# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 507 | 0 | 0.9254 | Tellurite resistance and reduction by obligately aerobic photosynthetic bacteria. Seven species of obligately aerobic photosynthetic bacteria of the genera Erythromicrobium, Erythrobacter, and Roseococcus demonstrated high-level resistance to tellurite and accumulation of metallic tellurium crystals. High-level resistance without tellurite reduction was observed for Roseococcus thiosulfatophilus and Erythromicrobium ezovicum grown with certain organic carbon sources, implying that tellurite reduction is not essential to confer tellurite resistance. | 1996 | 16535446 |
| 123 | 1 | 0.9167 | Genes for all metals--a bacterial view of the periodic table. The 1996 Thom Award Lecture. Bacterial chromosomes have genes for transport proteins for inorganic nutrient cations and oxyanions, such as NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and other trace cations, and PO4(3-), SO4(2-) and less abundant oxyanions. Together these account for perhaps a few hundred genes in many bacteria. Bacterial plasmids encode resistance systems for toxic metal and metalloid ions including Ag+, AsO2-, AsO4(3-), Cd2+, Co2+, CrO4(2-), Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, TeO3(2-), Tl+ and Zn2+. Most resistance systems function by energy-dependent efflux of toxic ions. A few involve enzymatic (mostly redox) transformations. Some of the efflux resistance systems are ATPases and others are chemiosmotic ion/proton exchangers. The Cd(2+)-resistance cation pump of Gram-positive bacteria is membrane P-type ATPase, which has been labeled with 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP and drives ATP-dependent Cd2+ (and Zn2+) transport by membrane vesicles. The genes defective in the human hereditary diseases of copper metabolism, Menkes syndrome and Wilson's disease, encode P-type ATPases that are similar to bacterial cadmium ATPases. The arsenic resistance system transports arsenite [As(III)], alternatively with the ArsB polypeptide functioning as a chemiosmotic efflux transporter or with two polypeptides, ArsB and ArsA, functioning as an ATPase. The third protein of the arsenic resistance system is an enzyme that reduces intracellular arsenate [As(V)] to arsenite [As(III)], the substrate of the efflux system. In Gram-negative cells, a three polypeptide complex functions as a chemiosmotic cation/protein exchanger to efflux Cd2+, Zn2+ and Co2+. This pump consists of an inner membrane (CzcA), an outer membrane (CzcC) and a membrane-spanning (CzcB) protein that function together. | 1998 | 9523453 |
| 124 | 2 | 0.9147 | A bacterial view of the periodic table: genes and proteins for toxic inorganic ions. Essentially all bacteria have genes for toxic metal ion resistances and these include those for Ag+, AsO2-, AsO4(3-), Cd2+ Co2+, CrO4(2-), Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, TeO3(2-), Tl+ and Zn2+. The largest group of resistance systems functions by energy-dependent efflux of toxic ions. Fewer involve enzymatic transformations (oxidation, reduction, methylation, and demethylation) or metal-binding proteins (for example, metallothionein SmtA, chaperone CopZ and periplasmic silver binding protein SilE). Some of the efflux resistance systems are ATPases and others are chemiosmotic ion/proton exchangers. For example, Cd2+-efflux pumps of bacteria are either inner membrane P-type ATPases or three polypeptide RND chemiosmotic complexes consisting of an inner membrane pump, a periplasmic-bridging protein and an outer membrane channel. In addition to the best studied three-polypeptide chemiosmotic system, Czc (Cd2+, Zn2+, and Co2), others are known that efflux Ag+, Cu+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. Resistance to inorganic mercury, Hg2+ (and to organomercurials, such as CH3Hg+ and phenylmercury) involve a series of metal-binding and membrane transport proteins as well as the enzymes mercuric reductase and organomercurial lyase, which overall convert more toxic to less toxic forms. Arsenic resistance and metabolizing systems occur in three patterns, the widely-found ars operon that is present in most bacterial genomes and many plasmids, the more recently recognized arr genes for the periplasmic arsenate reductase that functions in anaerobic respiration as a terminal electron acceptor, and the aso genes for the periplasmic arsenite oxidase that functions as an initial electron donor in aerobic resistance to arsenite. | 2005 | 16133099 |
