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200000.9880Abundance of tigecycline resistance genes and association with antibiotic residues in Chinese livestock farms. The discovery of plasmid-mediated tet(X) variants and efflux pump gene tmexCD1-toprJ1 conferring bacteria resistance to tigecycline has compromised glycylcycline as the last line of defense against infection, which poses serious threat to public health. Herein, real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the abundance of seven tigecycline resistance genes (TRGs), including six tet(X) variants and tmexCD1-toprJ1, and insertion sequences ISCR2 and IS26. Then, the concentrations of nine antibiotics were quantified in fecal samples collected from 157 livestock farms in four Chinese provinces. TRGs, especially tet(X4), tmexCD1-toprJ1, and insertion sequences ISCR2 and IS26, were more abundant in chicken feces than in pig and cattle feces, suggesting the greater risk for the propagation of TRGs in chicken feces. Positive correlations (ρ = 0.3741-0.8275, P < 0.0001) between ISCR2/IS26 and TRGs (except tet(X1)) further demonstrated that ISCR2 mediates the transfer of tet(X3), tet(X4), and tet(X5) and that IS26 plays a certain role for the mobilization of tet(X4) and tmexCD1-toprJ1. Tetracyclines had no positive correlation with the abundance of TRGs (except tet(X1)), meanwhile florfenicol and tiamulin were positively correlated with TRGs. However, further research is needed to confirm whether or not florfenicol and tiamulin are potential driving factors of TRG accumulation.202133421874
310510.9873Organic Houttuynia cordata Thunb harbors higher abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes than non-organic origin, suggesting a potential food safe risk. The organic agricultural products has been growing rapidly in recent years. However, a potential food safe risk, resulted by introduction more antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) accompanied with animal manure using to organic farming, has long been overlooked. In current study, the bacterial community, 22 tetracycline, 3 aminoglycoside and 4 β-lactams ARGs were respectively investigated in the organic, chemical and wild Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT). A total of 9 tetracycline, 3 aminoglycoside and 2 β-lactam ARG subtypes were detected, and the organic HCT harbored more ARG subtypes. The absolute and relative abundance of total ARGs in organic HCT was strikingly higher than that in chemical and wild HCT. The Enterobacteriaceae, Aeromonadaceae, Pseudomonadceae, Moraxellaceae and Oxalobacteraceae were the dominant taxa in the chemical and wild HCT, but in the organic HCT, only Enterobacteriaceae posed 83.23% - 87.40% of bacterial community. Fourteen bacterial families might be the possible hosts of ARG subtypes in the HCT. Enterobacteriaceae was a possible host of most ARG subtypes, including tetA, tetB, tetC, tetE and aadA, and it was the main bacteria affecting the behavior of ARGs in the HCT. Additionally, the tetracycline ARG subtypes had more possible hosts. These results help to better understand the ARG potential food safe risk and develop effective measures to prevent the ARG dissemination in organic agricultural product.201931000292
725320.9872Manure Compost Is a Potential Source of Tetracycline-Resistant Escherichia coli and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Japanese Farms. Manure compost has been thought of as a potential important route of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from livestock to humans. To clarify the abundance of ARB and ARGs, ARB and ARGs were quantitatively determined in tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (harboring the tetA gene)-spiked feces in simulated composts. In the simulated composts, the concentration of spiked E. coli decreased below the detection limit at day 7. The tetA gene remained in manure compost for 20 days, although the levels of the gene decreased. Next, to clarify the field conditions of manure compost in Japan, the quantities of tetracycline-resistant bacteria, tetracycline resistance genes, and residual tetracyclines were determined using field-manure-matured composts in livestock farms. Tetracycline-resistant bacteria were detected in 54.5% of tested matured compost (6/11 farms). The copy number of the tetA gene and the concentrations of residual tetracyclines in field manure compost were significantly correlated. These results suggest that the use of antimicrobials in livestock constitutes a selective pressure, not only in livestock feces but also in manure compost. The appropriate use of antimicrobials in livestock and treatment of manure compost are important for avoiding the spread of ARB and ARGs.202032054107
