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657800.9980Contamination of Fresh Produce with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Associated Risks to Human Health: A Scoping Review. Fresh produce, when consumed raw, can be a source of exposure to antimicrobial residues, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of clinical importance. This review aims to determine: (1) the presence and abundance of antimicrobial residues, ARB and ARGs in fresh agricultural products sold in retail markets and consumed raw; (2) associated health risks in humans; and (3) pathways through which fresh produce becomes contaminated with ARB/ARGs. We searched the Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Hinari databases as well as grey literature, and identified 40 articles for inclusion. All studies investigated the occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and ten studies focused on ARGs in fresh produce, while none investigated antimicrobial residues. The most commonly observed ARB were E. coli (42.5%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.5%), and Salmonella spp. (20%), mainly detected on lettuce. Twenty-five articles mentioned health risks from consuming fresh produce but none quantified the risk. About half of the articles stated produce contamination occurred during pre- and post-harvest processes. Our review indicates that good agricultural and manufacturing practices, behavioural change communication and awareness-raising programs are required for all stakeholders along the food production and consumption supply chain to prevent ARB/ARG exposure through produce.202135010620
657910.9979Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Brazilian Water and the Risks They May Represent to Human Health. The risks of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds (P&EDC) to the environment and human health are a current topic of interest. Hundreds of P&EDC may reach the environment, hence, there is a need to rank the level of concern of human exposure to these compounds. Thus, this work aimed at setting a priority list of P&EDC in Brazil, by studying their occurrence in raw and drinking water, calculating health guideline values (GV), and estimating the risks of population exposure to water intake. Data on the Brazilian pharmaceutical market as well as published data of the monitoring of Brazilian natural and drinking water have been collected by means of an exhaustive literature review. Furthermore, many foreign data were also collected to enable a comparison of the values found in Brazilian studies. A list of 55 P&EDC that have the potential to be found in Brazilian water is proposed, and for 41 of these a risk assessment was performed by estimating their margin of exposure (ME), by considering their occurrence in drinking water, and guideline values estimated from reported acceptable daily intake (ADI) data. For seven compounds the risk was deemed high (three estrogens and four anti-inflammatories), whereas for another seven compounds, it was regarded as an 'alert' situation. Although such risk analysis is conservative, since it has been calculated based on the highest reported P&EDC concentration in drinking water, it highlights the need to enhance their monitoring in Brazil to strengthen the database and support decision makers. An analysis of the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance agents (antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and resistance genes) in surface waters was also carried out and confirmed that such agents are present in water sources throughout Brazil, which deserves the attention of policy makers and health agents to prevent dissemination of antimicrobial resistance through water use.202134831521
658220.9978Effective Treatment Strategies for the Removal of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Antibiotic-Resistance Genes, and Antibiotic Residues in the Effluent From Wastewater Treatment Plants Receiving Municipal, Hospital, and Domestic Wastewater: Protocol for a Systematic Review. BACKGROUND: The widespread and unrestricted use of antibiotics has led to the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic residues in the environment. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed for effective and adequate removal of ARB, ARGs, and antibiotic residues, and therefore, they play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the natural environment. OBJECTIVE: We will conduct a systematic review to determine the most effective treatment strategies for the removal of ARB, ARGs, and antibiotic residues from the treated effluent disposed into the environment from WWTPs that receive municipal, hospital, and domestic discharge. METHODS: We will search the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, World Health Organization Global Index Medicus, and ProQuest Environmental Science Collection databases for full-text peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2001 and December 2020. We will select only articles published in the English language. We will include studies that measured (1) the presence, concentration, and removal rate of ARB/ARGs going from WWTP influent to effluent, (2) the presence, concentration, and types of antibiotics in the effluent, and (3) the possible selection of ARB in the effluent after undergoing treatment processes in WWTPs. At least two independent reviewers will extract data and perform risk of bias assessment. An acceptable or narrative synthesis method will be followed to synthesize the data and present descriptive characteristics of the included studies in a tabular form. The study has been approved by the Ethics Review Board at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (protocol number: PR-20113). RESULTS: This protocol outlines our proposed methodology for conducting a systematic review. Our results will provide an update to the existing literature by searching additional databases. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from our systematic review will inform the planning of proper treatment methods that can effectively reduce the levels of ARB, ARGs, and residual antibiotics in effluent, thus lowering the risk of the environmental spread of AMR and its further transmission to humans and animals. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/33365.202134842550
