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306900.9876The hospital sink drain biofilm resistome is independent of the corresponding microbiota, the environment and disinfection measures. In hospitals, the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) may occur via biofilms present in sink drains, which can lead to infections. Despite the potential role of sink drains in the transmission of ARB in nosocomial infections, routine surveillance of these drains is lacking in most hospitals. As a result, there is currently no comprehensive understanding of the transmission of ARB and the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and associated mobile genetic elements (MGEs) via sink drains. This study employed a multifaceted approach to monitor the total aerobic bacteria as well as the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPEs), the microbiota and the resistome of sink drain biofilms (SDBs) and hospital wastewater (WW) of two separate intensive care units (ICUs) in the same healthcare facility in France. Samples of SDB and WW were collected on a monthly basis, from January to April 2023, in the neonatal (NICU) and the adult (AICU) ICUs of Grenoble Alpes University Hospital. In the NICU, sink drain disinfection with surfactants was performed routinely. In the AICU, routine disinfection is not carried out. Culturable aerobic bacteria were quantified on non-selective media, and CPEs were screened using two selective agars. Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) was performed on Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa. The resistome was analyzed by high-throughput qPCR targeting >80 ARGs and MGEs. The overall bacterial microbiota was assessed via full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. No CPEs were isolated from SDBs in either ICU by bacterial culture. Culture-independent approaches revealed an overall distinct microbiota composition of the SDBs in the two ICUs. The AICU SDBs were dominated by pathogens containing Gram-negative bacterial genera including Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomona, Klebsiella, and Gram-positive Staphylococcus, while the NICU SDBs were dominated by the Gram-negative genera Achromobacter, Serratia, and Acidovorax, as well as the Gram-positive genera Weisella and Lactiplantibacillus. In contrast, the resistome of the SDBs exhibited no significant differences between the two ICUs, indicating that the abundance of ARGs and MGEs is independent of microbiota composition and disinfection practices. The AICU WW exhibited more distinct aerobic bacteria than the NICU WW. In addition, the AICU WW yielded 15 CPEs, whereas the NICU WW yielded a single CPE. All the CPEs were characterized at the species level. The microbiota of the NICU and AICU WW samples differed from their respective SDBs and exhibited distinct variations over the four-month period:the AICU WW contained a greater number of genes conferring resistance to quinolones and integron integrase genes, whereas the NICU WW exhibited a higher abundance of streptogramin resistance genes. Our study demonstrated that the resistome of the hospital SDBs in the two ICUs of the investigated healthcare institute is independent of the microbiota, the environment, and the local disinfection measures. However, the prevalence of CPEs in the WW pipes collecting the waste from the investigated drains differed. These findings offer valuable insights into the resilience of resistance genes in SDBs in ICUs, underscoring the necessity for innovative strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance in clinical environments.202540483807
259010.9870Combining stool and stories: exploring antimicrobial resistance among a longitudinal cohort of international health students. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health concern that requires transdisciplinary and bio-social approaches. Despite the continuous calls for a transdisciplinary understanding of this problem, there is still a lack of such studies. While microbiology generates knowledge about the biomedical nature of bacteria, social science explores various social practices related to the acquisition and spread of these bacteria. However, the two fields remain disconnected in both methodological and conceptual levels. Focusing on the acquisition of multidrug resistance genes, encoding extended-spectrum betalactamases (CTX-M) and carbapenemases (NDM-1) among a travelling population of health students, this article proposes a methodology of 'stool and stories' that combines methods of microbiology and sociology, thus proposing a way forward to a collaborative understanding of AMR. METHODS: A longitudinal study with 64 health students travelling to India was conducted in 2017. The study included multiple-choice questionnaires (n = 64); a collection of faecal swabs before travel (T0, n = 45), in the first week in India (T1, n = 44), the second week in India (T2, n = 41); and semi-structured interviews (n = 11). Stool samples were analysed by a targeted metagenomic approach. Data from semi-structured interviews were analysed using the method of thematic analysis. RESULTS: The incidence of ESBL- and carbapenemase resistance genes significantly increased during travel indicating it as a potential risk; for CTX-M from 11% before travel to 78% during travel and for NDM-1 from 2% before travel to 11% during travel. The data from semi-structured interviews showed that participants considered AMR mainly in relation to individual antibiotic use or its presence in a clinical environment but not to travelling. CONCLUSION: The microbiological analysis confirmed previous research showing that international human mobility is a risk factor for AMR acquisition. However, sociological methods demonstrated that travellers understand AMR primarily as a clinical problem and do not connect it to travelling. These findings indicate an important gap in understanding AMR as a bio-social problem raising a question about the potential effectiveness of biologically driven AMR stewardship programs among travellers. Further development of the 'stool and stories' approach is important for a transdisciplinary basis of AMR stewardship.202134579656