996230.9872Metadata Analysis of mcr-1-Bearing Plasmids Inspired by the Sequencing Evidence for Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Between Polluted River and Wild Birds. We sequenced the whole genomes of three mcr-1-positive multidrug-resistant E. coli strains, which were previously isolated from the environment of egret habitat (polluted river) and egret feces. The results exhibit high correlation between antibiotic-resistant phenotype and genotype among the three strains. Most of the mobilized antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are distributed on plasmids in the forms of transposons or integrons. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) regions of high homology are detected on plasmids of different E. coli isolates. Therefore, horizontal transfer of resistance genes has facilitated the transmission of antibiotic resistance between the environmental and avian bacteria, and the transfer of ARGs have involved multiple embedded genetic levels (transposons, integrons, plasmids, and bacterial lineages). Inspired by this, systematic metadata analysis was performed for the available sequences of mcr-1-bearing plasmids. Among these plasmids, IncHI2 plasmids carry the most additional ARGs. The composition of these additional ARGs varies according to their geographical distribution. The phylogenetic reconstruction of IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids provides the evidence for their multiregional evolution. Phylogenetic analysis at the level of mobile genetic element (plasmid) provides important epidemiological information for the global dissemination of mcr-1 gene. Highly homologous mcr-1-bearing IncI2 plasmids have been isolated from different regions along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, suggesting that migratory birds may mediate the intercontinental transportation of ARGs.202032210943
801640.9872Transmission and retention of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in chicken and sheep manure composting. Transmission of ARGs during composting with different feedstocks (i.e., sheep manure (SM), chicken manure (CM) and mixed manure (MM, SM:CM = 3:1 ratio) was studied by metagenomic sequencing. 53 subtypes of ARGs for 22 types of antibiotics were identified as commonly present in these compost mixes; among them, CM had higher abundance of ARGs, 1.69 times than that in SM, while the whole elimination rate of CM, MM and SM were 55.2%, 54.7% and 42.9%, respectively. More than 50 subtypes of ARGs (with 8.6%, 11.4% and 20.9% abundance in the initial stage in CM, MM and SM composting) were "diehard" ARGs, and their abundance grew significantly to 56.5%, 63.2% and 69.9% at the mature stage. These "diehard" ARGs were transferred from initial hosts of pathogenic and/or probiotic bacteria to final hosts of thermophilic bacteria, by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) via mobile gene elements (MGEs), and became rooted in composting products.202337196739
802350.9872Effects of macroporous adsorption resin on antibiotic resistance genes and the bacterial community during composting. Swine manure is considered a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which may enter the soil and then the food chain to endanger human health. This study investigated the effects of adding 0%, 5%, and 15% (w/w) macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) on ARGs and the bacterial community during composting. The results showed that the addition of MAR reduced the abundances of ARGs (14.14-99.44%) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (47.83-99.48%) after swine manure composting. Significant positive correlations were detected between ARGs and MGEs, and thus the variations in MGEs may have led to the changes in ARGs. Redundancy analysis showed that MGEs had stronger effects on ARGs than environmental factors and the bacterial community. Network analysis suggested that ARGs and MGEs co-existed in common host bacteria. In conclusion, the results showed that adding 5% MAR can reduce the risk of ARG transmission.202031634802