668630.9978The Impact of Wastewater on Antimicrobial Resistance: A Scoping Review of Transmission Pathways and Contributing Factors. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue driven by the overuse of antibiotics in healthcare, agriculture, and veterinary settings. Wastewater and treatment plants (WWTPs) act as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in addressing AMR. This scoping review analyzes wastewater's role in the AMR spread, identifies influencing factors, and highlights research gaps to guide interventions. METHODS: This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the PubMed and Web of Science databases for articles published up to June 2024, supplemented by manual reference checks. The review focused on wastewater as a source of AMR, including hospital effluents, industrial and urban sewage, and agricultural runoff. Screening and selection were independently performed by two reviewers, with conflicts resolved by a third. RESULTS: Of 3367 studies identified, 70 met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that antibiotic residues, heavy metals, and microbial interactions in wastewater are key drivers of AMR development. Although WWTPs aim to reduce contaminants, they often create conditions conducive to horizontal gene transfer, amplifying resistance. Promising interventions, such as advanced treatment methods and regulatory measures, exist but require further research and implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Wastewater plays a pivotal role in AMR dissemination. Targeted interventions in wastewater management are essential to mitigate AMR risks. Future studies should prioritize understanding AMR dynamics in wastewater ecosystems and evaluating scalable mitigation strategies to support global health efforts.202540001375
660340.9978Antimicrobial resistance in southeast Asian water environments: A systematic review of current evidence and future research directions. Antimicrobial resistance has been a serious and complex issue for over a decade. Although research on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has mainly focused on clinical and animal samples as essential for treatment, the AMR situation in aquatic environments may vary and have complicated patterns according to geographical area. Therefore, this study aimed to examine recent literature on the current situation and identify gaps in the AMR research on freshwater, seawater, and wastewater in Southeast Asia. The PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for relevant publications published from January 2013 to June 2023 that focused on antimicrobial resistance bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) among water sources. Based on the inclusion criteria, the final screening included 41 studies, with acceptable agreement assessed using Cohen's inter-examiner kappa equal to 0.866. This review found that 23 out of 41 included studies investigated ARGs and ARB reservoirs in freshwater rather than in seawater and wastewater, and it frequently found that Escherichia coli was a predominant indicator in AMR detection conducted by both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Different ARGs, such as bla(TEM), sul1, and tetA genes, were found to be at a high prevalence in wastewater, freshwater, and seawater. Existing evidence highlights the importance of wastewater management and constant water monitoring in preventing AMR dissemination and strengthening effective mitigation strategies. This review may be beneficial for updating current evidence and providing a framework for spreading ARB and ARGs, particularly region-specific water sources. Future AMR research should include samples from various water systems, such as drinking water or seawater, to generate contextually appropriate results. Robust evidence regarding standard detection methods is required for prospective-era work to raise practical policies and alerts for developing microbial source tracking and identifying sources of contamination-specific indicators in aquatic environment markers.202337394072
660450.9978The spread of antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment from faecal pollution: a scoping review of a multifaceted issue. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health concern accelerated by the misuse and mismanagement of antibiotics in clinical and veterinary settings, leading to longer treatment times, increased costs and greater mortality rates. The environment can play a major role as a source and disseminator of AMR, with faecal pollution, from both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic sources making a significant contribution. The review aimed to identify how faecal pollution contributes to AMR in surface water, focusing on current methods of source tracking faecal pollution. The databases used were Medline Ovid® and Scopus. From the search, 744 papers from January 2020 to November 2023 were identified, and after the screening, 33 papers were selected that reported on AMR, aquatic environments and faecal pollution and were published in English. The studies were from six different continents, most were from Europe and Asia indicating faecal pollution is influenced by spatiotemporal differences such as population and sanitation infrastructure. Multiple different methodologies were used with a lack of standardised methods making comparability challenging. All studies identified AMR strains of faecal indicator bacteria showing resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams and tetracyclines. Few studies investigated mobile gene elements with class 1 integrons being the most frequently studied. Wastewater treatment plants were significant contributors, releasing large amounts of AMR bacteria into the environment. Environmental factors such as seasonal differences, temperature, rainfall and UV exposure, along with local antibiotic usage influenced the local resistome. Animals, both wild and domestic, introduced antimicrobial resistance genes and potential pathogens into the aquatic environment. Overall, faecal pollution is a complicated issue with multiple factors contributing to and facilitating the spread of AMR. Standardisation of methods and surveillance, robust wastewater management and further research into AMR dissemination are needed to address the human health, animal health and environmental concerns.202540131552