252220.9869Identification and specificity validation of unique and antimicrobial resistance genes to trace suspected pathogenic AMR bacteria and to monitor the development of AMR in non-AMR strains in the environment and clinical settings. The detection of developing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global issue. The detection of developing antimicrobial resistance has become a global issue. The growing number of AMR bacteria poses a new threat to public health. Therefore, a less laborious and quick confirmatory test becomes important for further investigations into developing AMR in the environment and in clinical settings. This study aims to present a comprehensive analysis and validation of unique and antimicrobial-resistant strains from the WHO priority list of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and previously reported AMR strains such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas spp., Anaeromonas frigoriresistens, Anaeromonas gelatinfytica, Bacillus spp., Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumonia subsp. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Thermanaeromonas toyohensis, and Vibrio proteolyticus. Using in-house designed gene-specific primers, 18 different antibiotic resistance genes (algJ, alpB, AQU-1, CEPH-A3, ciaB, CMY-1-MOX-7, CMY-1-MOX-9, CMY-1/MOX, cphA2, cphA5, cphA7, ebpA, ECP_4655, fliC, OXA-51, RfbU, ThiU2, and tolB) from 46 strains were selected and validated. Hence, this study provides insight into the identification of strain-specific, unique antimicrobial resistance genes. Targeted amplification and verification using selected unique marker genes have been reported. Thus, the present detection and validation use a robust method for the entire experiment. Results also highlight the presence of another set of 18 antibiotic-resistant and unique genes (Aqu1, cphA2, cphA3, cphA5, cphA7, cmy1/mox7, cmy1/mox9, asaI, ascV, asoB, oxa-12, acr-2, pepA, uo65, pliI, dr0274, tapY2, and cpeT). Of these sets of genes, 15 were found to be suitable for the detection of pathogenic strains belonging to the genera Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Helicobacter, Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, Salmonella, Haemophilus, and Bacillus. Thus, we have detected and verified sets of unique and antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria on the WHO Priority List and from published reports on AMR bacteria. This study offers advantages for confirming antimicrobial resistance in all suspected AMR bacteria and monitoring the development of AMR in non-AMR bacteria, in the environment, and in clinical settings.202338058762
354530.9869Fecal indicators and antibiotic resistance genes exhibit diurnal trends in the Chattahoochee River: Implications for water quality monitoring. Water bodies that serve as sources of drinking or recreational water are routinely monitored for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) by state and local agencies. Exceedances of monitoring thresholds set by those agencies signal likely elevated human health risk from exposure, but FIB give little information about the potential source of contamination. To improve our understanding of how within-day variation could impact monitoring data interpretation, we conducted a study at two sites along the Chattahoochee River that varied in their recreational usage and adjacent land-use (natural versus urban), collecting samples every 30 min over one 24-h period. We assayed for three types of microbial indicators: FIB (total coliforms and Escherichia coli); human fecal-associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers (crAssphage and HF183/BacR287); and a suite of clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs; blaCTX-M, blaCMY, MCR, KPC, VIM, NDM) and a gene associated with antibiotic resistance (intl1). Mean levels of FIB and clinically relevant ARGs (blaCMY and KPC) were similar across sites, while MST markers and intI1 occurred at higher mean levels at the natural site. The human-associated MST markers positively correlated with antibiotic resistant-associated genes at both sites, but no consistent associations were detected between culturable FIB and any molecular markers. For all microbial indicators, generalized additive mixed models were used to examine diurnal variability and whether this variability was associated with environmental factors (water temperature, turbidity, pH, and sunlight). We found that FIB peaked during morning and early afternoon hours and were not associated with environmental factors. With the exception of HF183/BacR287 at the urban site, molecular MST markers and intI1 exhibited diurnal variability, and water temperature, pH, and turbidity were significantly associated with this variability. For blaCMY and KPC, diurnal variability was present but was not correlated with environmental factors. These results suggest that differences in land use (natural or urban) both adjacent and upstream may impact overall levels of microbial contamination. Monitoring agencies should consider matching sample collection times with peak levels of target microbial indicators, which would be in the morning or early afternoon for the fecal associated indicators. Measuring multiple microbial indicators can lead to clearer interpretations of human health risk associated with exposure to contaminated water.202236439800
