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638600.9828Distribution of antibiotic and metal resistance genes in two glaciers of North Sikkim, India. Glacier studies as of late have ruffled many eyeballs, exploring this frigid ecology to understand the impact of climate change. Mapquesting the glaciers led to the discovery of concealed world of "psychrophiles" harboring in it. In the present study, the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs) were evaluated through both the culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Samples were collected from two different glaciers, i.e., debris-covered glacier (Changme Khangpu) and debris-free glacier (Changme Khang). Functional metagenomics of both the glacier samples, provided evidence of presence of resistant genes against various antibiotic groups. Bacitracin resistant gene (bacA) was the predominant ARG in both the glaciers. MRGs in both the glacier samples were diversified as the genes detected were resistant against various heavy metals such as arsenic, tungsten, mercury, zinc, chromium, copper, cobalt, and iron. Unique MRGs identified from Changme Khangpu glacier were resistant to copper (cutA, cutE, cutC, cutF, cueR, copC, and copB) and chromium (yelf, ruvB, nfsA, chrR, and chrA) whereas, from Changme Khang glacier they showed resistance against cobalt (mgtA, dmef, corD, corC, corB, and cnrA), and iron (yefD, yefC, yefB, and yefA) heavy metals. ARGs aligned maximum identity with Gram-negative psychrotolerant bacteria. The cultured bacterial isolates showed tolerance to high concentrations of tested heavy metal solutions. Interestingly, some of the antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates also showed tolerance towards the higher concentrations of heavy metals. Thus, an introspection of the hypothesis of co-occurrence and/co-selection of ARGs and MRGs in such environments has been highlighted here.202032888596
348110.9823Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sediment of Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake, China. Sediment is an ideal medium for the aggregation and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The levels of antibiotics and ARGs in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake of central China were investigated in this study. The concentrations of eight antibiotics (four sulfonamides and four tetracyclines) in Honghu Lake were in the range 90.00-437.43 μg kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)) with mean value of 278.21 μg kg(-1) dw, which was significantly higher than those in East Dongting Lake (60.02-321.04 μg kg(-1) dw, mean value of 195.70 μg kg(-1) dw). Among the tested three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul) and eight tetracycline resistance genes (tet), sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, and tetM had 100 % detection frequency in sediment samples of East Dongting Lake, while only sul1, sul2, and tetC were observed in all samples of Honghu Lake. The relative abundance of sul2 was higher than that of sul1 at p < 0.05 level in both lakes. The relative abundance of tet genes in East Dongting Lake was in the following order: tetM > tetB > tetC > tetA. The relative abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC in East Dongting Lake was significantly higher than those in Honghu Lake. The abundance of background bacteria may play an important role in the horizontal spread of sul2 and tetC genes in Honghu Lake and sul1 in East Dongting Lake, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that tetracyclines may play a more important role than sulfonamides in the abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC gens in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake.201627418176
638720.9822Insights into the Evolutionary and Ecological Roles of Bathyarchaeia in Arsenic Detoxification. Arsenic (As) is a prevalent toxic element, posing significant risks to organisms, including microbes. While microbial arsenic detoxification has been extensively studied in bacteria, archaeal mechanisms remain understudied. Here, we investigated arsenic resistance genes in Bathyarchaeia, one of the most abundant archaeal lineages on Earth. Comprehensive genomic analysis of 318 Bathyarchaeia representatives revealed a widespread distribution of arsenic resistance genes, with 60% of genomes harboring genes for arsenate reduction (arsR1 and arsC2), arsenite methylation (arsM), and arsenic transport (acr3, arsP, and arsB). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes are widely distributed across 14 archaeal phyla, including Asgardarchaeota, Thermoproteota, and Thermoplasmatota, with close evolutionary relationships among these archaeal lineages. In situ investigation of sediment columns and laboratory microcosm experiments demonstrated a strong positive correlation between Bathyarchaeia abundance and arsenic concentrations, suggesting their adaptation to arsenic-rich environments. Molecular dating analysis placed the emergence of Bathyarchaeia at approximately 3.01 billion years ago, with the evolution of their arsenic resistance mechanisms closely tracking major geological events, including the Great Oxidation Event (2.4-2.1 Gya), Huronian Glaciation (2.29-2.25 Gya), and Cryogenian Glaciation (∼700 Mya). Our findings highlight the critical role of Archaea in the arsenic cycle and provide insights into the evolutionary history of arsenic resistance associated with paleogeochemical changes in Bathyarchaeia.202540921195