| 107 | 3 | 0.9146 | Common ancestry of iron oxide- and iron-sulfide-based biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria. Magnetosomes are prokaryotic organelles produced by magnetotactic bacteria that consist of nanometer-sized magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) or/and greigite (Fe(3)S(4)) magnetic crystals enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane. In magnetite-producing magnetotactic bacteria, proteins present in the magnetosome membrane modulate biomineralization of the magnetite crystal. In these microorganisms, genes that encode for magnetosome membrane proteins as well as genes involved in the construction of the magnetite magnetosome chain, the mam and mms genes, are organized within a genomic island. However, partially because there are presently no greigite-producing magnetotactic bacteria in pure culture, little is known regarding the greigite biomineralization process in these organisms including whether similar genes are involved in the process. Here using culture-independent techniques, we now show that mam genes involved in the production of magnetite magnetosomes are also present in greigite-producing magnetotactic bacteria. This finding suggest that the biomineralization of magnetite and greigite did not have evolve independently (that is, magnetotaxis is polyphyletic) as once suggested. Instead, results presented here are consistent with a model in which the ability to biomineralize magnetosomes and the possession of the mam genes was acquired by bacteria from a common ancestor, that is, the magnetotactic trait is monophyletic. | 2011 | 21509043 |
| 517 | 4 | 0.9127 | Adaptation to metal(loid)s in strain Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 involves novel arsenic resistance genes and mechanisms. Arsenic is a ubiquitous environmental toxi substance that affects human health. Compared to inorganic arsenicals, reduced organoarsenicals are more toxic, and some of them are recognized as antibiotics, such as methylarsenite [MAs(III)] and arsinothricin (2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylarsinoyl)butanoate, or AST). To date, organoarsenicals such as MAs(V) and roxarsone [Rox(V)] are still used in agriculture and animal husbandry. How bacteria deal with both inorganic and organoarsenic species is unclear. Recently, we identified an environmental isolate Mucilaginibacter rubeus P2 that has adapted to high arsenic and antinomy levels by triplicating an arsR-mrarsU(Bact)-arsN-arsC-(arsRhp)-hp-acr3-mrme1(Bact)-mrme2(Bact)gene cluster. Heterologous expression of mrarsM(Bact), mrarsU(Bact), mrme1(Bact) and mrme2(Bact), encoding putative arsenic resistance determinants, in the arsenic hypersensitive strain Escherichia coli AW3110 conferred resistance to As(III), As(V), MAs(III) or Rox(III). Our data suggest that metalloid exposure promotes plasticity in arsenic resistance systems, enhancing host organism adaptation to metalloid stress. | 2024 | 37865075 |
| 581 | 5 | 0.9109 | Inorganic polyphosphates and heavy metal resistance in microorganisms. The mechanisms of heavy metal resistance in microbial cells involve multiple pathways. They include the formation of complexes with specific proteins and other compounds, the excretion from the cells via plasma membrane transporters in case of procaryotes, and the compartmentalization of toxic ions in vacuoles, cell wall and other organelles in case of eukaryotes. The relationship between heavy metal tolerance and inorganic polyphosphate metabolism was demonstrated both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Polyphosphates, being polyanions, are involved in detoxification of heavy metals through complex formation and compartmentalization. The bacteria and fungi cultivated in the presence of some heavy metal cations contain the enhanced levels of polyphosphate. In bacteria, polyphosphate sequesters heavy metals; some of metal cations stimulate an exopolyphosphatase activity, which releases phosphate from polyphosphates, and MeHPO(4)(-) ions are then transported out of the cells. In fungi, the overcoming of heavy metal stresses is associated with the accumulation of polyphosphates in cytoplasmic inclusions, vacuoles and cell wall and the formation of cation/polyphosphate complexes. The effects of knockout mutations and overexpression of the genes encoding polyphosphate-metabolizing enzymes on heavy metal resistance are discussed. | 2018 | 30151754 |