373360.9872Residual concentrations of antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry litter favour plasmid conjugation among Escherichia coli. Considering that plasmid conjugation is a major driver for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, this study aimed to investigate the effects of residual concentrations of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry litter on the frequencies of IncFII-FIB plasmid conjugation among Escherichia coli organisms. A 2 × 5 factorial trial was performed in vitro, using two types of litter materials (sugarcane bagasse and wood shavings) and five treatments of litter: non-treated (CON), herbal alkaloid sanguinarine (SANG), AGPs monensin (MON), lincomycin (LCM) and virginiamycin (VIR). E. coli H2332 and E. coli J62 were used as donor and recipient strains, respectively. The presence of residues of monensin, lincomycin and virginiamycin increased the frequency of plasmid conjugation among E. coli in both types of litter materials. On the contrary, sanguinarine significantly reduced the frequency of conjugation among E. coli in sugarcane bagasse litter. The conjugation frequencies were significantly higher in wood shavings compared with sugarcane bagasse only in the presence of AGPs. Considering that the presence of AGPs in the litter can increase the conjugation of IncFII-FIB plasmids carrying antimicrobial resistance genes, the real impact of this phenomenon on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the poultry production chain must be investigated.202235138674
326370.9872Short- and long-read metagenomics insight into the genetic contexts and hosts of mobile antibiotic resistome in Chinese swine farms. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental contaminants posing a threat to public health. Intensive swine farms are recognized as hotspots for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, antibiotic resistome and their genetic contexts, hosts, and transferability in Chinese swine farms remain largely unexplored. Here, we used Illumina and Oxford Nanopore metagenomics sequencing to investigate the antibiotic resistome context of 14 distantly located large-scale (10,000 animals per year) commercial swine farms in China. We identified high abundant and diverse ARGs (609,966.8 with 1433 types, belonging to 38 different antibiotic classes) in all samples, including those encoding resistance to clinically critical important antibiotics (such as mcr, tetX, optrA, poxtA, qnr and bla(CTX-M)). About 75% of the ARGs detected were carried by mobile genetic elements (mainly plasmids), suggesting their high transmission potential into receiving environments. Host-tracking analysis identified Clostridiales, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli as the predominant bacterial hosts of mobile ARGs. Notably, genome binning generated 246 high-completeness draft genomes. Genetic context analysis of the multiple resistant (MDR) genes in binned genomes showed the involvement of insertion sequences (ISs), integron and SGI2 genomic island, implying their importance role in promoting the development of MDR bacteria. Overall, these findings substantially expand our current knowledge of mobile antibiotic resistome in Chinese swine farms, and suggest reasonable management of animal wastes in swine farms to reduce the dissemination of antibiotic resistance to the environment.202235259381
716180.9871Mitigating the risk of antibiotic resistance and pathogenic bacteria in swine waste: The role of ectopic fermentation beds. The ectopic fermentation bed (EFB) is used to recycle animal waste, but the fate and dynamic change of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with biocide or heavy metal resistance genes (B/MRGs) and pathogens remain unclear. We performed metagenomic sequencing on 129 samples to study the resistome and bacteriome in pig feces from 24 farms, comparing these profiles with EFBs from five farms, and one farm's EFB was monitored for 154 days. Results showed pig feces from different cities (Chengdu, Meishan, and Chongqing) shared 284 of 311 ARG subtypes, with over 70 % being high-risk ARGs, and 106 of 114 pathogenic bacteria. Swine farms were heavily contaminated with co-occurrences of risky ARGs, B/MRGs, and pathogenic hosts, particularly Escherichia coli and Streptococcus suis being hosts of multidrug ARGs. The application of EFBs markedly mitigated these risks in feces, showing a 3.09-fold decrease in high-risk ARGs, a 72.22 % reduction in B/MRGs, a 3.95-fold drop in prioritized pathogens, an 89.09 % decline in the relative abundance of pig pathogens, and a simplification of their correlation networks and co-occurrence patterns. A mantel analysis revealed that metal contents (Fe, Mn, and Cu) and time influenced pathogen and ARG profiles. Pathogens, ARGs, and risk ARGs exhibited periodic variations, peaking at days 14, 84, and 154, with 70-day intervals. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the risks associated with pig feces and EFBs and demonstrates that EFBs reduce ARG risks by inhibiting their associations with B/MRGs and pathogens. These findings can help guide and improve the management of antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic contaminants in EFB applications to reduce environmental pollution.202540220395
