# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9808 | 0 | 0.9976 | Understanding Recent Developments in Colistin Resistance: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Future Perspectives. Colistin resistance, driven by chromosomal mutations and the spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes, has emerged as a critical challenge in combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This resistance compromises the efficacy of colistin, leading to higher treatment failure rates, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased mortality. Recent studies have highlighted key mechanisms, including lipid A modifications, that enable bacteria to evade colistin's effects. The global spread of MCR genes exacerbates the issue, underlining the need for improved diagnostics and rapid detection of resistant strains to prevent adverse patient outcomes. To combat this growing threat, a multifaceted approach is essential, involving enhanced antimicrobial stewardship, stricter infection control measures, and continued research into alternative therapies and diagnostic methods. Collaborative efforts from researchers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and the pharmaceutical industry are crucial to preserving colistin's effectiveness and mitigating the broader impact on public health. | 2025 | 41148650 |
| 8171 | 1 | 0.9975 | Advancements in CRISPR-Cas-based strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria presents a significant global health threat, driven by the widespread dissemination of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs). The CRISPR-Cas system, known for its precision and adaptability, holds promise as a tool to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although previous studies have explored the use of CRISPR-Cas to target bacterial genomes or plasmids harboring resistance genes, the application of CRISPR-Cas-based antimicrobial therapies is still in its early stages. Challenges such as low efficiency and difficulties in delivering CRISPR to bacterial cells remain. This review provides an overview of the CRISPR-Cas system, highlights recent advancements in CRISPR-Cas-based antimicrobials and delivery strategies for combating AMR. The review also discusses potential challenges for the future development of CRISPR-Cas-based antimicrobials. Addressing these challenges would enable CRISPR therapies to become a practical solution for treating AMR infections in the future. | 2025 | 40440869 |
| 6657 | 2 | 0.9973 | From Cure to Crisis: Understanding the Evolution of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Human Microbiota. The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within the human microbiome has become a pressing global health crisis. While antibiotics have revolutionized medicine by significantly reducing mortality and enabling advanced medical interventions, their misuse and overuse have led to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. Key resistance mechanisms include genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and biofilm formation, with the human microbiota acting as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Industrialization and environmental factors have exacerbated this issue, contributing to a rise in infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These resistant pathogens compromise the effectiveness of essential treatments like surgical prophylaxis and chemotherapy, increase healthcare costs, and prolong hospital stays. This crisis highlights the need for a global One-Health approach, particularly in regions with weak regulatory frameworks. Innovative strategies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, offer promising avenues for mitigating resistance. Addressing this challenge requires coordinated efforts, encompassing research, policymaking, public education, and antibiotic stewardship, to safeguard current antibiotics and foster the development of new therapeutic solutions. An integrated, multidimensional strategy is essential to tackle this escalating problem and ensure the sustainability of effective antimicrobial treatments. | 2025 | 39858487 |
| 6656 | 3 | 0.9973 | Understanding the Evolution and Transmission Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotic resistance poses a formidable challenge to global public health, necessitating comprehensive understanding and strategic interventions. This review explores the evolution and transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes, with a focus on Bangladesh. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, compounded by substandard formulations and clinical misdiagnosis, fuels the emergence and spread of resistance in the country. Studies reveal high resistance rates among common pathogens, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions and rational antibiotic use. Molecular assessments uncover a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental reservoirs, highlighting the complex interplay between human activities and resistance dissemination. Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, particularly plasmid-mediated conjugation, facilitate the exchange of resistance determinants among bacterial populations, driving the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. The review discusses clinical implications, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental and clinical settings in resistance dynamics. Furthermore, bioinformatic and experimental evidence elucidates novel mechanisms of resistance gene transfer, underscoring the dynamic nature of resistance evolution. In conclusion, combating antibiotic resistance requires a multifaceted approach, integrating surveillance, stewardship, and innovative research to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and safeguard public health. | 2024 | 39113256 |