| 404 | 6 | 0.9106 | Plasmid-borne cadmium resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes are similar to cadA and cadC of Staphylococcus aureus and are induced by cadmium. pLm74 is the smallest known plasmid in Listeria monocytogenes. It confers resistance to the toxic divalent cation cadmium. It contains a 3.1-kb EcoRI fragment which hybridizes with the cadAC genes of plasmid pI258 of Staphylococcus aureus. When introduced into cadmium-sensitive L. monocytogenes or Bacillus subtilis strains, this fragment conferred cadmium resistance. The DNA sequence of the 3.1-kb EcoRI fragment contains two open reading frames, cadA and cadC. The deduced amino acid sequences are similar to those of the cad operon of plasmid pI258 of S. aureus, known to prevent accumulation of Cd2+ in the bacteria by an ATPase efflux mechanism. The cadmium resistance determinant of L. monocytogenes does not confer zinc resistance, in contrast to the cadAC determinant of S. aureus, suggesting that the two resistance mechanisms are slightly different. Slot blot DNA-RNA hybridization analysis showed cadmium-inducible synthesis of L. monocytogenes cadAC RNA. | 1994 | 8188605 |
| 522 | 7 | 0.9106 | Detoxification of ars genotypes by arsenite-oxidizing bacteria through arsenic biotransformation. The detoxification process of transforming arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) through bacterial oxidation presents a potent approach for bioremediation of arsenic-polluted soils in abandoned mines. In this study, twelve indigenous arsenic-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were isolated from arsenic-contaminated soils. Among these, Paenibacillus xylanexedens EBC-SK As2 (MF928871) and Ochrobactrum anthropi EBC-SK As11 (MF928880) were identified as the most effective arsenic-oxidizing isolates. Evaluations for bacterial arsenic resistance demonstrated that P. xylanexedens EBC-SK As2 (MF928871) could resist As(III) up to 40 mM, while O. anthropi EBC-SK As11 (MF928880) could resist As(III) up to 25 mM. From these bacterial strains, genotypes of arsenic resistance system (ars) were detected, encompassing ars leader genes (arsR and arsD), membrane genes (arsB and arsJ), and aox genes known to be crucial for arsenic detoxification. These ars genotypes in the isolated AOBs might play an instrumental role in arsenic-contaminated soils with potential to reduce arsenic contamination. | 2024 | 39382695 |
| 528 | 8 | 0.9104 | Effect of dimethyl sulphoxide on the expression of nitrogen fixation in bacteria. Storage in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) of Escherichia coli K12 hybrids carrying nif+ genes from Klebsiella pneumoniae can result in selection of a defective nitrogen-fixing phenotype. Similar results are obtained with E. coli K12 hybrids containing the nitrogen-fixing capacity from Rhizobium trifolii. DMSO appears to affect particular inner membrane proteins associated with energy metabolism in E. coli K12 and four chromosomal regions (chlD, chlG, his and unc) are associated with resistance to DMSO. | 1977 | 332135 |
| 3062 | 9 | 0.9102 | Characterization of organotin-resistant bacteria from boston harbor sediments. Organotins are widely used in agriculture and industry. They are toxic to a variety of organisms including bacteria, although little is known of their physiology and ecology. Bacteria resistant to six organotins-tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT)-were isolated from Boston Harbor sediments, Massachusetts, USA. Bacteria resistant to each of the organotins, except DPT, were isolated directly from estuarine sediments. Viability of the organotin-resistant bacteria on serial transfer in the laboratory ranged from 80 to 91%. Each isolate was screened for resistance to the other organotins. All of 250 isolates were resistant to at least two organotins. No DPT-resistant isolates were found on initial isolation on DPT, although there was DPT resistance among the other organotin-resistant bacteria. Eighty percent of TBT-resistant bacteria were TPT-resistant, suggesting that antifouling paints containing TPT will not be a suitable substitute for TBT in paints designed to inhibit microbial biofilms. Debutylation reduced toxicity in some cases while dephenylation did not. Thus, even though trisubstituted organotins are generally believed to be more toxic than di- or monosubstituted organotins, this may not always be the case, and more than one mechanism of resistance may be involved. All the bacteria were resistant to at least six of eight heavy metals tested, suggesting that resistance to heavy metals may be associated with resistance to organotins. | 1998 | 9732471 |
