# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9808 | 0 | 0.9932 | Understanding Recent Developments in Colistin Resistance: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Future Perspectives. Colistin resistance, driven by chromosomal mutations and the spread of plasmid-mediated MCR genes, has emerged as a critical challenge in combating multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This resistance compromises the efficacy of colistin, leading to higher treatment failure rates, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased mortality. Recent studies have highlighted key mechanisms, including lipid A modifications, that enable bacteria to evade colistin's effects. The global spread of MCR genes exacerbates the issue, underlining the need for improved diagnostics and rapid detection of resistant strains to prevent adverse patient outcomes. To combat this growing threat, a multifaceted approach is essential, involving enhanced antimicrobial stewardship, stricter infection control measures, and continued research into alternative therapies and diagnostic methods. Collaborative efforts from researchers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and the pharmaceutical industry are crucial to preserving colistin's effectiveness and mitigating the broader impact on public health. | 2025 | 41148650 |
| 6657 | 1 | 0.9929 | From Cure to Crisis: Understanding the Evolution of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Human Microbiota. The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within the human microbiome has become a pressing global health crisis. While antibiotics have revolutionized medicine by significantly reducing mortality and enabling advanced medical interventions, their misuse and overuse have led to the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. Key resistance mechanisms include genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, and biofilm formation, with the human microbiota acting as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Industrialization and environmental factors have exacerbated this issue, contributing to a rise in infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. These resistant pathogens compromise the effectiveness of essential treatments like surgical prophylaxis and chemotherapy, increase healthcare costs, and prolong hospital stays. This crisis highlights the need for a global One-Health approach, particularly in regions with weak regulatory frameworks. Innovative strategies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, offer promising avenues for mitigating resistance. Addressing this challenge requires coordinated efforts, encompassing research, policymaking, public education, and antibiotic stewardship, to safeguard current antibiotics and foster the development of new therapeutic solutions. An integrated, multidimensional strategy is essential to tackle this escalating problem and ensure the sustainability of effective antimicrobial treatments. | 2025 | 39858487 |
| 6507 | 2 | 0.9928 | What Are the Drivers Triggering Antimicrobial Resistance Emergence and Spread? Outlook from a One Health Perspective. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global public health threat, exacerbating healthcare burdens and imposing substantial economic costs. Currently, AMR contributes to nearly five million deaths annually worldwide, surpassing mortality rates of any single infectious disease. The economic burden associated with AMR-related disease management is estimated at approximately $730 billion per year. This review synthesizes current research on the mechanisms and multifaceted drivers of AMR development and dissemination through the lens of the One Health framework, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health perspectives. Intrinsic factors, including antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), enable bacteria to evolve adaptive resistance mechanisms such as enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation. Extrinsic drivers span environmental stressors (e.g., antimicrobials, heavy metals, disinfectants), socioeconomic practices, healthcare policies, and climate change, collectively accelerating AMR proliferation. Horizontal gene transfer and ecological pressures further facilitate the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria across ecosystems. The cascading impacts of AMR threaten human health and agricultural productivity, elevate foodborne infection risks, and impose substantial economic burdens, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To address this complex issue, the review advocates for interdisciplinary collaboration, robust policy implementation (e.g., antimicrobial stewardship), and innovative technologies (e.g., genomic surveillance, predictive modeling) under the One Health paradigm. Such integrated strategies are essential to mitigate AMR transmission, safeguard global health, and ensure sustainable development. | 2025 | 40558133 |
