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665100.9427A complex cyclical One Health pathway drives the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Since their commercialization, scientists have known that antimicrobial use kills or inhibits susceptible bacteria while allowing resistant bacteria to survive and expand. Today there is widespread antimicrobial resistance (AMR), even to antimicrobials of last resort such as the carbapenems, which are reserved for use in life-threatening infections. It is often convenient to assign responsibility for this global health crisis to the users and prescribers of antimicrobials. However, we know that animals never treated with antimicrobials carry clinically relevant AMR bacteria and genes. The causal pathway from bacterial susceptibility to resistance is not simple, and dissemination is cyclical rather than linear. Amplification of AMR occurs in healthcare environments and on farms where frequent exposure to antimicrobials selects for resistant bacterial populations. The recipients of antimicrobial therapy release antimicrobial residues, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes in waste products. These are reduced but not removed during wastewater and manure treatment and enter surface waters, soils, recreational parks, wildlife, and fields where animals graze and crops are grown for human and animal consumption. The cycle is complete when a patient carrying AMR bacteria is treated with antimicrobials that amplify the resistant bacterial populations. Reducing the development and spread of AMR requires a One Health approach with the combined commitment of governments, medical and veterinary professionals, agricultural industries, food and feed processors, and environmental scientists. In this review and in the companion Currents in One Health by Ballash et al, JAVMA, April 2024, we highlight just a few of the steps of the complex cyclical causal pathway that leads to the amplification, dissemination, and maintenance of AMR.202438467112
260310.9424Characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae carried by suburban mesocarnivores and locally owned and stray dogs. The role of wildlife in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment is of increasing concern. We investigated the occurrence, richness and transmissibility potential of ARGs detected in the faeces of three mesocarnivore species: the coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and of stray and owned dogs in suburban Chicago, IL, USA. Rectal swabs were collected from live-captured coyotes (n = 32), raccoons (n = 31) and Virginia opossums (n = 22). Fresh faecal samples were collected from locally owned (n = 13) and stray dogs (n = 18) and from the live-captured mesocarnivores, when available. Faecal samples and rectal swabs were enriched to select for Enterobacteriaceae and pooled by mesocarnivore species and dog type (owned or stray). Pooled enriched samples were then analysed for the presence of ARGs using shotgun sequencing. The three mesocarnivore and stray dog samples had twice as many unique ARGs compared to the owned dog sample, which was partly driven by a greater richness of beta-lactamase genes (genes conferring resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins). Raccoon and stray dog samples had the most ARGs in common, suggesting possible exposure to similar environmental sources of ARGs. In addition to identifying clinically relevant ARGs (e.g. bla(CMY) and qnrB), some ARGs were linked to the class 1 integrase gene, intI1, which may indicate anthropogenic origin. Findings from this pilot investigation suggest that the microbial communities of suburban mesocarnivores and stray dogs can host ARGs that can confer resistance to several antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine.202032034890
713320.9422Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial communities associated with Cladophora glomerata mats along the nearshore of Lake Ontario. The alga Cladophora glomerata can erupt in nuisance blooms throughout the lower Great Lakes. Since bacterial abundance increases with the emergence and decay of Cladophora, we investigated the prevalence of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in Cladophora-associated bacterial communities up-gradient and down-gradient from a large sewage treatment plant (STP) on Lake Ontario. Although STPs are well-known sources of ABR, we also expected detectable ABR from up-gradient wetland communities, since they receive surface run-off from urban and agricultural sources. Statistically significant differences in aquatic bacterial abundance and ABR were found between down-gradient beach samples and up-gradient coastal wetland samples (ANOVA, Holm-Sidak test, p < 0.05). Decaying and free-floating Cladophora sampled near the STP had the highest bacterial densities overall, including on ampicillin- and vancomycin-treated plates. However, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the ABR genes ampC, tetA, tetB, and vanA from environmental communities showed a different pattern. Some of the highest ABR gene levels occurred at the 2 coastal wetland sites (vanA). Overall, bacterial ABR profiles from environmental samples were distinguishable between living and decaying Cladophora, inferring that Cladophora may control bacterial ABR depending on its life-cycle stage. Our results also show how spatially and temporally dynamic ABR is in nearshore aquatic bacteria, which warrants further research.201728192677
