COMMUNITY - Word Related Documents




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692100.9966Impacts of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on the Bacterial Communities, Sulfonamides and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Paddy Soil Under Rice-Wheat Rotation. The responses of sulfonamides, sulfonamide-resistance genes (sul) and soil bacterial communities to different fertilization regimes were investigated by performing a field experiment using paddy soil with no fertilizer applied, chemical fertilizer applied, organic fertilizer applied, and combination of chemical and organic fertilizer applied. Applying organic fertilizer increased the bacterial community diversity and affected the bacterial community composition. Eutrophic bacteria (Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria) were significantly enriched by applying organic fertilizer. It was also found organic fertilizer application increased sulfamethazine content and the relative abundances of sul1 and sul2 in the soil. In contrast, applying chemical fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of Nitrospirae, Parcubacteria, and Verrucomicrobia and caused no obvious changes on sul. Correlation analysis indicated that sul enrichment was associated with the increases in sulfamethazine content and potential hosts (e.g., Novosphingobium and Rhodoplanes) population. The potential ecological risks of antibiotics in paddy soil with organic fertilizer applied cannot be ignored.202236547725
691710.9964Response characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities during agricultural waste composting: Focusing on biogas residue combined with biochar amendments. This research investigated biogas residue and biochar addition on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and changes in bacterial community during agricultural waste composting. Sequencing technique investigated bacterial community structure and ARGs, MGEs changes. Correlations among physicochemical factors, ARGs, MGEs, and bacterial community structure were determined using redundancy analysis. Results confirmed that biochar and biogas residue amendments effectively lowered the contents of ARGs and MGEs. The main ARGs detected was sul1. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the main host bacteria strongly associated with the dissemination of ARGs. The dynamic characteristics of the bacterial community were strongly correlated with pile temperature and pH (P < 0.05). Redundancy and network analysis revealed that nitrate, intI1, and Firmicutes mainly affected the in ARGs changes. Therefore, regulating these key variables would effectively suppress the ARGs spread and risk of compost use.202336657587
692620.9963Insights into the driving factors of vertical distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in long-term fertilized soils. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soils has aroused wide attention. However, the influence of long-term fertilization on the distribution of ARGs in different soil layers and its dominant drivers remain largely unknown. In this study, a total of 203 ARGs were analyzed in greenhouse vegetable soils (0-100 cm from a 13-year field experiment applied with different fertilizers (control, chemical fertilizer, organic manure, and mixed fertilizer). Compared with unfertilized and chemically fertilized soils, manure application significantly increased the abundance and alpha diversity of soil ARGs, where the assembly of ARG communities was strongly driven by stochastic processes. The distribution of ARGs was significantly driven by manure application within 60 cm, while it was insignificantly changed in soil below 60 cm under different fertilization regimes. The inter-correlations of ARGs with mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and microbiota were strengthened in manured soil, indicating manure application posed a higher risk for ARGs diffusion in subsurface soil. Bacteria abundance and MGEs directly influenced ARG abundance and composition, whereas soil depth and manure application indirectly influenced ARG abundance and composition by affecting antibiotics. These results strengthen our understanding of the long-term anthropogenic influence on the vertical distribution of soil ARGs and highlight the ecological risk of ARGs in subsurface soil induced by long-term manure application.202337247491
693730.9962Differential responses of bacterial and archaeal communities to biodegradable and non-biodegradable microplastics in river. Microplastics are widespread environmental pollutants that pose risks to ecosystems, yet their effects on bacterial and archaeal communities in aquatic ecosystems remain understudied. In this study, we performed a 14-day microcosm experiment combined with metagenomic sequencing to compare bacterial and archaeal responses to a biodegradable microplastic (polylactic acid, PLA) and a non-biodegradable microplastic (polyvinyl chloride, PVC). Microplastics selectively enriched distinct microbial assemblages, with Pseudomonadota and Euryarchaeota identified as the dominant bacterial and archaeal phyla, accounting for 67.83 % and 15.95 %, respectively. Archaeal community in surrounding water were more sensitive to colonization