655860.9978Does Irrigation with Treated and Untreated Wastewater Increase Antimicrobial Resistance in Soil and Water: A Systematic Review. Population growth and water scarcity necessitate alternative agriculture practices, such as reusing wastewater for irrigation. Domestic wastewater has been used for irrigation for centuries in many historically low-income and arid countries and is becoming more widely used by high-income countries to augment water resources in an increasingly dry climate. Wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in removing all contaminants, such as antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Literature reviews on the impact of wastewater irrigation on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment have been inconclusive and mostly focused on treated wastewater. We conducted the first systematic review to assess the impact of irrigation with both treated or untreated domestic wastewater on ARB and ARGs in soil and adjacent water bodies. We screened titles/abstracts of 3002 articles, out of which 41 were screened in full text and 26 were included in this review. Of these, thirteen investigated irrigation with untreated wastewater, and nine found a positive association with ARB/ARGs in soil. Out of thirteen studies focused on treated wastewater, six found a positive association with ARB/ARGs while six found mixed/negative associations. Our findings demonstrate that irrigation with untreated wastewater increases AMR in soil and call for precautionary action by field workers, their families, and consumers when untreated wastewater is used to irrigate crops. The effect of irrigation with treated wastewater was more variable among the studies included in our review, highlighting the need to better understand to what extent AMR is disseminated through this practice. Future research should assess factors that modify the effect of wastewater irrigation on AMR in soil, such as the degree and type of wastewater treatment, and the duration and intensity of irrigation, to inform guidelines on the reuse of wastewater for irrigation.202134769568
258770.9978Prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria (2015-2020): A systematic review. Foods are essential vehicles in human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria which serve as reservoirs for resistance genes and a rising food safety concern. Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem globally and poses a serious concern to human health. This study was designed to synthesize data regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area. A comprehensive literature search on the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria from 2015 to 2020 was conducted using three databases; PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. After screening and selection, 26 out of 82 articles were used for the qualitative data synthesis. Of the total of one thousand three hundred and twenty-six MDR bacteria reportedly isolated in all twenty-six articles, the highest prevalence (660) was observed in drinks, including water, while the lowest (20) was observed in the article which combined results for both protein and vegetable-based foods. Escherichia sp. had the most frequency of occurrence, appearing as MDR bacteria in ten out of the twenty-six articles. Salmonella sp. appeared as MDR in seven out of the twenty-six articles included in this study, in all seven articles where it was reported, it had the highest percentage (85.4%) prevalence as MDR bacteria. Public health personnel need to ensure critical control during the production and handling of foods and drinks, as well as create more awareness on proper hygienic practices to combat the spread of MDR bacteria becoming a growing food safety issue (Zurfluh et al., 2019; Mesbah et al., 2017; Campos et al., 2019). Foods can be contaminated by different means, including exposure to irrigation water, manure, feces or soil with pathogenic bacteria. Foods can also become contaminated as they are harvested, handled after harvest or during processing if food safety standards are not correctly applied (Meshbah et al., 2017). Food-borne diseases caused by resistant organisms are one of the most important public health problems as they contribute to the risk of development of antibiotic resistance in the food production chain (Hehempour-Baltork et al., 2019). Apart from pathogenic bacteria causing foodborne diseases, foods that are raw or not processed following standard procedures can introduce several antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to consumers (Gekemidis et al., 2018). Antibiotic resistance, though harbored in non-pathogenic bacteria, can potentially be spread through horizontal gene transfer to other species including opportunistic pathogens that are present in the environment or after consumption of ARB-contaminated foods. When ARB-contaminated foods are consumed, the spread of antibiotic resistant genes may affect the gut microbiome thereby contributing to the pool of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) in the human gut (Gekemidis et al, 2018). MDR bacteria have been defined as bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent present in three or more antimicrobial classes (Sweeny et al., 2018). There has been an increase in drug resistance in pathogens isolated from food for human consumption with species of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica being considered among the most important pathogens due to their ability to effect zoonotic transfer of resistant genes (Canton et al., 2018; Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019). However, other pathogens, such as Vibrio spp., some species of Aeromonas, spores of Clostridium botulinum type F, and Campylobacter, have been linked to food-borne diseases in humans who have consumed seafood or other animal foods (Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019). Some other resistant bacteria associated with foods include Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp., and Shigella spp. (Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019) This study was therefore designed to synthesize data (2015-2020) regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area.202135018289