138330.9420Detection of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and Crested Porcupines (Hystrix cristata). Relatively little is known regarding the role of wildlife in the development of antibiotic resistance. Our aim was to assess the presence of the tetracycline resistance genes, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), tet(G), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(P), tet(Q), tet(S), and tet(X), in tissue samples of 14 hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and 15 crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata) using PCR assays. One or more tet genes were found in all but three hedgehogs and one crested porcupine. Of the 14 tetracycline resistance genes investigated, 13 were found in at least one sample; tet(G) was not detected. We confirmed the potential role of wild animals as bioindicators, reservoirs, or vectors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment.202031526277
341440.9420Cultivation and qPCR Detection of Pathogenic and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial Establishment in Naive Broiler Houses. Conventional commercial broiler production involves the rearing of more than 20,000 broilers in a single confined space for approximately 6.5 wk. This environment is known for harboring pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, but studies have focused on previously established houses with mature litter microbial populations. In the current study, a set of three naive houses were followed from inception through 11 broiler flocks and monitored for ambient climatic conditions, bacterial pathogens, and antibiotic resistance. Within the first 3 wk of the first flock cycle, 100% of litter samples were positive for and , whereas was cultivation negative but PCR positive. Antibiotic resistance genes were ubiquitously distributed throughout the litter within the first flock, approaching 10 to 10 genomic units g. Preflock litter levels were approximately 10 CFU g for heterotrophic plate count bacteria, whereas midflock levels were >10 colony forming units (CFU) g; other indicators demonstrated similar increases. The influence of intrahouse sample location was minor. In all likelihood, given that preflock levels were negative for pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes and 4 to 5 Log lower than flock levels for indicators, incoming birds most likely provided the colonizing microbiome, although other sources were not ruled out. Most bacterial groups experienced a cyclical pattern of litter contamination seen in other studies, whereas microbial stabilization required approximately four flocks. This study represents a first-of-its-kind view into the time required for bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance to colonize and establish in naive broiler houses.201627136163
260250.9420Human-wildlife ecological interactions shape Escherichia coli population and resistome in two sloth species from Costa Rica. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern, with natural ecosystems acting as reservoirs for resistant bacteria. We assessed AMR in Escherichia coli isolated from two wild sloth species in Costa Rica. E. coli from two-toed sloths (Choloepus hoffmanni), a species with greater mobility and a broader diet, showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole (25%), tetracycline (9.4%), chloramphenicol (6.3%), ampicillin (6.3%), trimethoprim (3.1%), and ciprofloxacin (3.1%), which correlated with the presence of resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), bla(TEM-1B), aph(3")-Id, aph(6)-Id, sul2, qnrS1, floR and dfrA8). E. coli from three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) showed 40% resistance to sulfamethoxazole despite no detected resistance genes, suggesting a regional effect. A significant negative correlation was found between AMR and distance to human-populated areas, highlighting anthropogenic impact on AMR spread. Notably, E. coli isolates from remote areas with no human impact indicate that some ecosystems remain unaffected. Preserving these areas is essential to protect environmental and public health.202540610649
536260.9417Cross-environmental cycling of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural areas fertilized with poultry litter: A one health approach. Poultry litter, commonly used as an organic fertilizer, can contain antimicrobial residues, resistant bacteria, and/or antimicrobial resistance genes. After application to soil, these contaminants can reach crops and be transported to aquatic systems through leaching and runoff. Once in water bodies, they can return to soil and crops through irrigation, establishing a cycle that promotes the selection, spread and persistence of antimicrobial resistance. To investigate the hypothesis of a cyclical event, samples of poultry litter, cultivable soil fertilized with this organic residue, rhizosphere soil from Sechium edule (chayote), water, and sediments from irrigation ponds were collected across two agricultural and poultry-producing areas during the dry and rainy seasons. Clinically significant bacteria, especially bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, were isolated. Fifty-three strains exhibited one or more antimicrobial resistance genes, as detected by PCR amplification, including those conferring resistance to sulfonamides (sul1 and sul2), fluoroquinolones (qnrB, qnrA, and qnrS), and β-lactams (bla(GES), bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M-1/2,)bla(CTX-M-8), and bla(CTX-M-14)). Genes encoding integrases related to class-1 and 2 integrons (intI1 and intI2) were also observed. A rare occurrence of the bla(GES) gene was observed in Stenotrophomonas sp. and Brevundimonas sp. Strains of Escherichia sp. were multidrug resistant. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA encoding gene indicated unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) originating from poultry litter and found in the soil, rhizosphere, water, and sediment, highlighting the dissemination of this material across agricultural substrates. These findings strongly suggest the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in agricultural environments, posing potential risks to both human and animal health.202439447633
735570.9415Influence of food sources and trace elements in the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from white stork nestlings (Ciconia ciconia). Foraging in landfills enhances the probability of acquiring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in wildlife and increases exposure to pollutants like metal(loid)s, pharmaceuticals and caffeine. Exposure to metal(loid)s in the environment may cause selective pressure on bacteria, inducing metal resistance genes that drive antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) through co-resistance and cross-resistance mechanisms. Hence, white storks fed in landfills could increase AMR acquisition through the combined effect of urban-waste and pollutants. Using a novel approach combining stable isotopes, trace elements and microbiological analysis, our study investigates the influence of the degree of anthropization of the diet and the presence of metal(loid)s in the occurrence of AMR/ARGs in E. coli in nestlings. Cloacal swabs, blood samples, and contour feathers were collected from 86 white stork nestlings from five breeding colonies. ARGs in E. coli were previously studied in cloacal swabs. Plasma was analysed for veterinary pharmaceuticals and caffeine and feathers for carbon/nitrogen isotope ratios and concentrations of metals and arsenic. Isotopic signature classified nestlings into natural or urban-waste diet, relating Al/Ni/Co/Cr/Pb and caffeine to urban-waste diet, while As/Hg/Cu/Zn were more related to natural diet. No pharmaceuticals were detected in the plasma of nestlings. The probability of acquisition of AMR and some ARGs (those conferring resistance to phenicols, tetracyclines and ampicillin) was higher in nestlings fed with urban-waste diet, but no effect of metal(loid) pollution was observed. This shows AMR in wildlife can occur even without direct contact with antibiotics, highlighting the complexity and challenges of addressing the threat of bacterial resistance in the environment.202540712540
121680.9413Coexistence of multidrug resistance and ESBL encoding genes - bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M); its amplification and dispersion in the environment via municipal wastewater treatment plant. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are a global source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), collecting wastewater from a variety of sources, including hospital wastewater, domestic wastewater, runoff from agricultural and livestock farms, etc. These sources are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Such pollutants aided eutrophication and encouraged bacterial growth. During bacterial growth horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) of ARGs and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes may facilitate, resulting in the spread of antibiotic resistance exponentially. The current study investigated the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL encoding genes in various treatment units of MWWTP and their spread in the environment. A total of three sampling sites (BUT, BRO, and BFB) were chosen, and 33 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated. 14 of the 33 isolates tested positive for antibiotic resistance and were further tested for the coexistence of MDR and ESBL production. The selected 14 isolates showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim (85.71%), followed by ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ampicillin (71.42%), tetracycline (57.14%), and vancomycin, gentamicin, and colistin sulphate (50%). A total of 9 isolates (64.28%) were phenotypically positive for ESBL production (BUT2, BUT3, BUT5, BRO1, BRO2, BRO3, BRO4, BRO5 and BFB1). The molecular detection of ESBL encoding genes, i.e. bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M) was carried out. The most prevalent gene was bla(TEM) (69.23%), followed by bla(SHV) (46.15%), and bla(CTX-M) (23.07%). In this study, 9 isolates (64.28%) out of 14 showed the coexistence of MDR and ESBL encoding genes, namely BUT3, BUT4, BUT5, BUT6, BUT7, BRO1, BRO2, BRO4, and BFB1. The coexistence of ESBL encoding genes and resistance to other antibiotic classes exacerbates human health and the environment.202438992444