time than bacterial community. Compared to the surrounding water, the plastisphere displayed simpler and more loosely connected microbial networks. Notably, co-occurrence networks of both bacteria and archaea in the PVC plastisphere were predominantly shaped by symbiotic interactions. Both bacteria and archaea carried diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but PLS-PM indicated that bacteria were the primary drivers of ARG dissemination (path coefficient = 0.952). While the PVC plastisphere showed higher ARG abundance than the PLA plastisphere, elevated intI1 expression in the PLA plastisphere suggests a potentially greater risk of ARG dissemination associated with PLA microplastics. These findings reveal the distinct effects of PLA and PVC microplastics on microbial communities and highlight the role of microplastics in ARG dissemination, emphasizing their ecological risks in aquatic ecosystems.202540712359
812340.9962The effect of bulk-biochar and nano-biochar amendment on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in microplastic contaminated soil. Biochar amendment has significant benefits in removing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil. Nevertheless, there is little information on ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil. Herein, a 42-day soil microcosm experiment were carried out to study how two coconut shell biochars (bulk- and nano-size) eliminate soil ARGs with/without microplastic presence. The results showed that microplastic increased significantly the numbers and abundances of ARGs in soil at 14d of cultivation. And, two biochars amendment effectively inhibited soil ARGs spread whether or not microplastic was present, especially for nano-biochar which had more effective removal compared to bulk-biochar. However, microplastic weakened soil ARGs removal after applying same biochar. Two biochars removed ARGs through decreasing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs, potential host-bacteria abundances, some bacteria crowding the eco-niche of hosts and promoting soil properties. The adverse effect of microplastic on ARGs removal was mainly caused by weakening mobile genetic elements (MGEs) removal, and by changing soil properties. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis indicated that biochar's effect on ARGs profile was changed by its size and microplastic presence through altering MGEs abundances. These results highlight that biochar amendment is still an effective method for ARGs removal in microplastic contaminated soil.202437907163
691650.9961Mobile genetic elements in potential host microorganisms are the key hindrance for the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in industrial-scale composting with municipal solid waste. During the municipal solid waste (MSW) composting, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) could be one of the concerns to hinder the application of MSW composting. However, the understanding of enrichment and dissemination of ARGs during the industrial-scale composting is still not clear. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the ARG distributions at different stages in an industrial-scale MSW composting plant. Seven target ARGs and four target mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities were investigated. The abundances of ARGs and MGEs increased during two aerobic thermophilic stages, but they decreased in most ARGs and MGEs after composting. Network analysis showed that potential host bacteria of ARGs were mainly Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. The reduction of potential host bacteria was important to remove ARGs. MGEs were an important factor hindering ARG removal. Water-extractable S and pH were two main physicochemical factors in the changes of microbial community and the abundance of ARGs.202031962245
811560.9961Effects of reductive soil disinfestation on potential pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes in soil. Reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) is commonly employed for soil remediation in greenhouse cultivation. However, its influence on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil remains uncertain. This study investigated the dynamic changes in soil communities, potential bacterial pathogens, and ARG profiles under various organic material treatments during RSD, including distillers' grains, potato peel, peanut vine, and peanut vine combined with charcoal. Results revealed that applying diverse organic materials in RSD significantly altered bacterial community composition and diminished the relative abundance of potential bacterial pathogens (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of high-risk ARGs decreased by 10.7%-30.6% after RSD treatments, the main decreased ARG subtypes were AAC(3)_Via, dfrA1, ErmB, lnuB, aadA. Actinobacteria was the primary host of ARGs and was suppressed by RSD. Soil physicochemical properties, such as total nitrogen, soil pH, total carbon, were crucial factors affecting ARG profiles. Our findings demonstrated that RSD treatment inhibited pathogenic bacteria and could be an option for reducing high-risk ARG proliferation in soil.202539306413