653980.9977An alternative material for an effective treatment technique proposal in the light of bibliometric profile of global scientific research on antibiotic resistance and Escherichia coli. Antibiotic resistance is considered by the countries to be a global health issue and a huge threat to public health. The reduction of resistant microorganisms from water/wastewater is of importance in environmental sciences since they are resistant in the aquatic environment. In this study, a bibliometric analysis of literature from the field of environmental science in water ecosystems from 2015 to 2019 was carried out using the keywords "Antibiotic Resistance (AR)" and "Escherichia coli". Furthermore, using the keywords of "Fresh Water," "Sea Water," and "Waste Water," 155, 52, and 57 studies were discovered, respectively. It is found that 217 studies of the total 2115 studies investigated on AR are mostly performed in the "Waste Water" by considering human health. Given the studies, an up-to-date solution should be proposed since the release of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from wastewater treatment plants needs to be mitigated. For this reason, it is obvious that working on micro and macro ecosystems will increase the probability of solutions in antibiotic resistance. A discussion of removal techniques for coliform bacteria, particularly antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli, was presented. One of the unique values of this study is to offer an innovative solution that removing them by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging crystalline hybrid materials. MOFs are used for environmental, biological, and food antimicrobial substances efficiently. Therefore, we can give inspiration to the future studies of antimicrobial resistance removal via adsorption using MOFs as adsorbents. Graphical Abstract.202033079229
658090.9977Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport. The transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between food-producing animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) during short journeys (< 8 h) and long journeys (> 8 h) directed to other farms or to the slaughterhouse lairage (directly or with intermediate stops at assembly centres or control posts, mainly transported by road) was assessed. Among the identified risk factors contributing to the probability of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), the ones considered more important are the resistance status (presence of ARB/ARGs) of the animals pre-transport, increased faecal shedding, hygiene of the areas and vehicles, exposure to other animals carrying and/or shedding ARB/ARGs (especially between animals of different AMR loads and/or ARB/ARG types), exposure to contaminated lairage areas and duration of transport. There are nevertheless no data whereby differences between journeys shorter or longer than 8 h can be assessed. Strategies that would reduce the probability of AMR transmission, for all animal categories include minimising the duration of transport, proper cleaning and disinfection, appropriate transport planning, organising the transport in relation to AMR criteria (transport logistics), improving animal health and welfare and/or biosecurity immediately prior to and during transport, ensuring the thermal comfort of the animals and animal segregation. Most of the aforementioned measures have similar validity if applied at lairage, assembly centres and control posts. Data gaps relating to the risk factors and the effectiveness of mitigation measures have been identified, with consequent research needs in both the short and longer term listed. Quantification of the impact of animal transportation compared to the contribution of other stages of the food-production chain, and the interplay of duration with all risk factors on the transmission of ARB/ARGs during transport and journey breaks, were identified as urgent research needs.202236304831
6718100.9977Agroecosystem exploration for Antimicrobial Resistance in Ahmedabad, India: A Study Protocol. INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the leading threats to public health. AMR possesses a multidimensional challenge that has social, economic, and environmental dimensions that encompass the food production system, influencing human and animal health. The One Health approach highlights the inextricable linkage and interdependence between the health of people, animal, agriculture, and the environment. Antibiotic use in any of these areas can potentially impact the health of others. There is a dearth of evidence on AMR from the natural environment, such as the plant-based agriculture sector. Antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and related AMR genes (ARGs) are assumed to present in the natural environment and disseminate resistance to fresh produce/vegetables and thus to human health upon consumption. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of vegetables in the spread of AMR through an agroecosystem exploration in Ahmedabad, India. PROTOCOL: The present study will be executed in Ahmedabad, located in Gujarat state in the Western part of India, by adopting a mixed-method approach. First, a systematic review will be conducted to document the prevalence of ARB and ARGs on fresh produce in South Asia. Second, agriculture farmland surveys will be used to collect the general farming practices and the data on common vegetables consumed raw by the households in Ahmedabad. Third, vegetable and soil samples will be collected from the selected agriculture farms and analyzed for the presence or absence of ARB and ARGs using standard microbiological and molecular methods. DISCUSSION: The analysis will help to understand the spread of ARB/ARGs through the agroecosystem. This is anticipated to provide an insight into the current state of ARB/ARGs contamination of fresh produce/vegetables and will assist in identifying the relevant strategies for effectively controlling and preventing the spread of AMR.202338644926