| 6665 | 3 | 0.9927 | A One-Health Perspective of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Human, Animals and Environmental Health. Antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial and fungal infections in plants, animals, and humans. Their widespread use in agriculture and the food industry has significantly enhanced animal health and productivity. However, extensive and often inappropriate antibiotic use has driven the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global health crisis marked by the reduced efficacy of antimicrobial treatments. Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten global public health threats, AMR arises when certain bacteria harbor antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance that can be horizontally transferred to other bacteria, accelerating resistance spread in the environment. AMR poses a significant global health challenge, affecting humans, animals, and the environment alike. A One-Health perspective highlights the interconnected nature of these domains, emphasizing that resistant microorganisms spread across healthcare, agriculture, and the environment. Recent scientific advances such as metagenomic sequencing for resistance surveillance, innovative wastewater treatment technologies (e.g., ozonation, UV, membrane filtration), and the development of vaccines and probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in livestock are helping to mitigate resistance. At the policy level, global initiatives including the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR, coordinated efforts by (Food and Agriculture Organization) FAO and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), and recommendations from the O'Neill Report underscore the urgent need for international collaboration and sustainable interventions. By integrating these scientific and policy responses within the One-Health framework, stakeholders can improve antibiotic stewardship, reduce environmental contamination, and safeguard effective treatments for the future. | 2025 | 41157271 |
| 6649 | 4 | 0.9927 | The development of antibiotics has provided much success against infectious diseases in animals and humans. But the intensive and extensive use of antibiotics over the years has resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The existence of a reservoir(s) of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in an interactive environment of animals, plants, and humans provides the opportunity for further transfer and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. The emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria has created growing concern about its impact on animal and human health. To specifically address the impact of antibiotic resistance resulting from the use of antibiotics in agriculture, the American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium, “Antibiotic Resistance and the Role of Antimicrobials in Agriculture: A Critical Scientific Assessment,” in Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 2–4, 2001. Colloquium participants included academic, industrial, and government researchers with a wide range of expertise, including veterinary medicine, microbiology, food science, pharmacology, and ecology. These scientists were asked to provide their expert opinions on the current status of antibiotic usage and antibiotic resistance, current research information, and provide recommendations for future research needs. The research areas to be addressed were roughly categorized under the following areas: ▪ Origins and reservoirs of resistance; ▪ Transfer of resistance; ▪ Overcoming/modulating resistance by altering usage; and ▪ Interrupting transfer of resistance. The consensus of colloquium participants was that the evaluation of antibiotic usage and its impact were complex and subject to much speculation and polarization. Part of the complexity stems from the diverse array of animals and production practices for food animal production. The overwhelming consensus was that any use of antibiotics creates the possibility for the development of antibiotic resistance, and that there already exist pools of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Much discussion revolved around the measurement of antibiotic usage, the measurement of antibiotic resistance, and the ability to evaluate the impact of various types of usage (animal, human) on overall antibiotic resistance. Additionally, many participants identified commensal bacteria as having a possible role in the continuance of antibiotic resistance as reservoirs. Participants agreed that many of the research questions could not be answered completely because of their complexity and the need for better technologies. The concept of the “smoking gun” to indicate that a specific animal source was important in the emergence of certain antibiotic resistant pathogens was discussed, and it was agreed that ascribing ultimate responsibility is likely to be impossible. There was agreement that expanded and more improved surveillance would add to current knowledge. Science-based risk assessments would provide better direction in the future. As far as preventive or intervention activities, colloquium participants reiterated the need for judicious/prudent use guidelines. Yet they also emphasized the need for better dissemination and incorporation by end-users. It is essential that there are studies to measure the impact of educational efforts on antibiotic usage. Other recommendations included alternatives to antibiotics, such as commonly mentioned vaccines and probiotics. There also was an emphasis on management or production practices that might decrease the need for antibiotics. Participants also stressed the need to train new researchers and to interest students in postdoctoral work, through training grants, periodic workshops, and comprehensive conferences. This would provide the expertise needed to address these difficult issues in the future. Finally, the participants noted that scientific societies and professional organizations should play a pivotal role in providing technical advice, distilling and disseminating information to scientists, media, and consumers, and in increasing the visibility and funding for these important issues. The overall conclusion is that antibiotic resistance remains a complex issue with no simple answers. This reinforces the messages from other meetings. The recommendations from this colloquium provide some insightful directions for future research and action. | 2002 | 32687288 |