809870.9960Elimination of antibiotic resistance genes and human pathogenic bacteria by earthworms during vermicomposting of dewatered sludge by metagenomic analysis. This study used a metagenomic approach to investigate the effects of earthworms on ARGs and HPB during the vermicomposting of dewatered sludge. Results showed that 139 types of ARGs were found in sludge vermicompost, affiliated to 30 classes. Compared with the control, the total abundance of ARGs in sludge vermicompost decreased by 41.5%. Moreover, the types and sequences of plasmids and integrons were also decreased by vermicomposting. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the most dominant hosts of ARGs in sludge vermicompost. In addition, earthworms reduced the total HPB abundance and modified their diversity, thus leading to higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in sludge vermicompost. However, the sludge vermicompost was still ARG and HPB enriched, indicating a remaining environmental risk for agricultural purpose. The observed change of microbial community and the reduction of mobile genetic elements caused by earthworm activity are the main reasons for the alleviation of ARG pollution during vermicomposting.202031787516
691580.9960Industrial-scale aerobic composting of livestock manures with the addition of biochar: Variation of bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes caused by various composting stages. The presence of large amounts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock manures poses an impending, tough safety risk to ecosystems. To investigate more comprehensively the mechanisms of ARGs removal from industrial-scale composting of livestock manure based on biochar addition, we tracked the dynamics of bacterial community and ARGs at various stages of aerobic composting of livestock manures with 10% biochar. There were no significant effects of biochar on the bacterial community and the profiles of ARGs. During aerobic composting, the relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) showed overall trends of decreasing and then increasing. The key factor driving the dynamics of ARGs was bacterial community composition, and the potential hosts of ARGs were Caldicoprobacter, Tepidimicrobium, Ignatzschineria, Pseudogracilibacillus, Actinomadura, Flavobacterium and Planifilum. The retention of the thermophilic bacteria and the repopulation of the initial bacteria were the dominant reasons for the increase in ARGs at maturation stage. Additionally, among the MGEs, the relative abundance of transposon gene was substantially removed, while the integron genes remained at high relative abundance. Our results highlighted that the suitability of biochar addition to industrial-scale aerobic composting needs to be further explored and that effective measures are needed to prevent the increase of ARGs content on maturation stage.202236162559
810090.9960Composting temperature directly affects the removal of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in livestock manure. The high antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs) contents in livestock manure pose a potential risk to environment and human health. The heap composting with an ambient temperature and thermophilic composting are two methods for converting livestock manure into fertilizer. This study investigated the variations in ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and revealed potential mechanisms for ARGs removal using the two composting methods. The ARGs abundance were enriched by 44-fold in heap composting, among them, the macrolide-resistance genes increased significantly. On the contrary, the ARGs were removed by 92% in thermophilic composting, among them, tetracycline-resistance genes decreased by 97%. The bacterial hosts of ARGs were associated with the variations of ARGs and MGEs. The tetO was correlated with the most diverse bacteria in heap composting, and Bacteroidetes was the major host bacteria. While tetT was correlated with the most diverse bacteria in thermophilic composting, and Proteobacteria was the major host bacteria. Structural equation models showed that the enrichment of ARGs in heap composting was mainly correlated with bacterial communities, whereas, the removal of ARGs in thermophilic composting was directly affect by MGEs. Composting temperature directly affected the variations in ARGs. Higher and lower temperatures significantly decreased and increased, respectively, ARGs and MGEs abundance levels.202235306090
8101100.9960Enhanced removal of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements during swine manure composting inoculated with mature compost. Livestock manure is a major source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that enter the environment. This study assessed the effects of inoculation with mature compost (MC) on the fates of ARGs and the bacterial community during swine manure composting. The results showed that MC prolonged the thermophilic period and promoted the decomposition of organic matter, which was due to the rapid growth and reproduction of thermophilic bacteria (Bacillus, Thermobifida, and Thermobacillus). MC significantly reduced the relative abundances of ARGs (1.02 logs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (1.70 logs) after composting, especially sulfanilamide resistance genes. The total ARGs removal rate was 1.11 times higher in MC than the control. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling showed that horizontal gene transfer mediated by MGEs (ISCR1 and intI1) was the main direct factor related to the changes in ARGs during composting, whereas the C/N ratio and pH were the two most important indirect factors. Network analysis showed that members of Firmicutes comprising Romboutsia, Clostridisensu_stricto_1, and Terrisporobacter were the main bacterial hosts of ARGs and MGEs. MC reduced the risk of ARGs transmission by decreasing the abundances of bacterial hosts. Thus, MC is a promising strategy for reducing the proliferation risk of ARGs.202133858100