6710110.9977Potential of the livestock industry environment as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a global issue requiring serious attention and management. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock for growth promotion, disease prevention, and treatment has led to the dissemination of AMR bacteria and resistance genes into the environment. In addition, unethical antibiotic sales without prescriptions, poor sanitation, and improper disposal cause significant amounts of antibiotics used in livestock to enter the environment, causing the emergence of resistant bacteria. Intensive livestock farming is an important source of AMR genes, environmental bacteria contamination, and possible transfer to human pathogens. Bacteria intrinsically antibiotic resistant, which are independent of antibiotic use, further complicate AMR and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality following infections by AMR bacteria. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus spp. are commonly found in livestock that carry resistance genes and have a risk of human infection. The impact of AMR, if left unchecked, could lead to substantial public health burdens globally, with a predicted mortality rate higher than cancer by 2050. "One Health" integrates strategies across human, animal, and environmental health domains, including improving antibiotic stewardship in livestock, preventing infection, and raising awareness regarding the judicious use of antibiotics. The use of antibiotic alternatives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and vaccinations, to control or prevent infections in livestock will help to avoid over-reliance on antibiotics. Coordinated international actions are needed to mitigate the spread of AMR through improved regulations, technology improvements, and awareness campaigns.202540201833
6547120.9977An overview on the prevalence and potential impact of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance in the aquatic environment of India. India at present is one of the leading countries in antimicrobial drug production and use, leading to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and public health problems. Attention has mainly been focused on the human and food animals' contribution to AMR neglecting the potential contribution of the perceptibly degraded aquatic environment in India. The paper reviews the available published literature in India on the prevalence of antimicrobial residues and their dissemination pathways in wastewater of pharmaceutical industries, sewage treatment plants, hospitals, riverine, community pond water, and groundwater. The prevalence of antimicrobial residue concentration, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB), their drug resistance levels, and their specific antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) occurring in various water matrices of India have been comprehensively depicted from existing literature. The concentration of some widely used antimicrobials recorded from the sewage treatment plants and hospital wastewater and rivers in India has been compared with other countries. The ecotoxicological risk posed by these antimicrobials in the various water matrices in India indicated high hazard quotient (HQ) values for pharmaceutical effluents, hospital effluents, and river water. The degraded aquatic environment exhibited the selection of a wide array of co-existent resistant genes for antibiotics and metals. The review revealed improper use of antibiotics and inadequate wastewater treatment as major drivers of AMR contaminating water bodies in India and suggestion for containing the challenges posed by AMR in India has been proposed.202337530878
6687130.9977Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture: Challenges, Trends Analysis, and Alternative Approaches. Antibiotic resistance in aquaculture has emerged as a global crisis, representing a serious threat to the health of aquatic animals, environment, and human. The extensive use of antibiotics in aquaculture has led to rapid development of resistant bacterial strains, resulting in environmental contamination and the dissemination of resistant genes. Understanding of the research trends, key contributors, and thematic evolution of this field is essential for guiding future studies and policy interventions. The study aimed to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research on antibiotic resistance development in aquaculture, identifying key areas of research, leading contributors, emerging challenges, and alternative solutions. Data were extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) database covering the period from 2000 to 2025. A systematic search strategy was employed, utilizing terms including "antibiotic resistance" AND "bacteria," AND "aquaculture". Relevant publications were extracted from the WoS using these keywords. R-tool was then used to analyze the obtained metadata including keywords, citation patterns, and co-authored country. The analysis revealed a remarkable increase in publications over the past 25 years, with key contributions from China, India, and the USA. The most significant articles focused on the presence of multidrug resistant bacteria in the aquatic environments and, antibiotic-resistant genes, and horizontal gene transfer. Probiotics are the alternative solution to overcome the antibiotic resistance and enhance aquaculture sustainability. Future research should focus on the interdisciplinary collaboration, novel antimicrobial alternatives, and global monitoring approaches.202540558188