| 8178 | 4 | 0.9973 | Unraveling resistance mechanisms in combination therapy: A comprehensive review of recent advances and future directions. Antimicrobial resistance is a global health threat. Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials are the main drivers in developing drug-resistant bacteria. The emergence of the rapid global spread of multi-resistant bacteria requires urgent multisectoral action to generate novel treatment alternatives. Combination therapy offers the potential to exploit synergistic effects for enhanced antibacterial efficacy of drugs. Understanding the complex dynamics and kinetics of drug interactions in combination therapy is crucial. Therefore, this review outlines the current advances in antibiotic resistance's evolutionary and genetic dynamics in combination therapies-exposed bacteria. Moreover, we also discussed four pivotal future research areas to comprehend better the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria treated with combination strategies. | 2024 | 38510041 |
| 8161 | 5 | 0.9972 | Integrative strategies against multidrug-resistant bacteria: Synthesizing novel antimicrobial frontiers for global health. Concerningly, multidrug-resistant bacteria have emerged as a prime worldwide trouble, obstructing the treatment of infectious diseases and causing doubts about the therapeutic accidentalness of presently existing drugs. Novel antimicrobial interventions deserve development as conventional antibiotics are incapable of keeping pace with bacteria evolution. Various promising approaches to combat MDR infections are discussed in this review. Antimicrobial peptides are examined for their broad-spectrum efficacy and reduced ability to develop resistance, while phage therapy may be used under extreme situations when antibiotics fail. In addition, the possibility of CRISPR-Cas systems for specifically targeting and eradicating resistance genes from bacterial populations will be explored. Nanotechnology has opened up the route to improve the delivery system of the drug itself, increasing the efficacy and specificity of antimicrobial action while protecting its host. Discovering potential antimicrobial agents is an exciting prospect through developments in synthetic biology and the rediscovery of natural product-based medicines. Moreover, host-directed therapies are now becoming popular as an adjunct to the main strategies of therapeutics without specifically targeting pathogens. Although these developments appear impressive, questions about production scaling, regulatory approvals, safety, and efficacy for clinical employment still loom large. Thus, tackling the MDR burden requires a multi-pronged plan, integrating newer treatment modalities with existing antibiotic regimens, enforcing robust stewardship initiatives, and effecting policy changes at the global level. The international health community can gird itself against the growing menace of antibiotic resistance if collaboration between interdisciplinary bodies and sustained research endeavours is encouraged. In this study, we evaluate the synergistic potential of combining various medicines in addition to summarizing recent advancements. To rethink antimicrobial stewardship in the future, we provide a multi-tiered paradigm that combines pathogen-focused and host-directed strategies. | 2025 | 40914328 |
| 8172 | 6 | 0.9972 | From resistance to remedy: the role of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats system in combating antimicrobial resistance-a review. The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant and increasing risk to public health worldwide, necessitating innovative strategies to restore the efficacy of antibiotics. The precise genome-editing abilities of the CRISPR-Cas system have made it a potent instrument for directly targeting and eliminating antibiotic resistance genes. This review explored the mechanisms and applications of CRISPR-Cas systems in combating AMR. The latest developments in CRISPR technology have broadened its potential use, encompassing programmable antibacterial agents and improved diagnostic methods for antibiotic-resistant infections. Nevertheless, several challenges must be overcome for clinical success, including the survival of resistant bacteria, generation of anti-CRISPR proteins that reduce effectiveness, and genetic modifications that change target sequences. Additionally, the efficacy of CRISPR-Cas systems differs across bacterial species, making their universal application challenging. After overcoming these challenges, CRISPR-Cas has the potential to revolutionize AMR treatment, restore antibiotic efficacy, and reshape infection control. | 2025 | 39404843 |
| 6507 | 7 | 0.9971 | What Are the Drivers Triggering Antimicrobial Resistance Emergence and Spread? Outlook from a One Health Perspective. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global public health threat, exacerbating healthcare burdens and imposing substantial economic costs. Currently, AMR contributes to nearly five million deaths annually worldwide, surpassing mortality rates of any single infectious disease. The economic burden associated with AMR-related disease management is estimated at approximately $730 billion per year. This review synthesizes current research on the mechanisms and multifaceted drivers of AMR development and dissemination through the lens of the One Health framework, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health perspectives. Intrinsic factors, including antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), enable bacteria to evolve adaptive resistance mechanisms such as enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation. Extrinsic drivers span environmental stressors (e.g., antimicrobials, heavy metals, disinfectants), socioeconomic practices, healthcare policies, and climate change, collectively accelerating AMR proliferation. Horizontal gene transfer and ecological pressures further facilitate the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria across ecosystems. The cascading impacts of AMR threaten human health and agricultural productivity, elevate foodborne infection risks, and impose substantial economic burdens, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To address this complex issue, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration, robust policy implementation (e.g., antimicrobial stewardship), and innovative technologies (e.g., genomic surveillance, predictive modeling) under the One Health paradigm. Such integrated strategies are essential to mitigate AMR transmission, safeguard global health, and ensure sustainable development. | 2025 | 40558133 |