8120110.9960Insight into the fate of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community in co-composting green tea residues with swine manure. Green tea residues (GTRs) are byproducts of tea production and processing, and this type of agricultural waste retains nutritious components. This study investigated the co-composting of GTRs with swine manure, as well as the effects of GTRs on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the bacterial community during co-composting. The temperature and C/N ratio indicate compost was mature after processing. The addition of GTRs effectively promoted the reduction in the abundances of most targeted ARGs (tet and sul genes), mobile genetic element (MGE; intI1), and metal resistance genes (MRGs; pcoA and tcrB). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that GTRs can reduce the abundance of MRGs and ARGs by reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals. Network analysis shows that Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were the main hosts of ARGs and ARGs, MGEs, and MRGs shared the same potential host bacteria. Adding GTRs during composting may reduce ARGs transmission through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). GTRs affected the bacterial community, thereby influencing the variations in the ARG profiles and reducing the potential risk associated with the compost product.202032310121
7000120.9959Animal manures application increases the abundances of antibiotic resistance genes in soil-lettuce system associated with shared bacterial distributions. An increasing amount of animal manures is being used in agriculture, and the effect of animal manures application on the abundance of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) in soil-plant system has attracted widespread attention. However, the impacts of animal manures application on the various types of bacterial distribution that occur in soil-lettuce system are unclear. To address this topic, the effects of poultry manure, swine manure or chemical fertilizer application on ARG abundance and the distribution of shared bacteria were investigated in this study. In a lettuce pot experiment, 13 ARGs and 2 MGEs were quantified by qPCR, and bacterial communities in the soil, lettuce endosphere and lettuce phyllosphere were analysed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The results showed that the application of poultry or swine manure significantly increased ARG abundance in the soil, a result attributed mainly to increases in the abundances of tetG and tetC. The application of poultry manure, swine manure and chemical fertilizer significantly increased ARG abundance in the lettuce endosphere, and tetG abundance was significantly increased in the poultry and swine manure groups. However, animal manures application did not significantly increase ARG abundance in the lettuce phyllosphere. Flavobacteriaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and 11 other bacterial families were the shared bacteria in the soil, lettuce endosphere, and phyllosphere. The Streptomycetaceae and Methylobacteriaceae were significantly positively correlated with intI1 in both the soil and endosphere. Chemical fertilizer application increased both the proportions of Sphingomonadaceae and tetX abundance, which were positively correlated in the endosphere. Comamonadaceae and Flavobacteriaceae were not detected in the lettuce endosphere under swine manure application. Cu was related to Flavobacteriaceae in the lettuce endosphere. Overall, poultry and swine manure application significantly increased ARG abundance in the soil-lettuce system, which might be due to the shared bacterial distribution.202134004530
6923130.9959Soil types influence the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes following the land application of sludge composts. Sewage sludge was generally considered a significant reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and could enter agricultural systems as fertilizer after composting. Soil types and the discrepancy of sludge composts could have influenced the fate of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) following the land application of sludge composts, which deserved to be clarified. Thus, the fate of ARB and ARGs following the land application of three types of sludge composts (A, B, and C) to three different soils (red soil, loess, and black soil) was investigated. The results showed that tetX, which was enriched the most during composting, did not affect the soil resistome, whereas tetG did. Soil types influenced the dynamics of ARB and ARGs significantly, whereas no significant difference was observed among compost types. The advantage of reducing ARGs during the composting process in compost B did not extend to land application. Land application of composts influenced the microbial community significantly at the early stage, but the microbial community returned to the control pattern gradually. Changes in the microbial community contributed more to the dynamics of ARGs in red and black soil compared with other factors, including co-selection from heavy metals, horizontal gene transfer, biomass and environmental factors, whereas horizontal gene transfer, reflected by intI1 levels, contributed the most in loess.201829793114