| 164 | 10 | 0.9099 | Plasmids for heavy metal resistance in Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34: mechanisms and applications. Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34 is the main representative of a group of strongly related strains (mostly facultative chemolithotrophs) that are well adapted to environments containing high levels of heavy metals. It harbors the megaplasmids pMOL28 and pMOL30 which carry resistance determinants to Co2+, Ni2+, CrO(4)2-, Hg2+, Tl+, Cd2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+. Among the best characterized determinants are the cnr operon (resistance to Co, Ni) on pMOL28 and the czc operon on pMOL30 (resistance to Co, Cd and Zn). Although the two systems reveal a significant degree of amino acid similarity in the structural genes, the regulation of the operons is different. The resistance mechanism in both cases is based on efflux. The efflux mechanism leads to a pH increase outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. Metals are sequestered from the external medium through the bioprecipitation of metal carbonates formed in the saturated zone around the cell. This latter phenomenon can be exploited in bioreactors designed to remove metals from effluents. The bacteria are immobilized on composite membranes in a continuous tubular membrane reactor (CTMR). The effluent continuously circulates through the intertubular space, while the external surface of the tubes is in contact with the growth medium. Metal crystals are eventually removed by the effluent stream and collected on a glass bead column. The system has been applied to effluents containing Cd, Zn, Co, Ni and Cu. By introducing catabolic plasmids involved in the aerobic degradation of PCBs and 2,4-D into metal-resistant A. eutrophus strains, the application range was widened to include effluents polluted with both organic and inorganic substances. Biosensors have been developed which are based on the fusion of genes induced by metals to a reporter system, the lux operon of Vibrio fischeri. Bacterial luciferases produce light through the oxidation of fatty aldehydes. The gene fusions are useful both for the study of regulatory genes and for the determination of heavy metal concentrations in the environment. | 1994 | 7917428 |
| 3 | 11 | 0.9094 | Noncanonical coproporphyrin-dependent bacterial heme biosynthesis pathway that does not use protoporphyrin. It has been generally accepted that biosynthesis of protoheme (heme) uses a common set of core metabolic intermediates that includes protoporphyrin. Herein, we show that the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes (high-GC and low-GC Gram-positive bacteria) are unable to synthesize protoporphyrin. Instead, they oxidize coproporphyrinogen to coproporphyrin, insert ferrous iron to make Fe-coproporphyrin (coproheme), and then decarboxylate coproheme to generate protoheme. This pathway is specified by three genes named hemY, hemH, and hemQ. The analysis of 982 representative prokaryotic genomes is consistent with this pathway being the most ancient heme synthesis pathway in the Eubacteria. Our results identifying a previously unknown branch of tetrapyrrole synthesis support a significant shift from current models for the evolution of bacterial heme and chlorophyll synthesis. Because some organisms that possess this coproporphyrin-dependent branch are major causes of human disease, HemQ is a novel pharmacological target of significant therapeutic relevance, particularly given high rates of antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens. | 2015 | 25646457 |
| 366 | 12 | 0.9093 | Genes encoding mercuric reductases from selected gram-negative aquatic bacteria have a low degree of homology with merA of transposon Tn501. An investigation of the Hg2+ resistance mechanism of four freshwater and four coastal marine bacteria that did not hybridize with a mer operonic probe was conducted (T. Barkay, C. Liebert, and M. Gillman, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1196-1202, 1989). Hybridization with a merA probe, the gene encoding the mercuric reductase polypeptide, at a stringency of hybridization permitting hybrid formation between evolutionarily distant merA genes (as exists between gram-positive and -negative bacteria), detected merA sequences in the genomes of all tested strains. Inducible Hg2+ volatilization was demonstrated for all eight organisms, and NADPH-dependent mercuric reductase activities were detected in crude cell extracts of six of the strains. Because these strains represented random selections of bacteria from three aquatic environments, it is concluded that merA encodes a common molecular mechanism for Hg2+ resistance and volatilization in aerobic heterotrophic aquatic communities. | 1990 | 2166470 |