226740.9868MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND DETECTION OF MULTIDRUGRESISTANT GENE IN BACTERIAL ISOLATES CAUSING LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (LRTI) AMONG HIV/AIDS PATIENTS ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART) IN UYO, SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA. BACKGROUND: Antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) pose a significant challenge in modern medicine, rendering infections increasingly difficult to treat as bacteria acquire mechanisms to resist antibiotics. Addressing ARGs necessitates a multifaceted approach, encompassing surveillance efforts to monitor their presence and the development of strategies aimed at managing and curbing the spread of antibiotic resistance. Hence, this study characterized the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance among isolates responsible for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LRTIs) in People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Uyo. METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from 61 LRTI suspects, with bacterial isolates identified using VITEK-2 technology. Polymerase chain reaction assays were employed to detect resistance genes within the isolates. RESULTS: Results revealed a bacterial etiology in 39.3% of the samples, with a majority (79.2%) originating from St. Luke Hospital, Anua (SLHA), and the remainder (20.8%) from the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH). Staphylococcus aureus emerged as the predominant isolate (46.6%), while resistance was notably high against Gentamicin and Sulphamethazole/Trimethoprim. Conversely, Azithromycin, imipenem, clindamycin, erythromycin, and ceftriaxone displayed relatively lower resistance levels across all isolates. Notably, four resistance genes CTX-M, Aac, KPC, and MecA were identified, with CTX-M detected in all multidrug-resistant isolates. This underscores the predominantly community-acquired nature of resistance as conferred by CTX-M. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study underscores the critical importance of continued vigilance and proactive measures in combating antibiotic resistance, particularly within vulnerable populations such as PLWHA. By elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance, informed targeted interventions can be mitigated to curb threats posed by multidrug-resistant bacteria in clinical settings.202440385712
272550.9868Hygiene practices and antibiotic resistance among dental and medical students: a comparative study. PURPOSE: Healthcare students' hand and smartphone hygiene is critical due to potential pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria transmission. This study evaluates hygiene practices in medical and dental students at Kuwait University, exploring antibiotic resistance gene prevalence. METHODS: Swab samples were collected from the hands and smartphones of 32 medical and 30 dental students. These samples were cultured on Columbia Blood Agar and McConkey Agar plates to quantify bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs). The extracted DNA from these colonies underwent RT-PCR to identify antibiotic resistance genes, including tem-1, shv, blaZ, and mecA. Additionally, a questionnaire addressing hygiene practices was distributed post-sample collection. RESULTS: Medical students exhibited more frequent hand hygiene compared to dental students (P ≤ 0.0001). Although significantly fewer bacterial CFUs were found on medical students' smartphones (mean = 35 ± 53) than dental students' (mean = 89 ± 129) (P ≤ 0.05), no significant differences were observed in CFU counts on their hands (medical: mean = 17 ± 37; dental: mean = 96 ± 229). Detection of at least one of the targeted antibiotic resistance genes on medical (89% hands, 52% smartphones) and dental students' (79% hands, 63% smartphones) was not statistically significant. However, the prevalence of two genes, tem-1 and shv, was significantly higher on medical students' hands (78% and 65%, respectively) than on dental students' hands (32% and 28%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Clinically significant prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes were found on medical and dental students' hands and smartphones, emphasizing the importance of ongoing education regarding hand hygiene and smartphone disinfection. This continuous reinforcement in the curriculum is crucial to minimizing the risk of cross-contamination.202438514584
252560.9866Review of antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes in livestock and meat in EU with focus on humans. OBJECTIVES: In this review, we describe surveillance programmes reporting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and resistance genes in bacterial isolates from livestock and meat and compare them with those relevant for human health. METHODS: Publications on AMR in European countries were assessed. PubMed was reviewed and AMR monitoring programmes were identified from reports retrieved by Internet searches and by contacting national authorities in EU/European Economic Area (EEA) member states. RESULTS: Three types of systems were identified: EU programmes, industry-funded supranational programmes and national surveillance systems. The mandatory EU-financed programme has led to some harmonization in national monitoring and provides relevant information on AMR and extended-spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria. At the national level, AMR surveillance systems in livestock apply heterogeneous sampling, testing and reporting modalities, resulting in results that cannot be compared. Most reports are not publicly available or are written in a local language. The industry-funded monitoring systems undertaken by the Centre Européen d'Etudes pour la Santé Animale (CEESA) examines AMR in bacteria in food-producing animals. CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of AMR genes in livestock is applied heterogeneously among countries. Most antibiotics of human interest are included in animal surveillance, although results are difficult to compare as a result of lack of representativeness of animal samples. We suggest that EU/EEA countries provide better uniform AMR monitoring and reporting in livestock and link them better to surveillance systems in humans. Reducing the delay between data collection and publication is also important to allow prompt identification of new resistance patterns.201828970159