| 9174 | 8 | 0.9970 | Developing Phage Therapy That Overcomes the Evolution of Bacterial Resistance. The global rise of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens and the waning efficacy of antibiotics urge consideration of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Phage therapy is a classic approach where bacteriophages (bacteria-specific viruses) are used against bacterial infections, with many recent successes in personalized medicine treatment of intractable infections. However, a perpetual challenge for developing generalized phage therapy is the expectation that viruses will exert selection for target bacteria to deploy defenses against virus attack, causing evolution of phage resistance during patient treatment. Here we review the two main complementary strategies for mitigating bacterial resistance in phage therapy: minimizing the ability for bacterial populations to evolve phage resistance and driving (steering) evolution of phage-resistant bacteria toward clinically favorable outcomes. We discuss future research directions that might further address the phage-resistance problem, to foster widespread development and deployment of therapeutic phage strategies that outsmart evolved bacterial resistance in clinical settings. | 2023 | 37268007 |
| 8179 | 9 | 0.9970 | Nanotechnology as a Promising Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistant Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives. The wide spread of antibiotic resistance has been alarming in recent years and poses a serious global hazard to public health as it leads to millions of deaths all over the world. The wide spread of resistance and sharing resistance genes between different types of bacteria led to emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. This problem is exacerbated when microorganisms create biofilms, which can boost bacterial resistance by up to 1000-fold and increase the emergence of MDR infections. The absence of novel and potent antimicrobial compounds is linked to the rise of multidrug resistance. This has sparked international efforts to develop new and improved antimicrobial agents as well as innovative and efficient techniques for antibiotic administration and targeting. There is an evolution in nanotechnology in recent years in treatment and prevention of the biofilm formation and MDR infection. The development of nanomaterial-based therapeutics, which could overcome current pathways linked to acquired drug resistance, is a hopeful strategy for treating difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. Additionally, nanoparticles' distinct size and physical characteristics enable them to target biofilms and treat resistant pathogens. This review highlights the current advances in nanotechnology to combat MDR and biofilm infection. In addition, it provides insight on development and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, spread of MDR and XDR infection, and development of nanoparticles and mechanisms of their antibacterial activity. Moreover, this review considers the difference between free antibiotics and nanoantibiotics, and the synergistic effect of nanoantibiotics to combat planktonic bacteria, intracellular bacteria and biofilm. Finally, we will discuss the strength and limitations of the application of nanotechnology against bacterial infection and future perspectives. | 2023 | 36830949 |
| 6616 | 10 | 0.9970 | The menace of colistin resistance across globe: Obstacles and opportunities in curbing its spread. Colistin-resistance in bacteria is a big concern for public health, since it is a last resort antibiotic to treat infectious diseases of multidrug resistant and carbapenem resistant Gram-negative pathogens in clinical settings. The emergence of colistin resistance in aquaculture and poultry settings has escalated the risks associated with colistin resistance in environment as well. The staggering number of reports pertaining to the rise of colistin resistance in bacteria from clinical and non-clinical settings is disconcerting. The co-existence of colistin resistant genes with other antibiotic resistant genes introduces new challenges in combatting antimicrobial resistance. Some countries have banned the manufacture, sale and distribution of colistin and its formulations for food producing animals. However, to tackle the issue of antimicrobial resistance, a one health approach initiative, inclusive of human, animal, and environmental health needs to be developed. Herein, we review the recent reports in colistin resistance in bacteria of clinical and non-clinical settings, deliberating on the new findings obtained regarding the development of colistin resistance. This review also discusses the initiatives implemented globally in mitigating colistin resistance, their strength and weakness. | 2023 | 36812837 |
| 9187 | 11 | 0.9970 | Recent advances in gene-editing approaches for tackling antibiotic resistance threats: a review. Antibiotic resistance, a known global health challenge, involves the flow of bacteria and their genes among animals, humans, and their surrounding environment. It occurs when bacteria evolve and become less responsive to the drugs designated to kill them, making infections harder to treat. Despite several obstacles preventing the spread of genes and bacteria, pathogens regularly acquire novel resistance factors from other species, which reduces their ability to prevent and treat such bacterial infections. This issue requires coordinated efforts in healthcare, research, and public awareness to address its impact on human health worldwide. This review outlines how recent advances in gene editing technology, especially CRISPR/Cas9, unveil a breakthrough in combating antibiotic resistance. Our focus will remain on the relationship between CRISPR/cas9 and its impact on antibiotic resistance and its related infections. Moreover, the prospects of this new advanced research and the challenges of adopting these technologies against infections will be outlined by exploring its different derivatives and discussing their advantages and limitations over others, thereby providing a corresponding reference for the control and prevention of the spread of antibiotic resistance. | 2024 | 38994001 |