7941140.9958Microplastics accelerate nitrification, shape the microbial community, and alter antibiotic resistance during the nitrifying process. Microplastics (MPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are both emerging pollutants that are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants. In this study, the effects of various MPs, including polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), on nitrification performance, dominant microbial communities, and antibiotic resistance during nitrification were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of MPs increased the specific ammonia oxidation rate and specific nitrate production rate by 15.2 % - 15.5 % and 8.0 % - 11.6 %, respectively, via enrichment of nitrifying microorganisms, Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas. Moreover, ARGs were selectively enriched in nitrifying sludge and microplastic biofilms under stress from different MPs. Compared with PE-MPs (23.9 %) and PVC-MPs (21.4 %), exposure to PLA-MPs significantly increased intI1 abundance by 51.6 %. The results of the variance decomposition analysis implied that MPs and the microbial community play important roles in the behavior of ARGs. Network analysis indicated that Nitrosomonas and potentially pathogenic bacteria emerged as possible hosts, harboring ARGs and intI1 genes in the nitrifying sludge and microplastic biofilms. Critically, PLA-MPs were found to enrich both ARGs and potential pathogenic bacteria during nitrification, which should be considered in their promotion of application processes due to their biodegradability.202539740624
8094150.9958Additive quality influences the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes during chicken manure composting. Aerobic composting is commonly used to dispose livestock manure and is an efficient way to reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, the effects of different quality substrates on the fate of ARGs were assessed during manure composting. Results showed that the total relative abundances of ARGs and intI1 in additive treatments were lower than that in control, and high quality treatment with low C/N ratio and lignin significantly decreased the relative abundance of tetW, ermB, ermC, sul1 and sul2 at the end of composting. Additionally, higher quality treatment reduced the relative abundances of some pathogens such as Actinomadura and Pusillimonas, and some thermotolerant degrading-related bacteria comprising Pseudogracilibacillus and Sinibacillus on day 42, probably owing to the change of composting properties in piles. Structural equation models (SEMs) further verified that the physiochemical properties of composting were the dominant contributor to the variations in ARGs and they could also indirectly impact ARGs by influencing bacterial community and the abundance of intI1. Overall, these findings indicated that additives with high quality reduced the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes of livestock manure compost.202134139628
7004160.9957Sheep and rapeseed cake manure promote antibiotic resistome in agricultural soil. The application of manure in agriculture caused the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in soil environments. However, the co-occurrence pattern and host diversity of ARGs and MGEs in soils amended with animal and green manures remains unclear. In this study, metagenomic assembly and binning techniques were employed to comprehensively explore the effects of sheep manure and green manure on soil microbiome, antibiotic resistomes, and ARG hosts. Both rapeseed cake manure and sheep manure increased the abundance and diversity of ARGs, with sheep manure particularly enhancing the abundance of ARGs conferring resistant to multidrug, quinolone, rifampicin, and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLSB). Mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids, transposases, and integrases, preferentially enhanced the potential mobility of some ARGs subtypes (i.e. sul2, aadA, qacH, and folp), facilitating the spread of ARGs. Additionally, sheep manure reshaped the bacterial community structure and composition as well as ARG hosts, some opportunistic pathogens (i.e. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pantoea) acquired antibiotic resistance and remained recalcitrant. It is concluded that rapeseed cake manure and sheep manure increased the co-occurrence of ARGs and MGEs, enriched the potential ARG hosts, and promoted the dissemination of ARGs in agricultural soils.202540633350