| 6508 | 5 | 0.9927 | Synergizing Ecotoxicology and Microbiome Data Is Key for Developing Global Indicators of Environmental Antimicrobial Resistance. The One Health concept recognises the interconnectedness of humans, plants, animals and the environment. Recent research strongly supports the idea that the environment serves as a significant reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, the complexity of natural environments makes efforts at AMR public health risk assessment difficult. We lack sufficient data on key ecological parameters that influence AMR, as well as the primary proxies necessary for evaluating risks to human health. Developing environmental AMR 'early warning systems' requires models with well-defined parameters. This is necessary to support the implementation of clear and targeted interventions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current tools used globally for environmental AMR human health risk assessment and the underlying knowledge gaps. We highlight the urgent need for standardised, cost-effective risk assessment frameworks that are adaptable across different environments and regions to enhance comparability and reliability. These frameworks must also account for previously understudied AMR sources, such as horticulture, and emerging threats like climate change. In addition, integrating traditional ecotoxicology with modern 'omics' approaches will be essential for developing more comprehensive risk models and informing targeted AMR mitigation strategies. | 2024 | 39611949 |
| 6650 | 6 | 0.9926 | Antibiotic resistance is never going to go away. No matter how many drugs we throw at it, no matter how much money and resources are sacrificed to wage a war on resistance, it will always prevail. Humans are forced to coexist with the fact of antibiotic resistance. Public health officials, clinicians, and scientists must find effective ways to cope with antibiotic resistant bacteria harmful to humans and animals and to control the development of new types of resistance. The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium October 12–14, 2008, to discuss antibiotic resistance and the factors that influence the development and spread of resistance. Participants, whose areas of expertise included medicine, microbiology, and public health, made specific recommendations for needed research, policy development, a surveillance network, and treatment guidelines. Antibiotic resistance issues specific to the developing world were discussed and recommendations for improvements were made. Each antibiotic is injurious only to a certain segment of the microbial world, so for a given antibacterial there are some species of bacteria that are susceptible and others not. Bacterial species insusceptible to a particular drug are “naturally resistant.” Species that were once sensitive but eventually became resistant to it are said to have “acquired resistance.” It is important to note that “acquired resistance” affects a subset of strains in the entire species; that is why the prevalence of “acquired resistance” in a species is different according to location. Antibiotic resistance, the acquired ability of a pathogen to withstand an antibiotic that kills off its sensitive counterparts, originally arises from random mutations in existing genes or from intact genes that already serve a similar purpose. Exposure to antibiotics and other antimicrobial products, whether in the human body, in animals, or the environment, applies selective pressure that encourages resistance to emerge favoring both “naturally resistant” strains and strains which have “acquired resistance.” Horizontal gene transfer, in which genetic information is passed between microbes, allows resistance determinants to spread within harmless environmental or commensal microorganisms and pathogens, thus creating a reservoir of resistance. Resistance is also spread by the replication of microbes that carry resistance genes, a process that produces genetically identical (or clonal) progeny. Rapid diagnostic methods and surveillance are some of the most valuable tools in preventing the spread of resistance. Access to more rapid diagnostic tests that could determine the causative agent and antibiotic susceptibility of infections would inform better decision making with respect to antibiotic use, help slow the selection of resistant strains in clinical settings, and enable better disease surveillance. A rigorous surveillance network to track the evolution and spread of resistance is also needed and would probably result in significant savings in healthcare. Developing countries face unique challenges when it comes to antibiotic resistance; chief among