181990.9412Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae recovered from companion animal and livestock environments. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria represent an important concern impacting both veterinary medicine and public health. The rising prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC beta-lactamase, carbapenemase (CRE) and fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae continually decreases the efficiency of clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, the potential for zoonotic transmission of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria increases the risk to public health. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of specific antibiotic-resistant bacteria on human contact surfaces in various animal environments. Environmental surface samples were collected from companion animal shelters, private equine facilities, dairy farms, livestock auction markets and livestock areas of county fairs using electrostatic cloths. Samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae expressing AmpC, ESBL, CRE or fluoroquinolone resistance using selective media. Livestock auction markets and county fairs had higher levels of bacteria expressing both cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance than did equine, dairy, and companion animal environments. Equine facilities harboured more bacteria expressing cephalosporin resistance than companion animal shelters, but less fluoroquinolone resistance. The regular use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins in livestock populations could account for the increased levels of cephalosporin resistance in livestock environments compared to companion animal and equine facilities. Human surfaces, as well as shared human and animal surfaces, were contaminated with resistant bacteria regardless of species environment. Detecting these bacteria on common human contact surfaces suggests that the environment can serve as a reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Identifying interventions to lower the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal environments will protect both animal and public health.201829575700
5286100.9411Water pollution and observation of acquired antibiotic resistance in Bayou Lafourche, a major drinking water source in Southeast Louisiana, USA. Antibiotics are known to enter the environment, not only by human excretion but also through livestock/aquaculture, healthcare facilities, and pharmaceutical industry waste. Once in the environment, antibiotics have the ability to provide a selective pressure in microbial communities thus selecting for resistance. Bayou Lafourche of Southeastern Louisiana serves as the raw source of drinking water for 300,000 people in the region and has previously been shown to receive high amounts of fecal contamination. Four sites along the bayou and one site from its input source on the Mississippi River were monitored for water chemistry, total and fecal coliform estimates, and presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) for a period of 1 year. Four waste-associated bacterial isolates were tested for resistance to antibiotics (tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, cefoxitin, meropenem, imipenem, erythromycin, and vancomycin). Resistant bacteria were further examined with PCR/electrophoresis to confirm the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (Sul1, tet(A), tet(W), tet(X), IMP, KPC, and OXA-48). The bayou appears to meet the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) criteria for water chemistry, yet fecal coliforms were consistently higher than LDEQ thresholds, thus indicating fecal contamination. Enterobacteriaceae isolates showed 13.6%, 10.9%, and 19.8% resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and cefoxitin, respectively, and 11 isolates were confirmed for presence of either tet(A) or Sul1 resistance genes. High fecal coliforms and presence of ARB/ARG may both indicate a presence of anthropogenic or agricultural source of fecal contamination.201930612354
3072110.9410Faecal microbiota and antibiotic resistance genes in migratory waterbirds with contrasting habitat use. Migratory birds may have a vital role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance across habitats and regions, but empirical data remain scarce. We investigated differences in the gut microbiome composition and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in faeces from four migratory waterbirds wintering in South-West Spain that differ in their habitat use. The white stork Ciconia ciconia and lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus are omnivorous and opportunistic birds that use highly anthropogenic habitats such as landfills and urban areas. The greylag goose Anser anser and common crane Grus grus are herbivores and use more natural habitats. Fresh faeces from 15 individuals of each species were analysed to assess the composition of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA amplicon-targeted sequencing, and