13130.9820Characterization of Two Highly Arsenic-Resistant Caulobacteraceae Strains of Brevundimonas nasdae: Discovery of a New Arsenic Resistance Determinant. Arsenic (As), distributed widely in the natural environment, is a toxic substance which can severely impair the normal functions in living cells. Research on the genetic determinants conferring functions in arsenic resistance and metabolism is of great importance for remediating arsenic-contaminated environments. Many organisms, including bacteria, have developed various strategies to tolerate arsenic, by either detoxifying this harmful element or utilizing it for energy generation. More and more new arsenic resistance (ars) determinants have been identified to be conferring resistance to diverse arsenic compounds and encoded in ars operons. There is a hazard in mobilizing arsenic during gold-mining activities due to gold- and arsenic-bearing minerals coexisting. In this study, we isolated 8 gold enrichment strains from the Zijin gold and copper mine (Longyan, Fujian Province, China) wastewater treatment site soil, at an altitude of 192 m. We identified two Brevundimonas nasdae strains, Au-Bre29 and Au-Bre30, among these eight strains, having a high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for As(III). These two strains contained the same ars operons but displayed differences regarding secretion of extra-polymeric substances (EPS) upon arsenite (As(III)) stress. B. nasdae Au-Bre29 contained one extra plasmid but without harboring any additional ars genes compared to B. nasdae Au-Bre30. We optimized the growth conditions for strains Au-Bre29 and Au-Bre30. Au-Bre30 was able to tolerate both a lower pH and slightly higher concentrations of NaCl. We also identified folE, a folate synthesis gene, in the ars operon of these two strains. In most organisms, folate synthesis begins with a FolE (GTP-Cyclohydrolase I)-type enzyme, and the corresponding gene is typically designated folE (in bacteria) or gch1 (in mammals). Heterologous expression of folE, cloned from B. nasdae Au-Bre30, in the arsenic-hypersensitive strain Escherichia coli AW3110, conferred resistance to As(III), arsenate (As(V)), trivalent roxarsone (Rox(III)), pentavalent roxarsone (Rox(V)), trivalent antimonite (Sb(III)), and pentavalent antimonate (Sb(V)), indicating that folate biosynthesis is a target of arsenite toxicity and increased production of folate confers increased resistance to oxyanions. Genes encoding Acr3 and ArsH were shown to confer resistance to As(III), Rox(III), Sb(III), and Sb(V), and ArsH also conferred resistance to As(V). Acr3 did not confer resistance to As(V) and Rox(V), while ArsH did not confer resistance to Rox(V).202235628430
844140.9820Genomic and phenotypic attributes of novel salinivibrios from stromatolites, sediment and water from a high altitude lake. BACKGROUND: Salinivibrios are moderately halophilic bacteria found in salted meats, brines and hypersaline environments. We obtained three novel conspecific Salinivibrio strains closely related to S. costicola, from Socompa Lake, a high altitude hypersaline Andean lake (approx. 3,570 meters above the sea level). RESULTS: The three novel Salinivibrio spp. were extremely resistant to arsenic (up to 200 mM HAsO42-), NaCl (up to 15%), and UV-B radiation (19 KJ/m2, corresponding to 240 minutes of exposure) by means of phenotypic tests. Our subsequent draft genome ionsequencing and RAST-based genome annotation revealed the presence of genes related to arsenic, NaCl, and UV radiation resistance. The three novel Salinivibrio genomes also had the xanthorhodopsin gene cluster phylogenetically related to Marinobacter and Spiribacter. The genomic taxonomy analysis, including multilocus sequence analysis, average amino acid identity, and genome-to-genome distance revealed that the three novel strains belong to a new Salinivibrio species. CONCLUSIONS: Arsenic resistance genes, genes involved in DNA repair, resistance to extreme environmental conditions and the possible light-based energy production, may represent important attributes of the novel salinivibrios, allowing these microbes to thrive in the Socompa Lake.201424927949
513350.9820Draft genome sequence of Marinobacter sp. DUT-3, a manganese-oxidizing and potential antibiotic-resistant bacterium from Bohai coastal sediments. A manganese-oxidizing bacterium, Marinobacter sp. DUT-3, was isolated from Bohai coastal sediments. A total of 24 contigs with GC content of 57.91% and 3,817 protein-coding genes were obtained by genome sequencing. Isolation of this strain suggests potential for synergistic antibiotics removal via biogenic manganese oxides and intrinsic resistance.202541081498