6999170.9957Different impacts of manure and chemical fertilizers on bacterial community structure and antibiotic resistance genes in arable soils. Both manure and chemical fertilizers are widely used in modern agriculture. However, the impacts of different fertilizers on bacterial community structure and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in arable soils still remain unclear. In this study, high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR were employed to investigate the bacterial community structure, ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) influenced by the application of different fertilizers, including chemical fertilizers, piggery manure and straw ash. The results showed that the application of fertilizers could significantly change the soil bacterial community and the abundance of Gaiella under phylum Actinobacteria was significantly reduced from 12.9% in unfertilized soil to 4.1%-7.4% in fertilized soil (P < 0.05). It was also found that the application of manure could cause a transient effect on soil resistome composition and the relative abundance of ARGs increased from 7.37 ppm to 32.10 ppm. The abundance of aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes greatly increased after manure fertilization and then gradually returned to normal levels with the decay of some intestinal bacteria carrying ARGs. In contrast, the application of chemical fertilizers and straw ash significantly changed the bacterial community structure but exerted little effect on soil resistome. Overall, the results of this study illustrated the different effects of different fertilizers on the soil resistome and revealed that the changes of soil resistome induced by manure application mainly resulted from alteration of bacteria community rather than the horizontal gene transfer.201728898777
8095180.9957Heavy metals, antibiotics and nutrients affect the bacterial community and resistance genes in chicken manure composting and fertilized soil. Succession of bacterial communities involved in the composting process of chicken manure, including first composting (FC), second composting (SC) and fertilizer product (Pd) and fertilized soil (FS), and their associations with nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla observed during composting. Overall, potential pathogenic bacteria decreased from 37.18% (FC) to 3.43% (Pd) and potential probiotic taxa increased from 5.77% (FC) to 7.12% (Pd). Concentrations of heavy metals increased after second composting (SC), however, no significant differences were observed between FS and CS groups. Alpha diversities of bacterial communities showed significant correlation with heavy metals and nutrients. All investigated antibiotics decreased significantly after the composting process. The certain antibiotics, heavy metals, or nutrients was significantly positive correlated with the abundance of ARGs, highlighting that they can directly or indirectly influence persistence of ARGs. Overall, results indicated that the composting process is effective for reducing potential pathogenic bacteria, antibiotics and ARGs. The application of compost lead to a decrease in pathogens and ARGs, as well as an increase in potentially beneficial taxa and nutrients in soil.202031868641
6918190.9957Variations in antibiotic resistance genes and removal mechanisms induced by C/N ratio of substrate during composting. For a comprehensive insight into the potential mechanism of the removal of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) removal induced by initial substrates during composting, we tracked the dynamics of physicochemical properties, bacterial community composition, fungal community composition, the relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic genes (MGEs) during reed straw and cow manure composting with different carbon to nitrogen ratio. The results showed that the successive bacterial communities were mainly characterized by the dynamic balance between Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, while the fungal communities were composed of Ascomycota. During composting, the interactions between bacteria and fungi were mainly negative. After composting, the removal efficiency of ARGs in compost treatment with C/N ≈ 26 (LL) was higher than that in compost treatment with C/N ≈ 35 (HL), while MGEs were completely degraded in HL and enriched by 2.3% in LL. The large reduction in the relative abundance of ARGs was possibly due to a decrease in the potential host bacterial genera, such as Advenella, Tepidimicrobium, Proteiniphilum, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacteria and Arcbacter. Partial least-squares path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that the succession of bacterial communities played a more important role than MGEs in ARGs removal, while indirect factors of the fungal communities altered the profile of ARGs by affecting the bacterial communities. Both direct and indirect factors were affected by composting treatments. This study provides insights into the role of fungal communities in affecting ARGs and highlights the role of different composting treatments with different carbon to nitrogen ration on the underlying mechanism of ARGs removal.202134375241