6648140.9977Multi-Drug Resistant Coliform: Water Sanitary Standards and Health Hazards. Water constitutes and sustains life; however, its pollution afflicts its necessity, further worsening its scarcity. Coliform is one of the largest groups of bacteria evident in fecally polluted water, a major public health concern. Coliform thrive as commensals in the gut of warm-blooded animals, and are indefinitely passed through their feces into the environment. They are also called as model organisms as their presence is indicative of the prevalence of other potential pathogens, thus coliform are and unanimously employed as adept indicators of fecal pollution. As only a limited accessible source of fresh water is available on the planet, its contamination severely affects its usability. Coliform densities vary geographically and seasonally which leads to the lack of universally uniform regulatory guidelines regarding water potability often leads to ineffective detection of these model organisms and the misinterpretation of water quality status. Remedial measures such as disinfection, reducing the nutrient concentration or re-population doesn't hold context in huge lotic ecosystems such as freshwater rivers. There is also an escalating concern regarding the prevalence of multi-drug resistance in coliforms which renders antibiotic therapy incompetent. Antimicrobials are increasingly used in household, clinical, veterinary, animal husbandry and agricultural settings. Sub-optimal concentrations of these antimicrobials are unintentionally but regularly dispensed into the environment through seepages, sewages or runoffs from clinical or agricultural settings substantially adding to the ever-increasing pool of antibiotic resistance genes. When present below their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), these antimicrobials trigger the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes that the coliform readily assimilate and further propagate to pathogens, the severity of which is evidenced by the high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index shown by the bacterial isolates procured from the environmental. This review attempts to assiduously anthologize the use of coliforms as water quality standards, their existent methods of detection and the issue of arising multi-drug resistance in them.201829946253
6602150.9977Environmental Risk Factors Contributing to the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in West Africa. Antibiotic resistance is a well-documented global health challenge that disproportionately impacts low- and middle-income countries. In 2019, the number of deaths attributed to and associated with antibiotic resistance in Western Sub-Saharan Africa was approximately 27 and 115 per 100,000, respectively, higher than in other regions worldwide. Extensive research has consistently confirmed the persistent presence and spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, among livestock, within food supply chains, and across various environmental contexts. This review documents the environmental risk factors contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance in West Africa. We collected studies from multiple West African countries using the Web of Science and PubMed databases. We screened them for factors associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes between 2018 and 2024. Our findings indicate that antibiotic resistance remains a significant concern in West Africa, with environmental pollution and waste management identified as major factors in the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes between 2018 and 2024. Additional contributing factors include poor hygiene, the use of antibiotics in agriculture, aquaculture, and animal farming, and the transmission of antibiotic resistance within hospital settings. Unfortunately, the lack of comprehensive genetic characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes hinders a thorough understanding of this critical issue in the region. Since antibiotic resistance transcends national borders and can spread within and between countries, it is essential to understand the environmental risk factors driving its dissemination in West African countries. Such understanding will be instrumental in developing and recommending effective strategies nationally and internationally to combat antibiotic resistance.202540284787
6577160.9977Evaluating Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Commercial Struvite Recovered from Wastewater. Controlled struvite (NH(4)MgPO(4)·6H(2)O) precipitation has become a well-known process for nutrient recovery from wastewater treatment systems to alleviate the pressures of diminishing, finite rock phosphate reservoirs. Nonetheless, coprecipitation of potential microbial and chemical hazards is poorly understood. On the other hand, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern and wastewater is thought to disseminate resistance genes within bacteria. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are typically used as measures of treatment quality, and with multiresistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. rising in concern, the quantification of FIB can be used as a preliminary method to assess the risk of AMR. Focusing on struvite produced from full-scale operations, culture and qPCR methods were utilized to identify FIB, antibiotic resistance genes, and human enteric viruses in the final product. Detection of these hazards occurred in both wet and dry struvite samples indicating that there is a potential risk that needs further consideration. Chemical and biological analyses support the idea that the presence of other wastewater components can impact struvite formation through ion and microbial interference. While heavy metal concentrations met current fertilizer standards, the presence of K, Na, Ca, and Fe ions can impact struvite purity yet provide benefit for agricultural uses. Additionally, the quantified hazards detected varied among struvite samples produced from different methods and sources, thus indicating that production methods could be a large factor in the risk associated with wastewater-recovered struvite. In all, coprecipitation of metals, fecal indicator bacteria, antimicrobial resistance genes, and human enteric viruses with struvite was shown to be likely, and future engineered wastewater systems producing struvite may require additional step(s) to manage these newly identified public health risks.201930964655