528060.9819High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant and metal-tolerant cultivable bacteria in remote glacier environment. Studies of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have mainly originated from anthropic-influenced environments, with limited information from pristine environments. Remote cold environments are major reservoirs of ARB and have been determined in polar regions; however, their abundance in non-polar cold habitats is underexplored. This study evaluated antibiotics and metals resistance profiles, prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and metals tolerance genes (MTGs) in 38 ARB isolated from the glacier debris and meltwater from Baishui Glacier No 1, China. Molecular identification displayed Proteobacteria (39.3%) predominant in debris, while meltwater was dominated by Actinobacteria (30%) and Proteobacteria (30%). Bacterial isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance index values > 0.2. Gram-negative bacteria displayed higher resistance to antibiotics and metals than Gram-positive. PCR amplification exhibited distinct ARGs in bacteria dominated by β-lactam genes bla(CTX-M) (21.1-71.1%), bla(ACC) (21.1-60.5%), tetracycline-resistant gene tetA (21.1-60.5%), and sulfonamide-resistant gene sulI (18.4-52.6%). Moreover, different MTGs were reported in bacterial isolates, including mercury-resistant merA (21.1-63.2%), copper-resistant copB (18.4-57.9%), chromium-resistant chrA (15.8-44.7%) and arsenic-resistant arsB (10.5-44.7%). This highlights the co-selection and co-occurrence of MTGs and ARGs in remote glacier environments. Different bacteria shared same ARGs, signifying horizontal gene transfer between species. Strong positive correlation among ARGs and MTGs was reported. Metals tolerance range exhibited that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria clustered distinctly. Gram-negative bacteria were significantly tolerant to metals. Amino acid sequences of bla(ACC,)bla(CTX-M,)bla(SHV,)bla(ampC,)qnrA, sulI, tetA and bla(TEM) revealed variations. This study presents promising ARB, harboring ARGs with variations in amino acid sequences, highlighting the need to assess the transcriptome study of glacier bacteria conferring ARGs and MTGs.202337858689
513770.9819Genomic Islands Confer Heavy Metal Resistance in Mucilaginibacter kameinonensis and Mucilaginibacter rubeus Isolated from a Gold/Copper Mine. Heavy metals (HMs) are compounds that can be hazardous and impair growth of living organisms. Bacteria have evolved the capability not only to cope with heavy metals but also to detoxify polluted environments. Three heavy metal-resistant strains of Mucilaginibacer rubeus and one of Mucilaginibacter kameinonensis were isolated from the gold/copper Zijin mining site, Longyan, Fujian, China. These strains were shown to exhibit high resistance to heavy metals with minimal inhibitory concentration reaching up to 3.5 mM Cu((II)), 21 mM Zn((II)), 1.2 mM Cd((II)), and 10.0 mM As((III)). Genomes of the four strains were sequenced by Illumina. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of a high abundance of heavy metal resistance (HMR) determinants. One of the strain, M. rubeus P2, carried genes encoding 6 putative P(IB-1)-ATPase, 5 putative P(IB-3)-ATPase, 4 putative Zn((II))/Cd((II)) P(IB-4) type ATPase, and 16 putative resistance-nodulation-division (RND)-type metal transporter systems. Moreover, the four genomes contained a high abundance of genes coding for putative metal binding chaperones. Analysis of the close vicinity of these HMR determinants uncovered the presence of clusters of genes potentially associated with mobile genetic elements. These loci included genes coding for tyrosine recombinases (integrases) and subunits of mating pore (type 4 secretion system), respectively allowing integration/excision and conjugative transfer of numerous genomic islands. Further in silico analyses revealed that their genetic organization and gene products resemble the Bacteroides integrative and conjugative element CTnDOT. These results highlight the pivotal role of genomic islands in the acquisition and dissemination of adaptive traits, allowing for rapid adaption of bacteria and colonization of hostile environments.201830477188