311370.9866Resistome in the indoor dust samples from workplaces and households: a pilot study. The antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) limit the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobials, representing a problem of high importance. Current research on the presence of ARGs in microorganisms focuses mainly on humans, livestock, hospitals, or wastewater. However, the spectrum of ARGs in the dust resistome in workplaces and households has gone relatively unexplored. This pilot study aimed to analyze resistome in indoor dust samples from participants' workplaces (a pediatric hospital, a maternity hospital, and a research center) and households and compare two different approaches to the ARGs analysis; high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMGS). In total, 143 ARGs were detected using HT-qPCR, with ARGs associated with the macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotype being the most abundant, followed by MDR (multi-drug resistance) genes, and genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides. A higher overall relative quantity of ARGs was observed in indoor dust samples from workplaces than from households, with the pediatric hospital being associated with the highest relative quantity of ARGs. WMGS analysis revealed 36 ARGs, of which five were detected by both HT-qPCR and WMGS techniques. Accordingly, the efficacy of the WMGS approach to detect ARGs was lower than that of HT-qPCR. In summary, our pilot data revealed that indoor dust in buildings where people spend most of their time (workplaces, households) can be a significant source of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, which may potentially pose a health risk to both humans and animals.202439691696
560780.9865Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from necropsied horses in Kentucky. Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to global public health. It affects several animal species, including horses. Salmonella infections in horses can be either asymptomatic or cause severe clinical illness. Infections caused by Salmonella are presently controlled with antibiotics. Due to the formation of biofilms and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, the treatment has become more complicated. Our study focused on investigating the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in necropsied horses, assessing the capability for biofilm formation, and motility, determining the phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance, and detecting virulence genes. A total of 2,182 necropsied horses were tested for the presence of Salmonella. Intestinal samples were enriched in selenite broth and cultured on hektoen and eosin methylene blue agar plates, whereas other samples were directly cultured on aforementioned plates. Confirmation of the serotypes was performed according to the Kauffmann-White-Le Minor Scheme followed by biofilm formation screening using crystal violet assay. The resistance profile of the isolates was determined by broth microdilution assay using the Sensititre️ Vet (Equine EQUIN2F). The genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence profiles were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 1.19% (26/2182), with 11 different serotypes identified. Salmonella Typhimurium was the most prevalent serotype with 19.2% prevalence. All of the isolates were identified as biofilm producers and motile. Virulence genes related to invasion (invA, hilA, mgtC, and spiA), biofilm formation (csgA and csgB), and motility (filA, motA, flgG, figG, flgH, fimC, fimD, and fimH) of Salmonella were detected among 100% of the isolates. An overall 11.4% of the isolates were identified as multidrug-resistant (MDR), with resistance to gentamicin, amikacin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. We found that beta-lactamase-producing genes bla(TEM), bla(CTXM), and bla(SHV2) were identified in 11.5% of the isolates, while only 3.8% carried the bla(OXA-9) gene. The presence of MDR pathogenic Salmonella in horses is alarming for human and animal health, especially when they have a high affinity for forming biofilm. Our study found horses as potential sources of pathogenic Salmonella transmission to humans. Thus, it is important to perform continuous monitoring and surveillance studies to track the source of infection and develop preventive measures. IMPORTANCE: This study focuses on understanding how Salmonella, specifically isolated from horses, can resist antibiotics and cause disease. Salmonella is a well-known foodborne pathogen that can pose risks not only to animals but also to humans. By studying the bacteria from necropsied horses, the research aims to uncover how certain Salmonella strains develop resistance to antibiotics and which genetic factors make them more dangerous. In addition to antibiotic resistance, the research explores the biofilm-forming ability of these strains, which enhances their survival in harsh environments. The study also investigates their motility, a factor that contributes to the spread of infection. The findings can improve treatment strategies for horses and help prevent the transmission of resistant bacteria to other animals as well as humans. Ultimately, the research could contribute to better management of antibiotic resistance in both veterinary and public health contexts, helping to safeguard animal welfare and public health.202539846771
272290.9865Multidrug resistance assessment of indoor air in Portuguese long-term and acute healthcare settings. BACKGROUND: Knowledge about air as a pool of pathogens and multidrug resistance (MDR) in healthcare units apart from hospitals is scarce. AIM: To investigate these features in a Portuguese long-term healthcare unit (LTHU) and a central hospital (CH). METHODS: Air samples were collected and their microbial load (bacteria and fungi) determined. Bacterial isolates were randomly selected for further characterization, particularly identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and polymerase chain reaction screening of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemase genes and mecA gene, with RAPD profile assessment of positive results of the latter. FINDINGS: A total of 192 samples were collected (LTHU: 86; CH: 106). LTHU showed a statistically significantly higher bacterial load. CH bacteria and fungi loads in inpatient sites were statistically significantly lower than in outpatients or non-patient sites. A total of 164 bacterial isolates were identified (MALDI-TOF: 78; presumptively: 86), the majority belonging to Staphylococcus genus (LTHU: 42; CH: 57). The highest antimicrobial resistance rate was to erythromycin and vancomycin the least, in both settings. Eighteen isolates (11%) were classified as MDR (LTHU: 9; CH: 9), with 7 MDR Staphylococcus isolates (LTHU: 4; CH: 3) presenting mecA. Nine non-MDR Staphylococcus (LTHU: 5; CH: 4) also presented mecA. CONCLUSION: The current study highlights that healthcare unit indoor air can be an important pool of MDR pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes. Also, LTHUs appear to have poorer air quality than hospitals, as well as supportive areas compared to curative care areas. This may suggest possible yet unknown routes of infection that need to be explored.202539983920