| 6665 | 12 | 0.9970 | A One-Health Perspective of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Human, Animals and Environmental Health. Antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial and fungal infections in plants, animals, and humans. Their widespread use in agriculture and the food industry has significantly enhanced animal health and productivity. However, extensive and often inappropriate antibiotic use has driven the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global health crisis marked by the reduced efficacy of antimicrobial treatments. Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten global public health threats, AMR arises when certain bacteria harbor antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance that can be horizontally transferred to other bacteria, accelerating resistance spread in the environment. AMR poses a significant global health challenge, affecting humans, animals, and the environment alike. A One-Health perspective highlights the interconnected nature of these domains, emphasizing that resistant microorganisms spread across healthcare, agriculture, and the environment. Recent scientific advances such as metagenomic sequencing for resistance surveillance, innovative wastewater treatment technologies (e.g., ozonation, UV, membrane filtration), and the development of vaccines and probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in livestock are helping to mitigate resistance. At the policy level, global initiatives including the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR, coordinated efforts by (Food and Agriculture Organization) FAO and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), and recommendations from the O'Neill Report underscore the urgent need for international collaboration and sustainable interventions. By integrating these scientific and policy responses within the One-Health framework, stakeholders can improve antibiotic stewardship, reduce environmental contamination, and safeguard effective treatments for the future. | 2025 | 41157271 |
| 8181 | 13 | 0.9970 | Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health. The spread of bacterial drug resistance has posed a severe threat to public health globally. Here, we cover bacterial resistance to current antibacterial drugs, including traditional herbal medicines, conventional antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides. We summarize the influence of bacterial drug resistance on global health and its economic burden while highlighting the resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria. Based on the One Health concept, we propose 4A strategies to combat bacterial resistance, including prudent Application of antibacterial agents, Administration, Assays, and Alternatives to antibiotics. Finally, we identify several opportunities and unsolved questions warranting future exploration for combating bacterial resistance, such as predicting genetic bacterial resistance through the use of more effective techniques, surveying both genetic determinants of bacterial resistance and the transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). | 2023 | 36435256 |
| 9218 | 14 | 0.9970 | CRISPR-Cas System: A New Dawn to Combat Antibiotic Resistance. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can potentially harm global public health. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which speeds up the emergence of AMR and increases the burden of drug resistance in mobile genetic elements (MGEs), is the primary method by which AMR genes are transferred across bacterial pathogens. New approaches are urgently needed to halt the spread of bacterial diseases and antibiotic resistance. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), an RNA-guided adaptive immune system, protects prokaryotes from foreign DNA like plasmids and phages. This approach may be essential in limiting horizontal gene transfer and halting the spread of antibiotic resistance. The CRISPR-Cas system has been crucial in identifying and understanding resistance mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic approaches. This review article investigates the CRISPR-Cas system's potential as a tool to combat bacterial AMR. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be targeted and eliminated by the CRISPR-Cas system. It has been proven to be an efficient method for removing carbapenem-resistant plasmids and regaining antibiotic susceptibility. The CRISPR-Cas system has enormous potential as a weapon against bacterial AMR. It precisely targets and eliminates antibiotic-resistant bacteria, facilitates resistance mechanism identification, and offers new possibilities in diagnostics and therapeutics. | 2024 | 38605260 |
| 6655 | 15 | 0.9970 | Futuristic Non-antibiotic Therapies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Review. The looming problem of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms is a global health concern. The drug-resistant microorganisms originating from anthropogenic sources and commercial livestock farming have posed serious environmental and health challenges. Antibiotic-resistant genes constituting the environmental "resistome" get transferred to human and veterinary pathogens. Hence, deciphering the origin, mechanism and extreme of transfer of these genetic factors into pathogens is extremely important to develop not only the therapeutic interventions to curtail the infections, but also the strategies to avert the menace of microbial drug-resistance. Clinicians, researchers and policymakers should jointly come up to develop the strategies to prevent superfluous exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical settings. This article highlights the present scenario of increasing antimicrobial-resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the clinical importance of unconventional or non-antibiotic therapies to thwart the infectious pathogenic microorganisms. | 2021 | 33574807 |