them may be the wide availability of antibiotics without a prescription and also counterfeit products of dubious quality. Lack of adequate hygiene, poor water quality, and failure to manage human waste also top the list. Recommendations for addressing the problems of widespread resistance in the developing world include: proposals for training and infrastructure capacity building; surveillance programs; greater access to susceptibility testing; government controls on import, manufacture and use; development and use of vaccines; and incentives for pharmaceutical companies to supply drugs to these countries. Controlling antibiotic resistant bacteria and subsequent infections more efficiently necessitates the prudent and responsible use of antibiotics. It is mandatory to prevent the needless use of antibiotics (e.g., viral infections; unnecessary prolonged treatment) and to improve the rapid prescription of appropriate antibiotics to a patient. Delayed or inadequate prescriptions reduce the efficacy of treatment and favor the spread of the infection. Prudent use also applies to veterinary medicine. For example, antibiotics used as “growth promoters” have been banned in Europe and are subject to review in some other countries. There are proven techniques for limiting the spread of resistance, including hand hygiene, but more rapid screening techniques are needed in order to effectively track and prevent spread in clinical settings. The spread of antibiotic resistance on farms and in veterinary hospitals may also be significant and should not be neglected. Research is needed to pursue alternative approaches, including vaccines, antisense therapy, public health initiatives, and others. The important messages about antibiotic resistance are not getting across from scientists and infectious diseases specialists to prescribers, stakeholders, including the public, healthcare providers, and public officials. Innovative and effective communication initiatives are needed, as are carefully tailored messages for each of the stakeholder groups. | 2009 | 32644325 |
| 6655 | 7 | 0.9926 | Futuristic Non-antibiotic Therapies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Review. The looming problem of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms is a global health concern. The drug-resistant microorganisms originating from anthropogenic sources and commercial livestock farming have posed serious environmental and health challenges. Antibiotic-resistant genes constituting the environmental "resistome" get transferred to human and veterinary pathogens. Hence, deciphering the origin, mechanism and extreme of transfer of these genetic factors into pathogens is extremely important to develop not only the therapeutic interventions to curtail the infections, but also the strategies to avert the menace of microbial drug-resistance. Clinicians, researchers and policymakers should jointly come up to develop the strategies to prevent superfluous exposure of pathogens to antibiotics in non-clinical settings. This article highlights the present scenario of increasing antimicrobial-resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the clinical importance of unconventional or non-antibiotic therapies to thwart the infectious pathogenic microorganisms. | 2021 | 33574807 |
| 6661 | 8 | 0.9926 | Country Income Is Only One of the Tiles: The Global Journey of Antimicrobial Resistance among Humans, Animals, and Environment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most complex global health challenges today: decades of overuse and misuse in human medicine, animal health, agriculture, and dispersion into the environment have produced the dire consequence of infections to become progressively untreatable. Infection control and prevention (IPC) procedures, the reduction of overuse, and the misuse of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine are the cornerstones required to prevent the spreading of resistant bacteria. Purified drinking water and strongly improved sanitation even in remote areas would prevent the pollution from inadequate treatment of industrial, residential, and farm waste, as all these situations are expanding the resistome in the environment. The One Health concept addresses the interconnected relationships between human, animal, and environmental health as a whole: several countries and international agencies have now included a One Health Approach within their action plans to address AMR. Improved antimicrobial usage, coupled with regulation and policy, as well as integrated surveillance, infection control and prevention, along with antimicrobial stewardship, sanitation, and animal husbandry should all be integrated parts of any new action plan targeted to tackle AMR on the Earth. Since AMR is found in bacteria from humans, animals, and in the environment, we briefly summarize herein the current concepts of One Health as a global challenge to enable the continued use of antibiotics. | 2020 | 32752276 |