to quantify the abundance of the Class I integron integrase gene (intI1) as well as genes encoding resistance to sulfonamides (sul1), beta-lactams (bla(TEM), bla(KPC) and bla(NDM)), tetracyclines (tetW), fluoroquinolones (qnrS), and colistin (mcr-1) using qPCR. Bacterial communities in gull faeces were the richest and most diverse. Beta diversity analysis showed segregation in faecal communities between bird species, but those from storks and gulls were the most similar, these being the species that regularly feed in landfills. Potential bacterial pathogens identified in faeces differed significantly between bird species, with higher relative abundance in gulls. Faeces from birds that feed in landfills (stork and gull) contained a significantly higher abundance of ARGs (sul1, bla(TEM), and tetW). Genes conferring resistance to last resort antibiotics such as carbapenems (bla(KPC)) and colistin (mcr-1) were only observed in faeces from gulls. These results show that these bird species are reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant bacteria and suggest that waterbirds may disseminate antibiotic resistance across environments (e.g., from landfills to ricefields or water supplies), and thus constitute a risk for their further spread to wildlife and humans.202133872913
2609120.9409Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) Producing Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Lamellidens marginalis (Lamark, 1819) of Sewage-Fed Wetland: A Phenotypic and Genotypic Approach. The global rise of zoonotic bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes and the growing occurrence of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. resistant to β-lactam antibiotics pose a severe threat to animal and human health. However, the contribution of natural environments, particularly aquatic ecosystems, as ideal settings for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a key concern. Investigating the phenotypic antibiotic resistance and detection of β-lactamase producing Aeromonas spp. in Lamellidens marginalis, which inhabit all freshwater ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, is essential for implications in monitoring food safety and drug resistance. In the present investigation, 92 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were recovered from 105 bivalves and screened for their antimicrobial resistance patterns. In vitro antibiotic resistance profiling showed a higher Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.8 with the highest resistance against ampicillin/sulbactam (82%), while 58, 44, 39 and 38% of the isolates were resistant to cephalothin, erythromycin, cefoxitin and imipenem, respectively. PCR results revealed that these isolates carried the bla(TEM) gene (94%), which was followed by the bla(CTX-M) gene (51%) and the bla(SHV) gene (45%). A combination of bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M), and bla(TEM) genes was found in 17% of the isolates, indicating the presence of all three resistance genes. This is the first investigation which highlights the importance of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. in L. marginalis. The identification of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBLs) genes demand the necessity of continuous surveillance and systematic monitoring, considering its potential health risks for both animals and human beings.202438674667
1214130.9409Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in fecal bacteria from rooks commonly wintering throughout Europe. This study concerned the occurrence of fecal bacteria with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in rooks (Corvus frugilegus, medium-sized corvid birds) wintering in continental Europe during winter 2010/2011. Samples of fresh rook feces were taken by cotton swabs at nine roosting places in eight European countries. Samples were transported to one laboratory and placed in buffered peptone water (BPW). The samples from BPW were enriched and subcultivated onto MacConkey agar (MCA) supplemented with ciprofloxacin (0.06 mg/L) to isolate fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria. DNA was isolated from smears of bacterial colonies growing on MCA and tested by PCR for PMQR genes aac(6')-Ib, qepA, qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, and oqxAB. All the PCR products were further analyzed by sequencing. Ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria were isolated from 37% (392 positive/1,073 examined) of samples. Frequencies of samples with ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates ranged significantly from 3% to 92% in different countries. The qnrS1 gene was found in 154 samples and qnrS2 in 2 samples. The gene aac(6')-Ib-cr was found in 16 samples. Thirteen samples were positive for qnrB genes in variants qnrB6 (one sample), qnrB18 (one), qnrB19 (one), qnrB29 (one), and qnrB49 (new variant) (one). Both the qnrD and oqxAB genes were detected in six samples. The genes qnrA, qnrC, and qepA were not found. Wintering omnivorous rooks in Europe were commonly colonized by bacteria supposedly Enterobacteriaceae with PMQR genes. Rooks may disseminate these epidemiologically important bacteria over long distances and pose a risk for environmental contamination.201222731858