| 126 | 13 | 0.9092 | Single-gene knockout of a novel regulatory element confers ethionine resistance and elevates methionine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Despite the availability of genome data and recent advances in methionine regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum, sulfur metabolism and its underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly characterized in this organism. Here, we describe the identification of an ORF coding for a putative regulatory protein that controls the expression of genes involved in sulfur reduction dependent on extracellular methionine levels. C. glutamicum was randomly mutagenized by transposon mutagenesis and 7,000 mutants were screened for rapid growth on agar plates containing the methionine antimetabolite D,L-ethionine. In all obtained mutants, the site of insertion was located in the ORF NCgl2640 of unknown function that has several homologues in other bacteria. All mutants exhibited similar ethionine resistance and this phenotype could be transferred to another strain by the defined deletion of the NCgl2640 gene. Moreover, inactivation of NCgl2640 resulted in significantly increased methionine production. Using promoter lacZ-fusions of genes involved in sulfur metabolism, we demonstrated the relief of L-methionine repression in the NCgl2640 mutant for cysteine synthase, o-acetylhomoserine sulfhydrolase (metY) and sulfite reductase. Complementation of the mutant strain with plasmid-borne NCgl2640 restored the wild-type phenotype for metY and sulfite reductase. | 2005 | 15668756 |
| 579 | 14 | 0.9092 | Control of expression of a periplasmic nickel efflux pump by periplasmic nickel concentrations. There is accumulating evidence that transenvelope efflux pumps of the resistance, nodulation, cell division protein family (RND) are excreting toxic substances from the periplasm across the outer membrane directly to the outside. This would mean that resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to organic toxins and heavy metals is in fact a two-step process: one set of resistance factors control the concentration of a toxic substance in the periplasm, another one that in the cytoplasm. Efficient periplasmic detoxification requires periplasmic toxin sensing and transduction of this signal into the cytoplasm to control expression of the periplasmic detoxification system. Such a signal transduction system was analyzed using the Cnr nickel resistance system from Cupriavidus (Wautersia, Ralstonia, Alcaligenes) metallidurans strain CH34. Resistance is based on nickel efflux mediated by the CnrCBA efflux pump encoded by the cnrYHXCBAT metal resistance determinant. The products of the three genes cnrYXH transcriptionally regulate expression of cnr. CnrY and CnrX are membrane-bound proteins probably functioning as anti sigma factors while CnrH is a cnr-specific extracytoplasmic functions (ECF) sigma factors. Experimental data provided here indicate a signal transduction chain leading from nickel in the periplasm to transcription initiation at the cnr promoters cnrYp and cnrCp, which control synthesis of the nickel efflux pump CnrCBA. | 2005 | 16158236 |
| 122 | 15 | 0.9091 | Functional characterization of ORCTL2--an organic cation transporter expressed in the renal proximal tubules. Chromosome 11p15.5 harbors a gene or genes involved in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome that confer(s) susceptibility to Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and hepatoblastoma. We have previously identified a transcript at 11p15.5 which encodes a putative membrane transport protein, designated organic cation transporter-like 2 (ORCTL2), that shares homology with tetracycline resistance proteins and bacterial multidrug resistance proteins. In this report, we have investigated the transport properties of ORCTL2 and show that this protein can confer resistance to chloroquine and quinidine when overexpressed in bacteria. Immunohistochemistry analyses performed with anti-ORCTL2 polyclonal antibodies on human renal sections indicate that ORCTL2 is localized on the apical membrane surface of the proximal tubules. These results suggest that ORCTL2 may play a role in the transport of chloroquine and quinidine related compounds in the kidney. | 1998 | 9744804 |
| 186 | 16 | 0.9091 | Plasmid-encoded resistance to arsenic and antimony. Resistance determinants to the toxic oxyanionic salts of arsenic and antimony are found on plasmids of both gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. In most cases these provide resistance to both the oxyanions of +III oxidation state, antimonite and arsenite, and the +V oxidation state, arsenate. In both gram-positive and -negative bacteria, resistance is correlated with efflux of the anions from cells. The determinant from the plasmid R773, isolated from a gram-negative organism, has been studied in detail. It encodes an oxyanion-translocating ATPase with three subunits, a catalytic subunit, the ArsA protein, a membrane subunit, the ArsB subunit, and a specificity factor, the ArsC protein. The first two form a membrane-bound complex with arsenite-stimulated ATPase activity. The determinants from gram-positive bacteria have only the arsB and arsC genes and encode an efflux system without the participation of an ArsA homologue. | 1992 | 1531541 |