6688170.9977Antibiotic resistant bacteria: A bibliometric review of literature. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) are a serious threat to the health of people and the ecological environment. With this problem becoming more and more serious, more countries made research on the ARB, and the research number has been sharply increased particularly over the past decade. Therefore, it is quite necessary to globally retrace relevant researches on the ARB published from 2010 to 2020. This will help researchers to understand the current research situation, research trends and research hotspots in this field. This paper uses bibliometrics to examine publications in the field of ARB from 2010 to 2020 that were retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS). Our study performed a statistical analysis of the countries, institutions, journals, authors, research areas, author keywords, Essential Science Indicators (ESI) highly cited papers, and ESI hotspots papers to provide an overview of the ARB field as well as research trends, research hotspots, and future research directions in the field. The results showed that the number of related studies is increasing year by year; the USA is most published in the field of ARB; China is the most active in this field in the recent years; the Chinese Acad Sci published the most articles; Sci. Total Environ. published the greatest number of articles; CM Manaia has the most contributions; Environmental Sciences and Ecology is the most popular research area; and "antibiotic resistance," "antibiotics," and "antibiotic resistance genes" were the most frequently occurring author keywords. A citation analysis showed that aquatic environment-related antibiotic resistance is a key research area in this field, while antimicrobial nanomaterial-related research is a recent popular topic.202236466520
6581180.9977Do wastewater treatment plants increase antibiotic resistant bacteria or genes in the environment? Protocol for a systematic review. BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance is a global public health threat. Water from human activities is collected at wastewater treatment plants where processes often do not sufficiently neutralize antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes, which are further shed into the local environment. This protocol outlines the steps to conduct a systematic review based on the Population, Exposure, Comparator and Outcome (PECO) framework, aiming at answering the question "Are antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae and antimicrobial resistance genes present (O) in air and water samples (P) taken either near or downstream or downwind or down-gradient from wastewater treatment plants (E), as compared to air and water samples taken either further away or upstream or upwind or up-gradient from such wastewater treatment plant (C)?" Presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and genes will be quantitatively measured by extracting their prevalence or concentration, depending on the reviewed study. METHODS: We will search PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane database and Web of Science for original articles published from 1 Jan 2000 to 3 Sep 2018 with language restriction. Articles will undergo a relevance and a design screening process. Data from eligible articles will be extracted by two independent reviewers. Further, we will perform a risk of bias assessment using a decision matrix. We will synthesize and present results in narrative and tabular form and will perform a meta-analysis if heterogeneity of results allows it. DISCUSSION: Antibiotic resistance in environmental samples around wastewater treatment plants may pose a risk of exposure to workers and nearby residents. Results from the systematic review outlined in this protocol will allow to estimate the extend of exposure, to inform policy making and help to design future studies.201931806019
4204190.9977Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Meat and Meat Products: A One Health Perspective. According to the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations, one of the sustainable development goals is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. The need to ensure food safety includes, other than microbiological hazards, concerns with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. The emergence of resistant bacteria in the food industry is essentially due to the abusive, and sometimes incorrect, administration of antimicrobials. Although not allowed in Europe, antimicrobials are often administered to promote animal growth. Each time antimicrobials are used, a selective pressure is applied to AMR bacteria. Moreover, AMR genes can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of meat-harbouring-resistant bacteria, which highlights the One Health dimension of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, the appropriate use of antimicrobials to ensure efficacy and the best possible outcome for the treatment of infections is regulated through the recommendations of antimicrobial stewardship. The present manuscript aims to give the current state of the art about the transmission of AMR bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., along with other ESKAPE bacteria, from animals to humans through the consumption of meat and meat products, with emphasis on pork meat and pork meat products, which are considered the most consumed worldwide.202337894239