3073140.9408A watershed impacted by anthropogenic activities: Microbial community alterations and reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes. Water is the main resource for maintaining life. Anthropic activities influence the microbial epidemiological chain in watersheds, which can act as ways of disseminating microorganisms resistant to antimicrobial drugs, with impacts on human, animal, and environmental health. Here, we characterized aquatic microbial communities and their resistomes in samples collected along Rio das Ostras watershed during two seasons. Surface water samples were collected at eleven sites from the Jundiá, Iriry, and Rio das Ostras rivers in two seasons (dry and wet season). Microbial DNA was extracted, high-throughput sequenced and screened for antimicrobial resistance genetic (ARG) markers. The physicochemical characteristics and the microbiota data confirmed that Rio das Ostras watershed can be divided into three well defined portions: rural, urban, and marine. Rural areas were enriched by bacteria typically found in limnic environments and Patescibacteria phyla. The urban portion was characterized by sites with low pH and groups associated with iron oxidation. Some genera of clinical relevance were also identified, though in relatively low abundance. The marine site was enriched mainly by Cyanobacteria and bacteria that showed strong correlation with conductivity, salinity, and chloride. Twenty-six ARG markers were identified on the resistome, being found most frequently in the urban area, despite being present in rural sites. Among them were some related to classes of great clinical concern, such as genes coding for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (bla(CTX-M) and bla(TEM)), resistance to carbapenems (bla(KPC)) and to methicillin by Staphylococcus aureus (mecA). These results broaden our understanding of the microbial community of a watershed impacted by anthropogenic actions. The large number of ARGs detected along the Rio das Ostras watershed contrasts with the small number of microorganisms of clinical relevance observed, suggesting that antimicrobial resistance has arisen from non-clinical environments and microbes. Our results corroborate that freshwater acts as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes.202134328962
2374150.9408Phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance of the intestinal microbiota isolated from two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) post mortem. INTRODUCTION: In Poland, alpacas are commonly companion animals and producers of wool. Human-alpaca-environment interactions raise One Health concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). No medications are licensed in Poland for camelids, and so all are prescribed under the cascade; they include β-lactams, cephalosporin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Human and animal bacterial AMR is a matter of global concern. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic AMR among bacteria isolated from alpaca intestines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and biochemical methods. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations and by the Kirby-Bauer method. RESULTS: Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Serratia spp. exhibited resistance to β-lactams, first-generation cephalosporins and tetracyclines, with Serratia spp. also resistant to colistin, polymyxin B and florfenicol. Enterococcus spp. were resistant to penicillin G, benzylpenicillin and erythromycin, but not to vancomycin, while Staphylococcus spp. showed resistance to amoxicillin and penicillins, but not to methicillin. Bacillus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. were resistant to some penicillins, tetracyclines and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Enterobacteriaceae isolates carried resistance genes (aadA, dfrA1, tetA, sul1, sul2, strA/strB and floR); therefore, the tested alpacas' microbiomes harboured AMR determinants. CONCLUSION: Alpacas should be monitored over an extended period to know the risk of transmission of AMR genes from components of their microbiome.202541064399
6558160.9407Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review. Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.202134769568
1811170.9407Abundance of clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in the golden jackal (Canis aureus) gut. The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical One Health issue. Wildlife could act as reservoirs or vehicles of AMR bacteria (ARBs) and AMR genes (ARGs) but are relatively understudied. We sought to investigate clinically relevant ARGs in golden jackals (Canis aureus) thriving near human settlements in Israel. Fecal samples were collected from 111 jackals across four regions over a 10-month period. Various animal and spatio-temporal metadata were collected. Samples were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) for beta-lactamases (blaTEM, blaCTX-M15, and blaSHV), qnrS and int1. A subset of samples was subject to shotgun metagenomic sequencing followed by resistome and microbiome analyses. qPCR detected a high prevalence of ARGs, including beta-lactamases (blaTEM-1, 96.4%; blaCTX-M-15, 51.4%, blaSHV, 