| 165 | 17 | 0.9089 | An efflux transporter PbrA and a phosphatase PbrB cooperate in a lead-resistance mechanism in bacteria. The gene cluster pbrTRABCD from Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 is thought to encode a unique, specific resistance mechanism for lead. However, the exact functions of these genes are unknown. In this study we examine the metal specificity and functions of pbrABCD by expressing these genes in different combinations and comparing their ability to restore Pb(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) resistance in a metal-sensitive C. metallidurans strain DN440. We show that lead resistance in C. metallidurans is achieved through the cooperation of the Zn/Cd/Pb-translocating ATPase PbrA and the undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase PbrB. While PbrA non-specifically exported Pb(2+), Zn(2+) and Cd(2+), a specific increase in lead resistance was observed when PbrA and PbrB were coexpressed. As a model of action for PbrA and PbrB we propose a mechanism where Pb(2+) is exported from the cytoplasm by PbrA and then sequestered as a phosphate salt with the inorganic phosphate produced by PbrB. Similar operons containing genes for heavy metal translocating ATPases and phosphatases were found in several different bacterial species, suggesting that lead detoxification through active efflux and sequestration is a common lead-resistance mechanism. | 2009 | 19737357 |
| 510 | 18 | 0.9089 | ArsZ from Ensifer adhaerens ST2 is a novel methylarsenite oxidase. Trivalent methylarsenite [MAs(III)] produced by biomethylation is more toxic than inorganic arsenite [As(III)]. Hence, MAs(III) has been proposed to be a primordial antibiotic. Other bacteria evolved mechanisms to detoxify MAs(III). In this study, the molecular mechanisms of MAs(III) resistance of Ensifer adhaerens ST2 were investigated. In the chromosome of E. adhaerens ST2 is a gene encoding a protein of unknown function. Here, we show that this gene, designated arsZ, encodes a novel MAs(III) oxidase that confers resistance by oxidizing highly toxic MAs(III) to relatively nontoxic MAs(V). Two other genes, arsRK, are adjacent to arsZ but are divergently encoded in the opposite direction. Heterologous expression of arsZ in Escherichia coli confers resistance to MAs(III) but not to As(III). Purified ArsZ catalyses thioredoxin- and NAPD(+) -dependent oxidation of MAs(III). Mutational analysis of ArsZ suggests that Cys59 and Cys123 are involved in the oxidation of MAs(III). Expression of arsZ, arsR and arsK genes is induced by MAs(III) and As(III) and is likely controlled by the ArsR transcriptional repressor. These results demonstrate that ArsZ is a novel MAs(III) oxidase that contributes to E. adhaerens tolerance to environmental organoarsenicals. The arsZRK operon is widely present in bacteria within the Rhizobiaceae family. | 2022 | 35355385 |
| 525 | 19 | 0.9086 | New insights into the metabolic potential of the phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodopila globiformis DSM 161(T) from its draft genome sequence and evidence for a vanadium-dependent nitrogenase. Rhodopila globiformis: is the most acidophilic anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophic purple bacterium and was isolated from a warm acidic sulfur spring in Yellowstone Park. Its genome is larger than genomes of other phototrophic purple bacteria, containing 7248 Mb with a G + C content of 67.1% and 6749 protein coding and 53 RNA genes. The genome revealed some previously unknown properties such as the presence of two sets of structural genes pufLMC for the photosynthetic reaction center genes and two types of nitrogenases (Mo-Fe and V-Fe nitrogenase), capabilities of autotrophic carbon dioxide fixation and denitrification using nitrite. Rhodopila globiformis assimilates sulfate and utilizes the C1 carbon substrates CO and methanol and a number of organic compounds, in particular, sugars and aromatic compounds. It is among the few purple bacteria containing a large number of pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent dehydrogenases. It has extended capacities to resist stress by heavy metals, demonstrates different resistance mechanisms to antibiotics, and employs several toxin/antitoxin systems. | 2018 | 29423563 |