348380.9818Abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities in the western Pacific and Southern Oceans. This study investigated the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the composition of bacterial communities along a transect covering the western Pacific Ocean (36°N) to the Southern Ocean (74°S) using the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon (total cruise distance: 14,942 km). The relative abundances of ARGs and bacteria were assessed with quantitative PCR and next generation sequencing, respectively. The absolute abundance of ARGs was 3.0 × 10(6) ± 1.6 × 10(6) copies/mL in the western Pacific Ocean, with the highest value (7.8 × 10(6) copies/mL) recorded at a station in the Tasman Sea (37°S). The absolute abundance of ARGs in the Southern Ocean was 1.8-fold lower than that in the western Pacific Ocean, and slightly increased (0.7-fold) toward Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica, possibly resulting from natural terrestrial sources or human activity. β-Lactam and tetracycline resistance genes were dominant in all samples (88-99%), indicating that they are likely the key ARGs in the ocean. Correlation and network analysis showed that Bdellovibrionota, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Margulisbacteria, and Proteobacteria were positively correlated with ARGs, suggesting that these bacteria are the most likely ARG carriers. This study highlights the latitudinal profile of ARG distribution in the open ocean system and provides insights that will help in monitoring emerging pollutants on a global scale.202235085628
775590.9818Anthropogenic impacts on sulfonamide residues and sulfonamide resistant bacteria and genes in Larut and Sangga Besar River, Perak. The environmental reservoirs of sulfonamide (SA) resistome are still poorly understood. We investigated the potential sources and reservoir of SA resistance (SR) in Larut River and Sangga Besar River by measuring the SA residues, sulfamethoxazole resistant (SMX(r)) in bacteria and their resistance genes (SRGs). The SA residues measured ranged from lower than quantification limits (LOQ) to 33.13 ng L(-1) with sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and SMX as most detected. Hospital wastewater effluent was detected with the highest SA residues concentration followed by the slaughterhouse and zoo wastewater effluents. The wastewater effluents also harbored the highest abundance of SMX(r)-bacteria (10(7) CFU mL(-1)) and SRGs (10(-1)/16S copies mL(-1)). Pearson correlation showed only positive correlation between the PO(4) and SMX(r)-bacteria. In conclusion, wastewater effluents from the zoo, hospital and slaughterhouse could serve as important sources of SA residues that could lead to the consequent emergence of SMX(r)-bacteria and SRGs in the river.201931726563
7159100.9818Profiles and natural drivers of antibiotic resistome in multiple environmental media in penguin-colonized area in Antarctica. Profiles and driving mechanisms of antibiotic resistome in the polar region are important for exploring the natural evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, we evaluated the profiles of antibiotic resistome in multiple media on Inexpressible Island, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Average concentrations of ARGs in intracellular DNA (iARGs) among water (3.98 × 10(6) copies/L), soil (3.41 × 10(7) copies/kg), and penguin guano (7.04 × 10(7) copies/kg) were higher than those of ARGs in extracellular DNA (eARGs) among water (1.99 × 10(4) copies/L), soil (1.75 × 10(6) copies/kg), and penguin guano (8.02 × 10(6) copies/kg). It was indicated that the transmission of ARGs across different media occurs with around 77.8% of iARGs from soil and 86.7% of iARGs from penguins observed in water, and 80.7% of iARGs and 56.7% of eARGs from penguins found in soil. Annual inputs of ARGs from Adélie penguins on Inexpressible Island have increased since 1983. Bacitracin, multidrug, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were the main ARGs among water, soil, and penguin guano. Primary medium-risk ARGs associated with human pathogenic bacteria were multidrug resistance genes, and main low-risk ARGs associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were aminoglycoside resistance genes. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from soil and penguins were more phylogenetically related to aquatic antibiotic-resistant mesophiles than aquatic antibiotic-resistant psychrophiles. MGEs, ARB, bacterial diversities, antibiotics, and metals could explain total ARGs between water and soil. Intracellular MGEs were the most significant in-situ driver of iARGs in water, reflecting that horizontal gene transfer could facilitate the spread of ARGs in water. Penguins were important ex-situ drivers of environmental antibiotic resistome, which was linked with risky ARGs between water and soil. These findings highlight the major roles of natural drivers (e.g., MGEs and penguins) in shaping environmental antibiotic resistome in polar areas, improving our understanding of the evolution of environmental microbiome.202540166126