| 6656 | 9 | 0.9925 | Understanding the Evolution and Transmission Dynamics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Comprehensive Review. Antibiotic resistance poses a formidable challenge to global public health, necessitating comprehensive understanding and strategic interventions. This review explores the evolution and transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes, with a focus on Bangladesh. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, compounded by substandard formulations and clinical misdiagnosis, fuels the emergence and spread of resistance in the country. Studies reveal high resistance rates among common pathogens, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions and rational antibiotic use. Molecular assessments uncover a diverse array of antibiotic resistance genes in environmental reservoirs, highlighting the complex interplay between human activities and resistance dissemination. Horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, particularly plasmid-mediated conjugation, facilitate the exchange of resistance determinants among bacterial populations, driving the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains. The review discusses clinical implications, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental and clinical settings in resistance dynamics. Furthermore, bioinformatic and experimental evidence elucidates novel mechanisms of resistance gene transfer, underscoring the dynamic nature of resistance evolution. In conclusion, combating antibiotic resistance requires a multifaceted approach, integrating surveillance, stewardship, and innovative research to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and safeguard public health. | 2024 | 39113256 |
| 8161 | 10 | 0.9925 | Integrative strategies against multidrug-resistant bacteria: Synthesizing novel antimicrobial frontiers for global health. Concerningly, multidrug-resistant bacteria have emerged as a prime worldwide trouble, obstructing the treatment of infectious diseases and causing doubts about the therapeutic accidentalness of presently existing drugs. Novel antimicrobial interventions deserve development as conventional antibiotics are incapable of keeping pace with bacteria evolution. Various promising approaches to combat MDR infections are discussed in this review. Antimicrobial peptides are examined for their broad-spectrum efficacy and reduced ability to develop resistance, while phage therapy may be used under extreme situations when antibiotics fail. In addition, the possibility of CRISPR-Cas systems for specifically targeting and eradicating resistance genes from bacterial populations will be explored. Nanotechnology has opened up the route to improve the delivery system of the drug itself, increasing the efficacy and specificity of antimicrobial action while protecting its host. Discovering potential antimicrobial agents is an exciting prospect through developments in synthetic biology and the rediscovery of natural product-based medicines. Moreover, host-directed therapies are now becoming popular as an adjunct to the main strategies of therapeutics without specifically targeting pathogens. Although these developments appear impressive, questions about production scaling, regulatory approvals, safety, and efficacy for clinical employment still loom large. Thus, tackling the MDR burden requires a multi-pronged plan, integrating newer treatment modalities with existing antibiotic regimens, enforcing robust stewardship initiatives, and effecting policy changes at the global level. The international health community can gird itself against the growing menace of antibiotic resistance if collaboration between interdisciplinary bodies and sustained research endeavours is encouraged. In this study, we evaluate the synergistic potential of combining various medicines in addition to summarizing recent advancements. To rethink antimicrobial stewardship in the future, we provide a multi-tiered paradigm that combines pathogen-focused and host-directed strategies. | 2025 | 40914328 |
| 8173 | 11 | 0.9924 | Advancing Antibacterial Strategies: CRISPR-Phage-Mediated Gene Therapy Targeting Bacterial Resistance Genes. One of the most significant issues facing the world today is antibiotic resistance, which makes it increasingly difficult to treat bacterial infections. Regular antibiotics no longer work against many bacteria, affecting millions of people. A novel approach known as CRISPR-phage therapy may be beneficial. This technique introduces a technology called CRISPR into resistant bacteria using bacteriophages. The genes that cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics can be identified and cut using CRISPR. This enables antibiotics to function by inhibiting the bacteria. This approach is highly precise, unlike conventional antibiotics, so it doesn't damage our bodies' beneficial bacteria. Preliminary studies and limited clinical trials suggest that this technique can effectively target drug-resistant bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, challenges in phage engineering, host delivery, and the growing threat of bacterial CRISPR resistance demand urgent and strategic innovation. Our perspective underscores that without proactive resolution of these hurdles, the current hopefulness could disappear. Looking ahead, integrating next-generation Cas effectors, non-DSB editors, and resistance monitoring frameworks could transform CRISPR-phage systems from an experimental novelty into a clinical mainstay. This shift will require not only scientific ingenuity but also coordinated advances in regulatory, translational, and manufacturing efforts. | 2025 | 40990280 |
