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138500.8869GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT EXTENDED-SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE FROM CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) FROM WILD AND SANCTUARY LOCATIONS IN UGANDA. Farm and wild animals may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of human health relevance. We investigated the occurrence and genomic characteristics of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in Ugandan chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) residing in two environments with or without close contact to humans. The ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from fecal material of chimpanzees from Budongo Forest and Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda and were more commonly isolated from chimpanzees in Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, where animals have close contact with humans. Selected ESBL isolates (E. coli n=9, K. pneumoniae n=7) were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing to determine the presence of resistance genes, as well as sequence type and virulence potential; the blaCTX-M-15 gene was present in all strains. Additionally, the ESBL genes blaSHV-11 and blaSHV-12 were found in strains in the study. All strains were found to be multidrug resistant. The E. coli strains belonged to four sequence types (ST2852, ST215, ST405, and ST315) and the K. pneumoniae strains to two sequence types (ST1540 and ST597). Virulence genes did not indicate that strains were of common E. coli pathotype, but strains with the same sequence types as isolated in the current study have previously been reported from clinical cases in Africa. The findings indicate that chimpanzees in close contact with humans may carry ESBL bacteria at higher frequency than those in the wild, indicating a potential anthropogenic transmission.202235255126
139110.8858Faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria among Danish army recruits. During May and June 2008, 84 Danish army recruits were tested for faecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing bacteria. Three ESBL-producing (CTX-M-14a) Escherichia coli isolates, two AmpC-producing (CMY-2) E. coli isolates and one AmpC-producing (CMY-34) Citrobacter freundii isolate were detected. Two of the CTX-M-14a E. coli isolates had similar pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing profiles, indicating the same origin or transmission between the two army recruits. The bla(CTX-M-14a) genes were transferable to an E. coli recipient. These commensal bacteria therefore constitute a reservoir of resistance genes that can be transferred to other pathogenic bacteria in the intestine.201120718802
121620.8848Coexistence of multidrug resistance and ESBL encoding genes - bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M); its amplification and dispersion in the environment via municipal wastewater treatment plant. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are a global source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), collecting wastewater from a variety of sources, including hospital wastewater, domestic wastewater, runoff from agricultural and livestock farms, etc. These sources are contaminated with organic and inorganic pollutants, ARGs and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Such pollutants aided eutrophication and encouraged bacterial growth. During bacterial growth horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) of ARGs and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes may facilitate, resulting in the spread of antibiotic resistance exponentially. The current study investigated the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL encoding genes in various treatment units of MWWTP and their spread in the environment. A total of three sampling sites (BUT, BRO, and BFB) were chosen, and 33 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated. 14 of the 33 isolates tested positive for antibiotic resistance and were further tested for the coexistence of MDR and ESBL production. The selected 14 isolates showed the highest resistance to trimethoprim (85.71%), followed by ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and ampicillin (71.42%), tetracycline (57.14%), and vancomycin, gentamicin, and colistin sulphate (50%). A total of 9 isolates (64.28%) were phenotypically positive for ESBL production (BUT2, BUT3, BUT5, BRO1, BRO2, BRO3, BRO4, BRO5 and BFB1). The molecular detection of ESBL encoding genes, i.e. bla(TEM), bla(SHV), and bla(CTX-M) was carried out. The most prevalent gene was bla(TEM) (69.23%), followed by bla(SHV) (46.15%), and bla(CTX-M) (23.07%). In this study, 9 isolates (64.28%) out of 14 showed the coexistence of MDR and ESBL encoding genes, namely BUT3, BUT4, BUT5, BUT6, BUT7, BRO1, BRO2, BRO4, and BFB1. The coexistence of ESBL encoding genes and resistance to other antibiotic classes exacerbates human health and the environment.202438992444
787030.8845Hierarchical Bi(2)O(2)CO(3) wrapped with modified graphene oxide for adsorption-enhanced photocatalytic inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes. There is growing pressure for wastewater treatment plants to mitigate the discharge of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and extracellular resistance genes (eARGs), which requires technological innovation. Here, hierarchical Bi(2)O(2)CO(3) microspheres were wrapped with nitrogen-doped, reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) for enhanced inactivation of multidrug-resistant E. coli NDM-1 and degradation of the plasmid-encoded ARG (bla(NDM-1)) in secondary effluent. The NRGO shell enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (•OH and H(2)O(2)) by about three-fold, which was ascribed to broadened light absorption region (red-shifted up to 459 nm) and decreased electron-transfer time (from 55.3 to 19.8 ns). Wrapping enhanced E. coli adsorption near photocatalytic sites to minimize ROS scavenging by background constituents, which contributed to the NRGO-wrapped microspheres significantly outperforming commercial TiO(2) photocatalyst. ROS scavenger tests indicated that wrapping also changed the primary inactivation pathway, with photogenerated electron holes and surface-attached hydroxyl radicals becoming the predominant oxidizing species with wrapped microspheres, versus free ROS (e.g., •OH, H(2)O(2) and •O(2)(-)) for bare microspheres. Formation of resistance plasmid-composited microsphere complexes, primary due to the π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding between the shell and nucleotides, also minimized ROS scavenging and kept free plasmid concentrations below 10(2) copies/mL. As proof-of-concept, this work offers promising insight into the utilization of NRGO-wrapped microspheres for mitigating antibiotic resistance propagation in the environment.202032679343