2523100.9864Antibiotic resistance and virulence of bacteria in spices: a systematic review. BACKGROUND: Spices, widely valued for their flavor, color, and antioxidant properties, are increasingly used in culinary and food industries. Despite their benefits, spices may act as carriers for antibiotic-resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria, posing a threat to food safety and public health. METHODS: This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search of six databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Embase) was conducted for English-language articles from inception to 2023, focusing on bacterial contamination, antibiotic resistance, and virulence in spices. Inclusion was limited to peer-reviewed articles, and methodological quality was assessed using the JBI checklist. RESULTS: Of the 3,458 initially identified articles, 16 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies originated from Asia (n = 5) and the Americas (n = 4). Bacteria commonly isolated from spices included Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. High resistance levels were observed against ampicillin (83.3%) and penicillin (82.1%), while most isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B and cephalothin. Resistance genes such as bla, tetK, and ermB were frequently detected, along with virulence genes like nheA, hblC, cytK, and tpeL. CONCLUSION: Spices may serve as reservoirs for multidrug-resistant and virulent bacteria. Improved handling, processing, and decontamination practices are essential to mitigate foodborne risks and curb the spread of antimicrobial resistance. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-025-00172-6.202541088443
2585110.9864A scoping review of the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and signatures in ready-to-eat street foods in Africa: implications for public health. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite its critical role in individual and societal health, food hygiene remains underexplored. Antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat (RTE) food threaten public health. This scoping review collected data on the epidemiological prevalence of RTE food-contaminated pathogens resistant to antimicrobial drugs and resistance genes in Africa. METHOD: Using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS), handpicked from references, pre-reviewed published articles were retrieved and analyzed according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. RESULTS: The findings indicate 40 previewed published articles qualified for meta-synthesis in the scoping review with a population/case ratio of 11,653/5,338 (45.80%). The most frequently reported RTE foods were meat or beef/beef-soup, chicken or poultry products, salads, vegetable salads, and sandwiches, which harboured pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the use of 48 antibiotics to manage infections, following CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) protocols. Moreover, 10 authors reported 54 resistance genes associated with pathogenic resistant bacteria. In addition, only 15 studies received funding or financial support. CONCLUSION: These findings from several researchers indicate that RTE street foods in African and resource-limited nations harbour enteric pathogens and are a significant concern to the public health system and reservoir of the spread of antibiotic resistance. This underscores the necessity of implementing effective control strategies to address challenges and limit the spread of resistant bacteria in RTE foods. The antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in the region is a significant concern. Notably, Africa needs to strengthen the national and international regulatory bodies and a health surveillance system on antimicrobial resistance, particularly among developing nations.202540270817
3112120.9864Farm-to-fork changes in poultry microbiomes and resistomes in Maputo City, Mozambique. Increasing demand for poultry has spurred poultry production in low- and middle-income countries like Mozambique. Poultry may be an important source of foodborne, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to consumers in settings with limited water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure. The Chicken Exposures and Enteric Pathogens in Children Exposed through Environmental Pathways (ChEEP ChEEP) study was conducted in Maputo City, Mozambique from 2019 to 2021 to quantify enteric pathogen exposures along the supply chain for commercial and local (i.e., scavenger) chicken breeds. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing of total DNA from banked ChEEP ChEEP samples to characterize fecal and carcass microbiomes and resistome diversity between chicken breeds and along the supply chain. Fecal samples (n = 26) were collected from commercial and local chickens at production sites and markets and carcass (n = 49) and rinse bucket samples (n = 26) from markets. We conducted taxonomic profiling and identified antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) from metagenomic sequence data, focusing especially on potential human pathogens and "high-risk" ARGs. We estimated alpha diversity for each sample and compared by site and breed. We estimated Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between samples and examined clustering. We found that commercial and local chickens harbored distinct fecal potential pathogens and resistomes at production and market sites. Many potentially pathogenic bacteria and ARGs present in chicken fecal samples are also present on carcasses sold to consumers. Finally, commercial chicken carcasses