| 8177 | 16 | 0.9969 | Antibiotic action and resistance: updated review of mechanisms, spread, influencing factors, and alternative approaches for combating resistance. Antibiotics represent a frequently employed therapeutic modality for the management of bacterial infections across diverse domains, including human health, agriculture, livestock breeding, and fish farming. The efficacy of antibiotics relies on four distinct mechanisms of action, which are discussed in detail in this review, along with accompanying diagrammatic illustrations. Despite their effectiveness, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant challenge to treating bacterial infections. Bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. This review delves into the specific mechanisms that bacteria have developed to resist antibiotics, with the help of diagrammatic illustrations. Antibiotic resistance can spread among bacteria through various routes, resulting in previously susceptible bacteria becoming antibiotic-resistant. Multiple factors contribute to the worsening crisis of antibiotic resistance, including human misuse of antibiotics. This review also emphasizes alternative solutions proposed to mitigate the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance. | 2023 | 38283841 |
| 8168 | 17 | 0.9969 | Understanding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanisms and advancements in AMR diagnostics. The overuse and abuse of antibiotics, which results in the evolution of resistant microorganisms, is the primary cause of the global health catastrophe known as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The enzymatic breakdown of antibiotics, target site modification, efflux pump overexpression, and the formation of biofilm are some of the mechanisms responsible for acquiring antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These mechanisms enable bacteria to evade or neutralize the effects of antimicrobial agents, complicating treatment options and increasing mortality rates. The rapid dissemination of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer further exacerbates the problem, necessitating urgent intervention. Advanced AMR diagnostics are transforming the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Biosensors enable rapid, point-of-care detection; Cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technologies offer precise identification of resistance genes; and mass spectrometry provides fast, accurate profiling. Automated systems streamline workflows and boost throughput, while flow cytometry delivers real-time, single-cell analysis of phenotypic resistance. Together, these innovations accelerate detection and support targeted antimicrobial stewardship, essential for combating the global AMR threat. This review covers the mechanisms underlying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and recent advancements in AMR diagnostic technologies. | 2025 | 40544537 |
| 9796 | 18 | 0.9969 | Bacteriophage therapy to combat MDR non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections: recent progress and challenges. Clinicians face significant challenges in managing nosocomial infections, primarily due to antimicrobial resistance in multidrug-resistant bacteria. Regardless of the availability of a wide range of antimicrobials in the market, resistance is escalating rampantly with every passing day, which has become a global concern. Hence, it is essential to discover new and more efficient techniques to eliminate pathogens from healthcare settings. Along with eliminating pathogenic bacteria, mitigating their antimicrobial resistance with novel methods is very essential. Recently, bacteriophages have re-emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative to treat serious infections caused by bacterial pathogens. Bacteriophages were discovered for the first time a century ago, but their usage has recently regained more attention in treating bacterial pathogens. Bacteriophages also help in mitigating the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance, particularly augmented by Gram-negative bacteria. This review discussed the advancements in the usage of bacteriophages in combating the antimicrobial resistance of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, with a prime focus on Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), which are renowned non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) pathogens. Additionally, the effects of single phage, phage cocktails, and combination therapy with antibiotics on bacterial biofilms and polymicrobial biofilms are also discussed. | 2025 | 40478338 |
| 9186 | 19 | 0.9969 | From Gene Editing to Biofilm Busting: CRISPR-CAS9 Against Antibiotic Resistance-A Review. In recent decades, the development of novel antimicrobials has significantly slowed due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), intensifying the global struggle against infectious diseases. Microbial populations worldwide rapidly develop resistance due to the widespread use of antibiotics, primarily targeting drug-resistant germs. A prominent manifestation of this resistance is the formation of biofilms, where bacteria create protective layers using signaling pathways such as quorum sensing. In response to this challenge, the CRISPR-Cas9 method has emerged as a ground-breaking strategy to counter biofilms. Initially identified as the "adaptive immune system" of bacteria, CRISPR-Cas9 has evolved into a state-of-the-art genetic engineering tool. Its exceptional precision in altering specific genes across diverse microorganisms positions it as a promising alternative for addressing antibiotic resistance by selectively modifying genes in diverse microorganisms. This comprehensive review concentrates on the historical background, discovery, developmental stages, and distinct components of CRISPR Cas9 technology. Emphasizing its role as a widely used genome engineering tool, the review explores how CRISPR Cas9 can significantly contribute to the targeted disruption of genes responsible for biofilm formation, highlighting its pivotal role in reshaping strategies to combat antibiotic resistance and mitigate the challenges posed by biofilm-associated infectious diseases. | 2024 | 38702575 |