| 6608 | 12 | 0.9924 | Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Malaysia. INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic resistance is a burgeoning problem worldwide. The trend of bacterial resistance has increased over the past decade in which more common bacteria are becoming resistant to almost all the antibiotics currently in use, posing a threat to humans and even livestock. METHODS: The databases used to search for the relevant articles for this review include PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. The following keywords were used in the search: Antimicrobial resistance, Malaysian action plan, antibioticresistant bacteria, and Malaysian National Surveillance on Antimicrobial Resistance (NSAR). The relevant articles published in English were considered. RESULTS: The antibiotic-resistant bacteria highlighted in this review showed an increase in resistance patterns to the majority of the antibiotics tested. The Malaysian government has come up with an action plan to create public awareness and to educate them regarding the health implications of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance in Malaysia continues to escalate and is attributed to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in various fields. As this crisis impacts the health of both humans and animals, therefore a joined continuous effort from all sectors is warranted to reduce the spread and minimize its development. | 2021 | 34508377 |
| 6673 | 13 | 0.9924 | A brief multi-disciplinary review on antimicrobial resistance in medicine and its linkage to the global environmental microbiota. The discovery and introduction of antimicrobial agents to clinical medicine was one of the greatest medical triumphs of the 20th century that revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections. However, the gradual emergence of populations of antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria resulting from use, misuse, and abuse of antimicrobials has today become a major global health concern. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes have been suggested to originate from environmental bacteria, as clinically relevant resistance genes have been detected on the chromosome of environmental bacteria. As only a few new antimicrobials have been developed in the last decade, the further evolution of resistance poses a serious threat to public health. Urgent measures are required not only to minimize the use of antimicrobials for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes but also to look for alternative strategies for the control of bacterial infections. This review examines the global picture of antimicrobial resistance, factors that favor its spread, strategies, and limitations for its control and the need for continuous training of all stake-holders i.e., medical, veterinary, public health, and other relevant professionals as well as human consumers, in the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. | 2013 | 23675371 |
| 6691 | 14 | 0.9924 | The antimicrobial resistance monitoring and research (ARMoR) program: the US Department of Defense response to escalating antimicrobial resistance. Responding to escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the US Department of Defense implemented an enterprise-wide collaboration, the Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Program, to aid in infection prevention and control. It consists of a network of epidemiologists, bioinformaticists, microbiology researchers, policy makers, hospital-based infection preventionists, and healthcare providers who collaborate to collect relevant AMR data, conduct centralized molecular characterization, and use AMR characterization feedback to implement appropriate infection prevention and control measures and influence policy. A particularly concerning type of AMR, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, significantly declined after the program was launched. Similarly, there have been no further reports or outbreaks of another concerning type of AMR, colistin resistance in Acinetobacter, in the Department of Defense since the program was initiated. However, bacteria containing AMR-encoding genes are increasing. To update program stakeholders and other healthcare systems facing such challenges, we describe the processes and impact of the program. | 2014 | 24795331 |
| 8181 | 15 | 0.9924 | Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health. The spread of bacterial drug resistance has posed a severe threat to public health globally. Here, we cover bacterial resistance to current antibacterial drugs, including traditional herbal medicines, conventional antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides. We summarize the influence of bacterial drug resistance on global health and its economic burden while highlighting the resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria. Based on the One Health concept, we propose 4A strategies to combat bacterial resistance, including prudent Application of antibacterial agents, Administration, Assays, and Alternatives to antibiotics. Finally, we identify several opportunities and unsolved questions warranting future exploration for combating bacterial resistance, such as predicting genetic bacterial resistance through the use of more effective techniques, surveying both genetic determinants of bacterial resistance and the transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). | 2023 | 36435256 |