15.3%), fluoroquinolone resistance (qnrS, 87.4%), and class 1 integrons (Int1, 94.6%). The blaTEM-1 gene was found to be more prevalent in adult jackals compared to younger ones. Metagenomic analysis of a subset of samples revealed a diverse gut microbiome harboring a rich resistome with tetracycline resistance genes being the most prevalent. Metagenome-assembled genome analysis further identified several ARGs associated with clinically relevant bacteria. These findings highlight the potential role of golden jackals as reservoirs for AMR and emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance to better understand AMR transmission dynamics at the wildlife-human interface. IMPORTANCE: The research highlights the potential role of the golden jackals as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The high prevalence of clinically relevant AMR genes in these jackals emphasizes the need for ongoing surveillance and monitoring to better understand AMR transmission dynamics at the wildlife-human interface.202539945541
3288180.9405Is our winter experience safe? Micropollutant risks for artificial snowing. Artificial snowing is a process that allows ski operators adapt to snow scarcity due to climate change while raising environmental and public health concerns about the role it plays in environmental dissemination of pollutants, but studies addressing this question are still scarce. This study aimed to fill this gap in understanding the role of artificial snowmaking in dissemination of antibiotics, bacterial contaminants, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and genetic determinants (ARGs) thereof. Technical snow and water used for its production were examined from 11 ski stations located in four river catchments, varying in anthropopressure and the presence/absence of storage reservoirs where water is collected before snowmaking. Culturable E. coli were found in all water intakes with clear reduction/elimination during snowmaking. Fourteen antimicrobial agents were detected using UHPLC/MS/MS. Concentration and prevalence of antimicrobials differed between the catchments; the sites located downstream of long-term stay health centers were most severely contaminated. Two antibiotics of restricted use (vancomycin and linezolid) were detected downstream of hospitals. Antimicrobial resistance of 158 E. coli strains was tested using disk diffusion method. The resistance to penicillins (e.g. ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) was most frequent and in general followed the pattern of antibiotic consumption rather than antibiotic concentration in water. Extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) genes were detected using PCR tests: 66.46 % (105 out of 158) strains possessed at least one ARG among which blaTEM was most frequent, followed by blaCTX-M and blaSHV. Our study indicates that the major sources of aquatic environment and technical snow contamination with antimicrobial agents are effluents from long-term stay medical centers, while bacterial contamination (including ARB and ARGs) stems from municipal WWTPs, i.e. the main hubs of antimicrobial resistance transfer to the environment. The storage reservoir construction may aid in reducing the transfer rate of pollutants and micropollutants from contaminated water to technical snow.202539970557
2605190.9404Satellite tracking of gulls and genomic characterization of faecal bacteria reveals environmentally mediated acquisition and dispersal of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Gulls (Larus spp.) have frequently been reported to carry Escherichia coli exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR E. coli); however, the pathways governing the acquisition and dispersal of such bacteria are not well described. We equipped 17 landfill-foraging gulls with satellite transmitters and collected gull faecal samples longitudinally from four locations on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska to assess: (a) gull attendance and transitions between sites, (b) spatiotemporal prevalence of faecally shed AMR E. coli, and (c) genomic relatedness of AMR E. coli isolates among sites. We also sampled Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) harvested as part of personal-use dipnet fisheries at two sites to assess potential contamination with AMR E. coli. Among our study sites, marked gulls most commonly occupied the lower Kenai River (61% of site locations) followed by the Soldotna landfill (11%), lower Kasilof River (5%) and upper Kenai River (<1%). Gulls primarily moved between the Soldotna landfill and the lower Kenai River (94% of transitions among sites), which were also the two locations with the highest prevalence of AMR E. coli. There was relatively high spatial and temporal variability in AMR E. coli prevalence in gull faeces and there was no evidence of contamination on salmon harvested in personal-use fisheries. We identified E. coli sequence types and AMR genes of clinical importance, with some isolates possessing genes associated with resistance to as many as eight antibiotic classes. Our findings suggest that gulls acquire AMR E. coli at habitats with anthropogenic inputs and subsequent movements may represent pathways through which AMR is dispersed.201930980689