348690.9871Insights into antibiotic and heavy metal resistance interactions in Escherichia coli isolated from livestock manure and fertilized soil. Heavy metal and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from livestock feces are ecological and public health problems. However, the distribution and relationships of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), heavy metal resistance genes (HMRGs), and virulence factors (VFs) and their transmission mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the resistance of Escherichia coli, the prevalence of its ARGs, HMRGs, and VFs, and their transmission mechanisms in livestock fresh feces (FF), composted feces (CF), and fertilized soil (FS). In total, 99.54% (n = 221) and 91.44% (n = 203) of E. coli were resistant to at least one antibiotic and one heavy metal, respectively. Additionally, 72.52% (n = 161) were multi-drug resistant (MDR), of which Cu-resistant E. coli accounted for 72.67% (117/161). More than 99.34% (88/89) of E. coli carried multidrug ARGs, VFs, and the Cu resistance genes cueO and cusABCRFS. The Cu resistance genes cueO and cusABCRFS were mainly located on chromosomes, and cueO and cusF were positively associated with HMRGs, ARGs, and VFs. The Cu resistance genes pcoABCDRS were located on the plasmid pLKYL-P02 flanked by ARGs in PF18C from FF group and on chromosomes flanked by HMRGs in SAXZ1-1 from FS group. These results improved our understanding of bacterial multidrug and heavy metal resistance in the environment.202438154221
9961100.9871Evolution and comparative genomics of pAQU-like conjugative plasmids in Vibrio species. OBJECTIVES: To investigate a set of MDR conjugative plasmids found in Vibrio species and characterize the underlying evolution process. METHODS: pAQU-type plasmids from Vibrio species were sequenced using both Illumina and PacBio platforms. Bioinformatics tools were utilized to analyse the typical MDR regions and core genes in the plasmids. RESULTS: The nine pAQU-type plasmids ranged from ∼160 to 206 kb in size and were found to harbour as many as 111 core genes encoding conjugative, replication and maintenance functions. Eight plasmids were found to carry a typical MDR region, which contained various accessory and resistance genes, including ISCR1-blaPER-1-bearing complex class 1 integrons, ISCR2-floR, ISCR2-tet(D)-tetR-ISCR2, qnrVC6, a Tn10-like structure and others associated with mobile elements. Comparison between a plasmid without resistance genes and different MDR plasmids showed that integration of different mobile elements, such as IS26, ISCR1, ISCR2, IS10 and IS6100, into the plasmid backbone was the key mechanism by which foreign resistance genes were acquired during the evolution process. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified pAQU-type plasmids as emerging MDR conjugative plasmids among important pathogens from different origins in Asia. These findings suggest that aquatic bacteria constitute a major reservoir of resistance genes, which may be transmissible to other human pathogens during food production and processing.201728637205
8022110.9871Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes after sheep manure aerobic heap composting. In this study, physio-chemical properties, 45 antibiotics, 6 heavy metals, 42 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 3 mobile genetic elements, and the bacterial community structure were investigated to analyze the fate of ARGs during sheep manure aerobic heap composting. Results showed that sheep manure heap composting could produce mature compost. The degradation processes reduced the total antibiotics content by 85%. The abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were enriched 9-fold, with the major increases to sul and tet genes (sulI, sulII, tetQ, and tetX). Tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes were the most abundant ARGs after composting (more than 88% of all genes). The genes tetA, tetX and sulI were related to the most diverse bacteria that were most able to proliferate during heap composting. Therefore, sulI and tetX are the major ARGs to be controlled, and Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes may be the major host bacteria.202133429314