| 9809 | 16 | 0.9924 | The gut microbiome: an emerging epicenter of antimicrobial resistance? The human gut is one of the most densely populated microbial environments, home to trillions of microorganisms that live in harmony with the body. These microbes help with digestion and play key roles in maintaining a balanced immune system and protecting us from harmful pathogens. However, the crowded nature of this ecosystem makes it easier for harmful bacteria to acquire antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, which can lead to multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. The rise of MDR infections makes treatments harder, leading to more extended hospital stays, relapses, and worse outcomes for patients, ultimately increasing healthcare costs and environmental strain. Since many MDR infections are challenging to treat, nosocomial infection control protocols and infection prevention programmes are frequently the only measures in our hands to stop the spread of these bacteria. New approaches are therefore urgently required to prevent the colonization of MDR infections. This review aims to explore the current understanding of antimicrobial resistance pathways, focusing on how the gut microbiota contributes to AMR. We have also emphasized the potential strategies to prevent the spread and colonization of MDR infections. | 2025 | 40463440 |
| 6616 | 17 | 0.9924 | The menace of colistin resistance across globe: Obstacles and opportunities in curbing its spread. Colistin-resistance in bacteria is a big concern for public health, since it is a last resort antibiotic to treat infectious diseases of multidrug resistant and carbapenem resistant Gram-negative pathogens in clinical settings. The emergence of colistin resistance in aquaculture and poultry settings has escalated the risks associated with colistin resistance in environment as well. The staggering number of reports pertaining to the rise of colistin resistance in bacteria from clinical and non-clinical settings is disconcerting. The co-existence of colistin resistant genes with other antibiotic resistant genes introduces new challenges in combatting antimicrobial resistance. Some countries have banned the manufacture, sale and distribution of colistin and its formulations for food producing animals. However, to tackle the issue of antimicrobial resistance, a one health approach initiative, inclusive of human, animal, and environmental health needs to be developed. Herein, we review the recent reports in colistin resistance in bacteria of clinical and non-clinical settings, deliberating on the new findings obtained regarding the development of colistin resistance. This review also discusses the initiatives implemented globally in mitigating colistin resistance, their strength and weakness. | 2023 | 36812837 |
| 6672 | 18 | 0.9923 | Antibiotic resistance in bacteria - an emerging public health problem. The discovery and eventual introduction of anti-microbial agents to clinical medicine was one of the greatest medical triumphs of the twentieth century that revolutionized the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, the gradual emergence of populations of antibiotic-resistant bacteria resulting from use, misuse and outright abuse of antibiotics has today become a major public health problem of global proportions. This review paper examines the origins and molecular epidemiology of resistance genes, global picture of antibacterial resistance, factors that favour its spread, strategies for its control, problems of control and the consequences of failure to contain antibiotic resistance in bacteria. | 2003 | 27528961 |
| 6610 | 19 | 0.9923 | The Gut Microbiome and Colistin Resistance: A Hidden Driver of Antimicrobial Failure. Colistin, a polymyxin antibiotic reintroduced as a last-resort therapy against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, is increasingly being compromised by the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10). The human gut microbiota serves as a major reservoir and transmission hub for these resistance determinants, even among individuals without prior colistin exposure. This review explores the mechanisms, dissemination, and clinical implications of mcr-mediated colistin resistance within the gut microbiota, highlighting its role in horizontal gene transfer, colonization, and environmental persistence. A comprehensive synthesis of the recent literature was conducted, focusing on epidemiological studies, molecular mechanisms, neonatal implications and decolonization strategies. The intestinal tract supports the enrichment and exchange of mcr genes among commensal and pathogenic bacteria, especially under antibiotic pressure. Colistin use in agriculture has amplified gut colonization with resistant strains in both animals and humans. Surveillance gaps remain, particularly in neonatal populations, where colonization may occur early and persist silently. Promising interventions, such as fecal microbiota transplantation and phage therapies, are under investigation but lack large-scale clinical validation. The gut microbiome plays a central role in the global spread of colistin resistance. Mitigating this threat requires integrated One Health responses, improved diagnostics for gut colonization, and investment in microbiome-based therapies. A proactive, multisectoral approach is essential to safeguard colistin efficacy and address the expanding threat of mcr-mediated resistance. | 2025 | 41009471 |