7749110.9817Interaction of ciprofloxacin chlorination products with bacteria in drinking water distribution systems. The interaction of ciprofloxacin chlorination products (CIP-CPs) with bacteria in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) was investigated. The piperazine ring of CIP was destroyed by chlorination. Among of CIP-CPs, by the bacterial role, 7.63% of the derivative with two carboxylic groups went through decarboxylation to form desethylene ciprofloxacin, and then loss of C(2)H(5)N group generated aniline compound. Furthermore, 12.3% of the aniline compound, 7.60% of chlorinated aniline compound and 1.35% of defluorinated product were bio-mineralized. Therefore, the chlorine and bacteria played synergistic effects on transformation of CIP-CPs in DWDSs, contributing to the obvious decrease of genotoxicity in effluents. Correspondingly, the TEQ(4-NQO) decreased from 667μg/L to 9.41μg/L. However, compared with DWDSs without CIP-CPs, the relative abundance of mexA and qnrS increased 1-fold in effluents and the relative abundance of qnrA and qnrB increased 3-fold in biofilms in DWDSs with CIP-CPs. mexA and qnrS positively correlated with Hyphomicrobium, Sphingomonas and Novosphingobium (p<0.05), while qnrA and qnrB positively correlated with Shewanella and Helicobacter (p<0.05), indicating the increase of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) came from the growth of these bacterial genera by transformation of CIP-CPs in DWDSs. These results suggested that biotransformation of antibiotics might increase ARGs risk in DWDSs.201728648729
3615120.9817Insights to antimicrobial resistance: heavy metals can inhibit antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from wastewater. The alarming upsurge in the co-existence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance may have a devastating impact on humans, animals, and the environment. Four metal-resistant bacteria were isolated from hospital effluents and industrial drain. Heavy metal resistance and antimicrobial resistance were examined in the isolates followed by identification through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Delftia tsuruhatensis strain FK-01 and Carnobacterium inhibens strain FK-02 tolerated arsenic with maximal tolerated concentration (MTC) of 30 mM and 10 mM, respectively. Staphylococcus hominis strain FK-04 tolerated copper up to 4 mM and lead-resistant Raoultella ornithinolytica strain FK-05 exhibited tolerance to 1 mM lead. The growth kinetics of bacteria were monitored in the presence of metals and the following antibiotics, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin. The presence of arsenate significantly enhanced tetracycline resistance in C. inhibens. Heavy metal-induced antibiotic resistance was also observed in S. hominis and R. ornithinolytica, against chloramphenicol and tetracycline respectively. D. tsuruhatensis showed resistance to kanamycin but when grown in the presence of arsenic and kanamycin, bacteria lost resistance to the antibiotic. Therefore, it is suggested that the novel arsenate-resistant strain Delftia tsuruhatensis FK-01 has a unique ability to inhibit antimicrobial resistance that can be harnessed in bioremediation.202235254524
6086130.9817Hybrid-genome sequence analysis of Enterobacter cloacae FACU and morphological characterization: insights into a highly arsenic-resistant strain. Many organisms have adapted to survive in environments with high levels of arsenic (As), a naturally occurring metalloid with various oxidation states and a common element in human activities. These organisms employ diverse mechanisms to resist the harmful effects of arsenic compounds. Ten arsenic-resistant bacteria were isolated from contaminated wastewater in this study. The most efficient bacterial isolate able to resist 15,000 ppm Na(2)HAsO(4)·7H(2)O was identified using the 16S rRNA gene and whole genome analysis as Enterobacter cloacae FACU. The arsenic E. cloacae FACU biosorption capability was analyzed. To further unravel the genetic determinants of As stress resistance, the whole genome sequence of E. cloacae FACU was performed. The FACU complete genome sequence consists of one chromosome (5.7 Mb) and two plasmids, pENCL 1 and pENCL 2 (755,058 and 1155666 bp, respectively). 7152 CDSs were identified in the E. cloacae FACU genome. The genome consists of 130 genes for tRNA and 21 for rRNAs. The average G + C content was found to be 54%. Sequencing analysis annotated 58 genes related to resistance to many heavy metals, including 16 genes involved in arsenic efflux transporter and arsenic reduction (five arsRDABC genes) and 42 genes related to lead, zinc, mercury, nickel, silver, copper, cadmium and chromium in FACU. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the difference between the morphological responses of the As-treated FACU compared to the control strain. The study highlights the genes involved in the mechanism of As stress resistance, metabolic pathways, and potential activity of E. cloacae FACU at the genetic level.202439320439