contain high-risk ARGs that are not necessarily introduced from chicken feces. These results indicate markets are an important site of exposure to potentially pathogenic bacteria and high-risk ARGs. IMPORTANCE: While chicken eggs and meat are a critical protein source in low-income settings, antibiotics are routinely fed to chickens with consequences for selection of antimicrobial resistance. Evaluating how poultry gut bacterial communities, including potential human pathogens and high-risk antimicrobial resistance genes, differ from farm to market could help identify where to target interventions to minimize transmission risks to human populations. In this study in Maputo City, Mozambique, we found compositional differences between commercial and local chicken breeds at production and market sites. We also found that while all potentially pathogenic bacteria and many high-risk antimicrobial resistance genes persisted from production and market through processing, some resistance genes were detected on carcass samples only after processing, suggesting human or environmental contamination is occurring within markets. Overall, our findings indicate that open-air markets may represent a critical juncture for human exposures to pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes from poultry and poultry products.202539699181
2587130.9864Prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria (2015-2020): A systematic review. Foods are essential vehicles in human exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria which serve as reservoirs for resistance genes and a rising food safety concern. Antimicrobial resistance, including multidrug resistance (MDR), is an increasing problem globally and poses a serious concern to human health. This study was designed to synthesize data regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area. A comprehensive literature search on the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with foods and drinks in Nigeria from 2015 to 2020 was conducted using three databases; PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. After screening and selection, 26 out of 82 articles were used for the qualitative data synthesis. Of the total of one thousand three hundred and twenty-six MDR bacteria reportedly isolated in all twenty-six articles, the highest prevalence (660) was observed in drinks, including water, while the lowest (20) was observed in the article which combined results for both protein and vegetable-based foods. Escherichia sp. had the most frequency of occurrence, appearing as MDR bacteria in ten out of the twenty-six articles. Salmonella sp. appeared as MDR in seven out of the twenty-six articles included in this study, in all seven articles where it was reported, it had the highest percentage (85.4%) prevalence as MDR bacteria. Public health personnel need to ensure critical control during the production and handling of foods and drinks, as well as create more awareness on proper hygienic practices to combat the spread of MDR bacteria becoming a growing food safety issue (Zurfluh et al., 2019; Mesbah et al., 2017; Campos et al., 2019). Foods can be contaminated by different means, including exposure to irrigation water, manure, feces or soil with pathogenic bacteria. Foods can also become contaminated as they are harvested, handled after harvest or during processing if food safety standards are not correctly applied (Meshbah et al., 2017). Food-borne diseases caused by resistant organisms are one of the most important public health problems as they contribute to the risk of development of antibiotic resistance in the food production chain (Hehempour-Baltork et al., 2019). Apart from pathogenic bacteria causing foodborne diseases, foods that are raw or not processed following standard procedures can introduce several antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to consumers (Gekemidis et al., 2018). Antibiotic resistance, though harbored in non-pathogenic bacteria, can potentially be spread through horizontal gene transfer to other species including opportunistic pathogens that are present in the environment or after consumption of ARB-contaminated foods. When ARB-contaminated foods are consumed, the spread of antibiotic resistant genes may affect the gut microbiome thereby contributing to the pool of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) in the human gut (Gekemidis et al, 2018). MDR bacteria have been defined as bacteria that are resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent present in three or more antimicrobial classes (Sweeny et al., 2018). There has been an increase in drug resistance in pathogens isolated from food for human consumption with species of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica being considered among the most important pathogens due to their ability to effect zoonotic transfer of resistant genes (Canton et al., 2018; Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019). However, other pathogens, such as Vibrio spp., some species of Aeromonas, spores of Clostridium botulinum type F, and Campylobacter, have been linked to food-borne diseases in humans who have consumed seafood or other animal foods (Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019). Some other resistant bacteria associated with foods include Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp., and Shigella spp. (Maneilla-Becerra et al., 2019) This study was therefore designed to synthesize data (2015-2020) regarding the prevalence of MDR bacteria associated with foods and drinks sold within Nigeria in order to contribute to the existing findings in this area.202135018289