2004120.9871Deciphering the Structural Diversity and Classification of the Mobile Tigecycline Resistance Gene tet(X)-Bearing Plasmidome among Bacteria. The emergence of novel plasmid-mediated resistance genes constitutes a great public concern. Recently, mobile tet(X) variants were reported in diverse pathogens from different sources. However, the diversity of tet(X)-bearing plasmids remains largely unknown. In this study, the phenotypes and genotypes of all the tet(X)-positive tigecycline-resistant strains isolated from a slaughterhouse in China were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with S1 nuclease (S1-PFGE), and PCR. The diversity and polymorphism of tet(X)-harboring strains and plasmidomes were investigated by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and single-plasmid-molecule analysis. Seventy-four tet(X4)-harboring Escherichia coli strains and one tet(X6)-bearing Providencia rettgeri strain were identified. The tet(X4)-bearing elements in 27 strains could be transferred to the recipient strain via plasmids. All tet(X4)-bearing plasmids isolated in this study and 15 tet(X4)-bearing plasmids reported online were analyzed. tet(X4)-bearing plasmids ranged from 9 to 294 kb and were categorized as ColE2-like, IncQ, IncX1, IncA/C2, IncFII, IncFIB, and hybrid plasmids with different replicons. The core tet(X4)-bearing genetic contexts were divided into four major groups: ISCR2-tet(X4)-abh, △ISCR2-abh-tet(X4)-ISCR2, ISCR2-abh-tet(X4)-ISCR2-virD2-floR, and abh-tet(X4)-ISCR2-yheS-cat-zitR-ISCR2-virD2-floR Tandem repeats of tet(X4) were universally mediated by ISCR2 Different tet(X)-bearing strains existed in the same microbiota. Reorganization of tet(X4)-bearing multidrug resistance plasmids was found to be mediated by IS26 and other homologous regions. Finally, single-plasmid-molecule analysis captured the heterogenous state of tet(X4)-bearing plasmids. These findings significantly expand our knowledge of the tet(X)-bearing plasmidome among microbiotas, which establishes a baseline for investigating the structure and diversity of human, animal, and environmental tigecycline resistomes. Characterization of tet(X) genes among different microbiotas should be performed systematically to understand the evolution and ecology.IMPORTANCE Tigecycline is an expanded-spectrum tetracycline used as a last-resort antimicrobial for treating infections caused by superbugs such as carbapenemase-producing or colistin-resistant pathogens. Emergence of the plasmid-mediated mobile tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) created a great public health concern. However, the diversity of tet(X4)-bearing plasmids and bacteria remains largely uninvestigated. To cover this knowledge gap, we comprehensively identified and characterized the tet(X)-bearing plasmidome in different sources using advanced sequencing technologies for the first time. The huge diversity of tet(X4)-bearing mobile elements demonstrates the high level of transmissibility of the tet(X4) gene among bacteria. It is crucial to enhance stringent surveillance of tet(X) genes in animal and human pathogens globally.202032345737
3482130.9870Metagenomic profiling of ARGs in airborne particulate matters during a severe smog event. Information is currently limited regarding the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in smog and their correlations with airborne bacteria. This study characterized the diversity and abundance of ARGs in the particulate matters (PMs) of severe smog based on publicly available metagenomic data, and revealed the occurrence of 205 airborne ARG subtypes, including 31 dominant ones encoding resistance to 11 antibiotic types. Among the detectable ARGs, tetracycline, β-lactam and aminoglycoside resistance genes had the highest abundance, and smog and soil had similar composition characteristics of ARGs. During the smog event, the total abundance of airborne ARGs ranged from 4.90 to 38.07ppm in PM(2.5) samples, and from 7.61 to 38.49ppm in PM(10) samples, which were 1.6-7.7 times and 2.1-5.1 times of those in the non-smog day, respectively. The airborne ARGs showed complicated co-occurrence patterns, which were heavily influenced by the interaction of bacterial community, and physicochemical and meteorological factors. Lactobacillus and sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 were determined as keystones in the co-occurrence network of microbial taxa and airborne ARGs. The results may help to understand the distribution patterns of ARGs in smog for the potential health risk evaluation.201829751438
