. Biochemical characterization and culture characteristics of the drug resistant isolates were studied using MacConkey agar, blood agar and mannitol-salt agar. Antibiotic susceptibility analysis of the isolated strains was performed by disc diffusion method using various antibiotics. Prevalence of dug resistance among bacteria isolated from the wound was studied. The ability of Beta lactamase antibiotic producing bacterial strains were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 168 bacterial strains were isolated showed high resistant towards ampicillin (89%), ciprofloxacin (90.8), cefepine (90.5), piperacillin (91.8), oxacillin (92.5), and imipenem (96.5). The isolated bacterial strains showed monobacterial as well as polybacterial growth on the surface of the wound. The isolated bacterial strains revealed 89% sensitivity against norfloxacin and 94.9 sensitivity against vancomycin. About 26% of bacterial strains degraded quinolones, whereas only 14% clinical isolates showed their ability to degrade aminoglycosides. A total of 27% bacteria degraded tetracycline and 51% of isolates degraded carbapenems compounds. Interestingly, E. faecalis was resistant against antibiotics such as, Oxacillin, Nalidic acid, Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Cefepine, Amikacin, Cefurooxime, Vancomycin, Piperacillin, Imipenem and Gentamycin. Moreover, Proteus species was resistant against certain numbers of antibiotics namely, Ampicillin, Piperacillin, Oxacillin, Nalidic acid, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Cefurooxime, Nitrofurantoin, Vancomycin and Imipenem. CONCLUSIONS: The isolated bacterial strains were resistant against various drugs including vancomycin. Staphylococci, and E. faecalisis strains showed resistance against various classes of antibiotics.202134801434