6153140.9817Isolation and characterization of aerobic, culturable, arsenic-tolerant bacteria from lead-zinc mine tailing in southern China. Bioremediation of arsenic (As) pollution is an important environmental issue. The present investigation was carried out to isolate As-resistant novel bacteria and characterize their As transformation and tolerance ability. A total of 170 As-resistant bacteria were isolated from As-contaminated soils at the Kangjiawan lead-zinc tailing mine, located in Hunan Province, southern China. Thirteen As-resistant isolates were screened by exposure to 260 mM Na(2)HAsO(4)·7H(2)O, most of which showed a very high level of resistance to As(5+) (MIC ≥ 600 mM) and As(3+) (MIC ≥ 10 mM). Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated that the 13 isolates tested belong to the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and these isolates were assigned to eight genera, Bacillus, Williamsia, Citricoccus, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas. Genes involved in As resistance were present in 11 of the isolates. All 13 strains transformed As (1 mM); the oxidation and reduction rates were 5-30% and 10-51.2% within 72 h, respectively. The rates of oxidation by Bacillus sp. Tw1 and Pseudomonas spp. Tw224 peaked at 42.48 and 34.94% at 120 h, respectively. For Pseudomonas spp. Tw224 and Bacillus sp. Tw133, the highest reduction rates were 52.01% at 48 h and 48.66% at 144 h, respectively. Our findings will facilitate further research into As metabolism and bioremediation of As pollution by genome sequencing and genes modification.201830446973
3510150.9817Spatiotemporal profile of tetracycline and sulfonamide and their resistance on a catchment scale. Tetracyclines and sulfonamides are the two classes of antibiotics commonly used in the medical, industrial and agricultural activities. Their extensive usage has caused the proliferation and propagation of resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. In this study, the occurrence and distribution of tetracyclines (TC, OTC and CTC) and sulfonamides (SMX, SCX and TMP), their associated ARB and ARGs were quantified in water and sediments collected from the mainstream of Liaohe River, northeast China. The average concentration of tetracyclines was higher in May, while the concentration of sulfonamides was slightly higher in October. The highest concentrations of the total tetracyclines and sulfonamides in sediments were 2.7×10(3) ng/g and 2.1×10(2) ng/g respectively detected in May. All detected ARGs were found generally with high abundance. The tetA, tetB and tetE genes were dominant (4.4×10(-2) to 9.8×10(-1) copies of tet genes/copies of 16S rRNA genes) in total communities, and the average abundance of sul genes was expressed above 10(-1) in the water samples in May and October. Redundance analysis (RDA) and principle component analysis (PCA) indicated that the antibiotic residue was the most important contributor to the level of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes, and some hydrogeological conditions (e.g. flow rate, intersection settlement) influenced the distribution of resistance genes. Results from this study could help understand the proliferation and propagation of antibiotic resistance on a river catchment scale and mitigate the potential risks to public health.201830029318
7757160.9816Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Effect of flow configuration and plant species. This study aims to investigate the removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in raw domestic wastewater by various mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) with different flow configurations or plant species including the constructed wetland with or without plant. Six mesocosm-scale CWs with three flow types (surface flow, horizontal subsurface flow and vertical subsurface flow) and two plant species (Thaliadealbata Fraser and Iris tectorum Maxim) were set up in the outdoor. 8 antibiotics including erythromycin-H2O (ETM-H2O), monensin (MON), clarithromycin (CTM), leucomycin (LCM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfapyridine (SPD) and 12 genes including three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2 and sul3), four tetracycline resistance genes (tetG, tetM, tetO and tetX), two macrolide resistance genes (ermB and ermC), two chloramphenicol resistance genes (cmlA and floR) and 16S rRNA (bacteria) were determined in different matrices (water, particle, substrate and plant phases) from the mesocosm-scale systems. The aqueous removal efficiencies of total antibiotics ranged from 75.8 to 98.6%, while those of total ARGs varied between 63.9 and 84.0% by the mesocosm-scale CWs. The presence of plants was beneficial to the removal of pollutants, and the subsurface flow CWs had higher pollutant removal than the surface flow CWs, especially for antibiotics. According to the mass balance analysis, the masses of all detected antibiotics during the operation period were 247,000, 4920-10,600, 0.05-0.41 and 3500-60,000μg in influent, substrate, plant and effluent of the mesocosm-scale CWs. In the CWs, biodegradation, substrate adsorption and plant uptake all played certain roles in reducing the loadings of nutrients, antibiotics and ARGs, but biodegradation was the most important process in the removal of these pollutants.201627443461