5608140.9863Molecular characterization of antibiotic resistance in bacteria from daycare centres in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance is an escalating global health issue, with particularly severe implications in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as Nigeria. This study examines antibiotic-resistant bacteria's prevalence and molecular characteristics in daycare centres in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, where high antibiotic use and limited infection control measures present significant challenges. METHODS: Between November 2017 and July 2019, samples were collected from 20 daycare centres, including swabs from fomites and children. Bacterial isolates were identified and assessed for antibiotic susceptibility using standard methods. Molecular techniques, including PCR, were employed to detect resistance genes such as blaSHV, tetA, dfr1 and mecA. RESULTS: The study found high resistance levels among common pathogens, with S. aureus and other staphylococci showing significant resistance to ampicillin and Augmentin and Gram-negative bacteria exhibiting broad resistance patterns. Resistance genes, including blaSHV and mecA, were identified in multiple isolates, indicating the spread of crucial resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the critical need for improved surveillance, targeted antimicrobial stewardship and enhanced infection control practices in daycare centres to address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. This research offers valuable insights into resistance dynamics in paediatric settings and supports the development of strategies to manage the spread of resistant bacteria in LMIC contexts.202539737335
2524150.9862Phenotypic and Genotype Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-Human Primates: An Overlooked "One Health" Concern. Non-human primates (NHPs) are close relatives of humans and can serve as hosts for many zoonotic pathogens. They play crucial role in spreading antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR) to humans across various ecological niches. The spread of antimicrobial resistance in NHPs may complicate wildlife conservation efforts, as it may threaten domestic livestock, endangered species as well as human's health. This review analyses the existing literature on the prevalence of AMR in NHP species, including Rhinopithecus roxellana, Macaca fascicularis, and Sapajus nigritus, to create awareness in all stake holders involve in the fight against AMR on the serious potential threats that these primates pose. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search using the PubMed (National Library of Medicine-NLM), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Springer Link (Springer), and Science Direct (Elsevier) databases until January, 2025. The search strategy combined terms from the areas of non-human primates, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, and antibacterial resistance genes (ARGs). Studies that isolated bacteria from NHPs and assessed phenotypic resistance to specific antibiotics as well as studies that identified ARGs in bacteria isolated from NHPs were included. Data were synthesised thematically across all included studies. RESULTS: A total of 37 studies were included (explained as Cercopithecidae (n = 23), Callithrix (n = 6), Cebidae (n = 4), Hominidae (n = 3), and Atelidae (n = 1)). The results showed that the most common ARB across the various NHPs and geographical settings was Staphylococcus spp. (45.95%) and Escherichia spp. (29.73%). The tested antibiotics that showed high levels of resistance in NHPs included Tetracycline (40.54%), Ciprofloxacin (32.43%), and Erythromycin (24.34%), whereas ermC, tetA, tetM, aadA, aph (3″)-II, and qnrS1 were the most widely distributed antibiotic resistance genes in the studies. CONCLUSION: NHPs are potential natural reservoirs of AMR, therefore global policy makers should consider making NHPs an indicator species for monitoring the spread of ARB.202541148677
2269160.9862Genomic detection of Panton-Valentine Leucocidins encoding genes, virulence factors and distribution of antiseptic resistance determinants among Methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates from patients attending regional referral hospitals in Tanzania. BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a formidable public scourge causing worldwide mild to severe life-threatening infections. The ability of this strain to swiftly spread, evolve, and acquire resistance genes and virulence factors such as pvl genes has further rendered this strain difficult to treat. Of concern, is a recently recognized ability to resist antiseptic/disinfectant agents used as an essential part of treatment and infection control practices. This study aimed at detecting the presence of pvl genes and determining the distribution of antiseptic resistance genes in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates through whole genome sequencing technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted across six regional referral hospitals-Dodoma, Songea, Kitete-Kigoma, Morogoro, and Tabora on the mainland, and Mnazi Mmoja from Zanzibar islands counterparts using the archived isolates of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The isolates were collected from Inpatients and Outpatients who attended these hospitals from January 2020 to Dec 2021. Bacterial analysis was carried out using classical microbiological techniques and whole genome sequencing (WGS) using the Illumina Nextseq 550 sequencer platform. Several bioinformatic tools were used, KmerFinder 3.2 was used for species identification, MLST 2.0 tool was used for Multilocus Sequence Typing and SCCmecFinder 1.2 was used for SCCmec typing. Virulence genes were detected using virulenceFinder 2.0, while resistance genes were detected by ResFinder 4.1, and phylogenetic relatedness was determined by CSI Phylogeny 1.4 tools. RESULTS: Out of the 80 MRSA isolates analyzed, 11 (14%) were found to harbor LukS-PV and LukF-PV, pvl-encoding genes in their genome; therefore pvl-positive MRSA. The majority (82%) of the MRSA isolates bearing pvl genes were also found to exhibit the antiseptic/disinfectant genes in their genome. Moreover, all (80) sequenced MRSA isolates were found to harbor SCCmec type IV subtype 2B&5. The isolates exhibited 4 different sequence types, ST8, ST88, ST789 and ST121. Notably, the predominant sequence type among the isolates was ST8 72 (90%). CONCLUSION: The notably high rate of antiseptic resistance particularly in the Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains poses a significant challenge to infection control measures. The fact that some of these virulent strains harbor the LukS-PV and LukF-PV, the pvl encoding genes, highlight the importance of developing effective interventions to combat the spreading of these pathogenic bacterial strains. Certainly, strengthening antimicrobial resistance surveillance and stewardship will ultimately reduce the selection pressure, improve the patient's treatment outcome and public health in Tanzania.202539833938