6857140.9870Metagenomic analysis reveals patterns and hosts of antibiotic resistance in different pig farms. In actual production environments, antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) are abundant in pig manure, which can form transmission chains through animals, the environment, and humans, thereby threatening human health. Therefore, based on metagenomic analysis methods, ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were annotated in pig manure samples from 6 pig farms in 3 regions of Shanxi Province, and the potential hosts of ARGs were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 14 ARG types were detected, including 182 ARG subtypes, among which tetracycline, phenol, aminoglycoside, and macrolide resistance genes were the main ones. ARG profiles, MGE composition, and microbial communities were significantly different in different regions as well as between different pig farms. In addition, Anaerobutyricum, Butyrivibrio, and Turicibacter were significantly associated with multiple ARGs, and bacteria such as Prevotella, Bacteroides, and the family Oscillospiraceae carried multiple ARGs, suggesting that these bacteria are potential ARG hosts in pig manure. Procrustes analysis showed that bacterial communities and MGEs were significantly correlated with ARG profiles. Variation partitioning analysis results indicated that the combined effect of MGEs and bacterial communities accounted for 64.08% of resistance variation and played an important role in ARG profiles. These findings contribute to our understanding of the dissemination and persistence of ARGs in actual production settings, and offer some guidance for the prevention and control of ARGs contamination.202336826766
3552150.9870Piggery manure used for soil fertilization is a reservoir for transferable antibiotic resistance plasmids. In this study, the prevalence and types of transferable antibiotic resistance plasmids in piggery manure were investigated. Samples from manure storage tanks of 15 farms in Germany were analysed, representing diverse sizes of herds, meat or piglet production. Antibiotic resistance plasmids from manure bacteria were captured in gfp-tagged rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli and characterized. The occurrence of plasmid types was also detected in total community DNA by PCR and hybridization. A total of 228 transconjugants were captured from 15 manures using selective media supplemented with amoxicillin, sulfadiazine or tetracycline. The restriction patterns of 81 plasmids representing different antibiotic resistance patterns or different samples clustered into seven groups. Replicon probing revealed that 28 of the plasmids belonged to IncN, one to IncW, 13 to IncP-1 and 19 to the recently discovered pHHV216-like plasmids. The amoxicillin resistance gene bla-TEM was detected on 44 plasmids, and sulphonamide resistance genes sul1, sul2 and/or sul3 on 68 plasmids. Hybridization of replicon-specific sequences amplified from community DNA revealed that IncP-1 and pHHV216-like plasmids were detected in all manures, while IncN and IncW ones were less frequent. This study showed that 'field-scale' piggery manure is a reservoir of broad-host range plasmids conferring multiple antibiotic resistance genes.200818557938
3363160.9870Spreading antibiotic resistance through spread manure: characteristics of a novel plasmid type with low %G+C content. Bioactive amounts of antibiotics as well as resistant bacteria reach the soil through manure fertilization. We investigated plasmids that may stimulate the environmental spread and interspecies transfer of antibiotic resistance. After treatment of two soils with manure, either with or without the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfadiazine, a significant increase in copies of the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2 was detected by qPCR. All sul2 carrying plasmids, captured in Escherichia coli from soil, belonged to a novel class of self-transferable replicons. Manuring and sulfadiazine significantly increased the abundance of this replicon type in a chemically fertilized but not in an annually manured soil, as determined by qPCR targeting a transfer gene. Restriction patterns and antibiograms showed a considerable diversity within this novel plasmid group. Analysis of three complete plasmid sequences revealed a conserved 30 kbp backbone with only 36% G+C content, comprised of transfer and maintenance genes with moderate homology to plasmid pIPO2 and a replication module (rep and oriV) of other descent. The plasmids differed in composition of the 27.0-28.3 kbp accessory region, each of which carried ISCR2 and several resistance genes. Acinetobacter spp. was identified as a potential host of such LowGC-type plasmids in manure and soil.200919055690