6800170.9816Shotgun Metagenomics-Guided Prediction Reveals the Metal Tolerance and Antibiotic Resistance of Microbes in Poly-Extreme Environments in the Danakil Depression, Afar Region. The occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental microorganisms, particularly in poly-extremophilic bacteria, remain underexplored and have received limited attention. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of ARGs and metal resistance genes (MRGs) in shotgun metagenome sequences obtained from water and salt crust samples collected from Lake Afdera and the Assale salt plain in the Danakil Depression, northern Ethiopia. Potential ARGs were characterized by the comprehensive antibiotic research database (CARD), while MRGs were identified by using BacMetScan V.1.0. A total of 81 ARGs and 39 MRGs were identified at the sampling sites. We found a copA resistance gene for copper and the β-lactam encoding resistance genes were the most abundant the MRG and ARG in the study area. The abundance of MRGs is positively correlated with mercury (Hg) concentration, highlighting the importance of Hg in the selection of MRGs. Significant correlations also exist between heavy metals, Zn and Cd, and ARGs, which suggests that MRGs and ARGs can be co-selected in the environment contaminated by heavy metals. A network analysis revealed that MRGs formed a complex network with ARGs, primarily associated with β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. This suggests potential co-selection mechanisms, posing concerns for both public health and ecological balance.202338136731
6087180.9816Draft genome of Raoultella planticola, a high lead resistance bacterium from industrial wastewater. Isolation of heavy metals-resistant bacteria from their original habitat is a crucial step in bioremediation. Six lead (Pb) resistant bacterial strains were isolated and identified utilizing 16S rRNA to be Enterobacter ludwigii FACU 4, Shigella flexneri FACU, Microbacterium paraoxydans FACU, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumonia FACU, Raoultella planticola FACU 3 and Staphylococcus xylosus FACU. It was determined that all these strains had their Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to be 2500 ppm except R. planticola FACU 3 has a higher maximum tolerance concentration (MTC) up to 2700 ppm. We evaluated the survival of all six strains on lead stress, the efficiency of biosorption and lead uptake. It was found that R. planticola FACU 3 is the highest MTC and S. xylosus FACU was the lowest MTC in this evaluation. Therefore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the difference between the morphological responses of these two strains to lead stress. These findings led to explore more about the genome of R. planticola FACU 3 using illumine Miseq technology. Draft genome sequence analysis revealed the genome size of 5,648,460 bp and G + C content 55.8% and identified 5526 CDS, 75 tRNA and 4 rRNA. Sequencing technology facilitated the identification of about 47 genes related to resistance to many heavy metals including lead, arsenic, zinc, mercury, nickel, silver and chromium of R. planticola FACU 3 strain. Moreover, genome sequencing identified plant growth-promoting genes (PGPGs) including indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, phenazine production, trehalose metabolism and 4-hydroxybenzoate production genes and a lot of antibiotic-resistant genes.202336715862
133190.9816Determinants of Copper Resistance in Acidithiobacillus Ferrivorans ACH Isolated from the Chilean Altiplano. The use of microorganisms in mining processes is a technology widely employed around the world. Leaching bacteria are characterized by having resistance mechanisms for several metals found in their acidic environments, some of which have been partially described in the Acidithiobacillus genus (mainly on ferrooxidans species). However, the response to copper has not been studied in the psychrotolerant Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans strains. Therefore, we propose to elucidate the response mechanisms of A. ferrivorans ACH to high copper concentrations (0-800 mM), describing its genetic repertoire and transcriptional regulation. Our results show that A. ferrivorans ACH can grow in up to 400 mM of copper. Moreover, we found the presence of several copper-related makers, belonging to cop and cus systems, as well as rusticyanins and periplasmatic acop protein in the genome. Interestingly, the ACH strain is the only one in which we find three copies of copB and copZ genes. Moreover, transcriptional expression showed an up-regulation response (acop, copZ, cusA, rusA, and rusB) to high copper concentrations. Finally, our results support the important role of these genes in A. ferrivorans copper stress resistance, promoting the use of the ACH strain in industrial leaching under low temperatures, which could decrease the activation times of oxidation processes and the energy costs.202032722087