1802170.9862Exploring water, sediment, and avifauna from an urban recreational lagoon: focus on WHO priority pathogens. AIMS: Environmental dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens is a growing global concern under the One Health framework, yet remains underexplored in biodiverse and human-impacted ecosystems such as Brazil's coastal lagoons. This study assessed the occurrence and distribution of AMR bacteria, including WHO-designated critical-priority pathogens, in water, sediment, and avifauna from Lagoa da Conceição, a coastal lagoon in southern Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS: From December 2022 to November 2023, 96 environmental and 251 avian samples were collected and analyzed using selective culture, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and molecular screening for resistance genes. A total of 625 bacterial isolates were recovered from water and sediment, of which 35.5% were multidrug-resistant and 26.7% met WHO critical-priority criteria. Key resistance genes identified included blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaNDM, blaOXA-143, and mcr-1, with high spatial heterogeneity across sampling sites. WHO critical-priority pathogens were also isolated from 9.6% of sampled birds, suggesting the role of avifauna as environmental sentinels and reservoirs. Generalized linear models revealed that population density and precipitation were positively associated with the abundance of critical-priority isolates. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight anthropogenic and climatic drivers of AMR dissemination in coastal environments and underscore the urgent need for integrated monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect ecosystems and public health.202541100178
2584180.9862Resistance to medically important antimicrobials in broiler and layer farms in Cameroon and its relation with biosecurity and antimicrobial use. INTRODUCTION: Poultry production accounts for 42% of Cameroonian meat production. However, infectious diseases represent the main hindrance in this sector, resulting in overuse and misuse of antimicrobials that can contribute to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to carbapenems (bla(VIM-2) and bla(NDM) ), (fluoro) quinolones (qnrS, qnrA, and qnrB), polymyxins (mcr1 to mcr5), and macrolides (ermA and ermB) in the poultry farm environment. Additionally, the study examined the relationship between these ARGs and biosecurity implementation, as well as farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR, including their perception of AMR risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fecal, drinking water, and biofilm samples from drinking water pipelines were collected from 15 poultry farms and subsequently analyzed by real-time PCR and 16S rRNA NGS. RESULTS: All samples tested positive for genes conferring resistance to (fluoro) quinolones, 97.8% to macrolides, 64.4% to polymyxins, and 11.1% to carbapenems. Of concern, more than half of the samples (64.4%) showed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) pattern (i.e., resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes). Drinking water and biofilm microbial communities significantly differed from the one of the fecal samples, both in term of diversity (α-diversity) and composition (β-diversity). Furthermore, opportunistic pathogens (i.e., Comamonadaceae and Sphingomonadaceae) were among the most abundant bacteria in drinking water and biofilm. The level of biosecurity implementation was intermediate, while the knowledge and attitude of poultry farmers toward AMU were insufficient and unsuitable, respectively. Good practices toward AMU were found to be correlated with a reduction in polymyxins and MDR. DISCUSSION: This study provides valuable information on resistance to medically important antimicrobials in poultry production in Cameroon and highlights their potential impact on human and environmental health.202439881983
5609190.9862Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Bacteria from Large-Scale Chicken Flocks in the Dél-Alföld Region of Hungary. Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly acknowledged as a critical global challenge, posing serious risks to human and animal health and potentially disrupting poultry production systems. Commensal bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Escherichia coli may serve as important reservoirs and vectors of resistance genes. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the AMR profiles of bacterial strains isolated from industrial chicken farms in the Dél-Alföld region of Hungary, providing region-specific insights into resistance dynamics. Methods: A total of 145 isolates, including Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and E. coli isolates, were subjected to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing against 15 antimicrobial agents, following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Advanced multivariate statistics, machine learning algorithms, and network-based approaches were employed to analyze resistance patterns and co-resistance associations. Results Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 43.9% of Staphylococcus spp. isolates, 28.8% of Enterococcus spp. isolates, and 75.6% of E. coli isolates. High levels of resistance to florfenicol, enrofloxacin, and potentiated sulfonamides were observed, whereas susceptibility to critical antimicrobials such as imipenem and vancomycin remained largely preserved. Discussion: Our findings underscore the necessity of implementing region-specific AMR monitoring programs and strengthening multidisciplinary collaboration within the "One Health" framework with proper animal hygiene and biosecurity measures to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance and protect both animal and human health.202540872642