8015170.9870Distribution, horizontal transfer and influencing factors of antibiotic resistance genes and antimicrobial mechanism of compost tea. Compost tea was alternatives of chemical pesticide for green agriculture, but there were no reports about antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in compost tea. This study investigated the effect of livestock manures, sewage sludge, their composting products and liquid fermentation on ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), metal resistance genes (MRGs) and antimicrobial properties of various compost tea. The results showed aerobic liquid fermentation reduced ARGs by 65.93 % and 45.20 % in the compost tea of chicken manure and sludge, enriched ARGs by 8.57 % and 37.41 % in the compost tea of pig manure and bovine manure, and increased MGEs and MRGs by 1.25 × 10(-5)-5.53 × 10(-3) and 2.03 × 10(-5)-2.03 × 10(-3) in the four compost tea. The correlation coefficient of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes between compost product and compost tea were 0.98 and 0.91. aadA2-02, sul2 and tetX abundant in the compost tea were positively correlated with MGEs and MRGs. Furthermore, liquid fermentation enriched the potential host of tetracycline and vancomycin resistance genes. Tetracycline resistance genes occupied 62.7 % of total ARGs in the compost tea. Alcaligenes and Bacillus enriched by 0.78-39.31 % in the four compost tea, which metabolites had high antimicrobial activity. The potential host of ARGs accounted for 42.1 % bacteria abundance in the four compost tea.202235803190
2003180.9870Characterization of an Escherichia coli Isolate Coharboring the Virulence Gene astA and Tigecycline Resistance Gene tet(X4) from a Dead Piglet. tet(X4) is the critical resistance gene for tigecycline degradation that has been continually reported in recent years. In particular, pathogenic bacteria carrying tet(X4) are a severe threat to human health. However, information describing Escherichia coli coharboring tet(X4) with virulence genes is limited. Here, we isolated an E. coli strain coharboring tet(X4) and the heat-stable toxin gene astA from a dead piglet. The strain named 812A1-131 belongs to ST10. The genome was sequenced using the Nanopore and Illumina platforms. The virulence genes astA and tet(X4) are located on the chromosome and in the IncHI1-type plasmid p812A1-tetX4-193K, respectively. The plasmid could be conjugatively transferred to recipient E. coli J53 with high frequency. In vivo experiments showed that strain 812A1-131 is pathogenic to Galleria mellonella and could colonize the intestines of mice. In summary, pathogenic E. coli could receive a plasmid harboring the tet(X4) gene, which can increase the difficulty of treatment. The prevalence and transmission mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria coharboring the tet(X4) gene need more attention.202337513750
3564190.9870Conjugation-Mediated Transfer of Antibiotic-Resistance Plasmids Between Enterobacteriaceae in the Digestive Tract of Blaberus craniifer (Blattodea: Blaberidae). Cockroaches, insects of the order Blattodea, seem to play a crucial role in the possible conjugation-mediated genetic exchanges that occur among bacteria that harbor in the cockroach intestinal tract. The gut of these insects can be thought of as an effective in vivo model for the natural transfer of antimicrobial resistance plasmids among bacteria. In our study, we evaluated the conjugation-mediated horizontal transfer of resistance genes between Escherichia coli and other microorganisms of the same Enterobacteriaceae family within the intestinal tract of Blaberus craniifer Burmeister, 1838 (Blattodea: Blaberidae). Different in vivo mating experiments were performed using E. coli RP4 harboring the RP4 plasmid carrying ampicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline resistance genes as the donor and E. coli K12 resistant to nalidixic acid or Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis IMM39 resistant to streptomycin as the recipients. The RP4 plasmid was successfully transferred to both recipients, producing E. coli K12-RP4 and S. Enteritidis IMM39-RP4 transconjugants. Conjugation frequencies in vivo were similar to those previously observed in vitro. The transfer of the RP4 plasmid in all transconjugants was confirmed by small-scale plasmid isolation and agar gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the intestinal tract of cockroaches is an effective in vivo model for natural gene transfer. Our results confirm that cockroaches allow for the exchange of antimicrobial resistance plasmids among bacteria and may represent a potential reservoir for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in different environments. These findings are particularly significant to human health in the context of health care settings such as hospitals.201626875189