334840.8840Neglected Drivers of Antibiotic Resistance: Survival of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Livestock Waste through Dormancy and Release of Transformable Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes under Heat Treatment. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae has caused a global pandemic with high prevalence in livestock and poultry, which could disseminate into the environment and humans. To curb this risk, heat-based harmless treatment of livestock waste was carried out. However, some risks of the bacterial persistence have not been thoroughly assessed. This study demonstrated that antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) could survive at 55 °C through dormancy, and simultaneously transformable extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) would be released. The ESBL-producing pathogenic Escherichia coli CM1 from chicken manure could enter a dormant state at 55 °C and reactivate at 37 °C. Dormant CM1 had stronger β-lactam resistance, which was associated with high expression of β-lactamase genes and low expression of outer membrane porin genes. Resuscitated CM1 maintained its virulence expression and multidrug resistance and even had stronger cephalosporin resistance, which might be due to the ultra-low expression of the porin genes. Besides, heat at 55 °C promoted the release of eARGs, some of which possessed a certain nuclease stability and heat persistence, and even maintained their transformability to an Acinetobacter baylyi strain. Therefore, dormant multidrug-resistant pathogens from livestock waste will still pose a direct health risk to humans, while the resuscitation of dormant ARB and the transformation of released eARGs will jointly promote the proliferation of ARGs and the spread of antibiotic resistance.202337336722
138650.8838ESBL/pAmpC-producing Enterobacterales in common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) and central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from Portugal. Common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) and central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) are widely kept as pets but can harbor pathogenic bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to research the frequency of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in these two reptile species. A total of 132 samples were collected from the oral and cloacal cavities of healthy common leopard geckos and central bearded dragons in the Lisbon area, Portugal. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed for third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacterales. The results revealed that 3GC-resistant Enterobacterales were observed in 17.9% (n = 14/78) of the reptiles. The most commonly identified species were: Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Furthermore, some isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) encoding genes such as bla (CMY-2), bla (CTX-M-15,) and bla (TEM-1). These findings emphasize the potential role of these reptiles in the spread of AMR bacteria, particularly in urban settings where human- animal interactions are frequent. Given the zoonotic risks, this study emphasizes the importance of continued surveillance and responsible antimicrobial use in both veterinary and human medicine to mitigate the spread of AMR bacteria.202540370835
106760.8831Virulence and plasmidic resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolated from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants. Escherichia coli is simultaneously an indicator of water contamination and a human pathogen. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and resistance of E. coli from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in central Portugal. From a total of 193 isolates showing reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and/or nalidixic acid, 20 E. coli with genetically distinct fingerprint profiles were selected and characterized. Resistance to antimicrobials was determined using the disc diffusion method. Extended spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, phylogroups, pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CTX-M producers were typed by multilocus sequence typing. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the presence of bla(TEM), bla(SHV), bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(CTX-M-32). Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was associated with qnrA, qnrS and aac(6')-Ib-cr. Aminoglycoside resistance and multidrug-resistant phenotypes were also detected. PAI IV(536), PAI II(CFT073), PAI II(536) and PAI I(CFT073), and uropathogenic genes iutA, papAH and sfa/foc were detected. With regard to the clinical ST131 clone, it carried bla(CTX-M-15), blaTEM-type, qnrS and aac(6')-lb-cr; IncF and IncP plasmids, and virulence factors PAI IV(536), PAI I(CFT073), PAI II(CFT073), iutA, sfa/foc and papAH were identified in the effluent of a hospital plant. WWTPs contribute to the dissemination of virulent and resistant bacteria in water ecosystems, constituting an environmental and public health risk.201526042965
138770.8830Whole-Genome Characterisation of ESBL-Producing E. coli Isolated from Drinking Water and Dog Faeces from Rural Andean Households in Peru. E. coli that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are major multidrug-resistant bacteria. In Peru, only a few reports have characterised the whole genome of ESBL enterobacteria. We aimed to confirm the identity and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of two ESBL isolates from dog faeces and drinking water of rural Andean households and determine serotype, phylogroup, sequence type (ST)/clonal complex (CC), pathogenicity, virulence genes, ESBL genes, and their plasmids. To confirm the identity and AMR profiles, we used the VITEK(®)2 system. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis were performed subsequently. Both isolates were identified as E. coli, with serotypes -:H46 and O9:H10, phylogroups E and A, and ST/CC 5259/- and 227/10, respectively. The isolates were ESBL-producing, carbapenem-resistant, and not harbouring carbapenemase-encoding genes. Isolate 1143 ST5259 harboured the astA gene, encoding the EAST(1) heat-stable toxin. Both genomes carried ESBL genes (bla(EC-15), bla(CTX-M-8), and bla(CTX-M-55)). Nine plasmids were detected, namely IncR, IncFIC(FII), IncI, IncFIB(AP001918), Col(pHAD28), IncFII, IncFII(pHN7A8), IncI1, and IncFIB(AP001918). Finding these potentially pathogenic bacteria is worrisome given their sources and highlights the importance of One-Health research efforts in remote Andean communities.202235625336
180880.8830Urban wastewater overflows as hotspots for dissemination of bacteria producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases in the Suquía River, Argentina. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global challenge, yet the role of environmental dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria remains underexplored, particularly in developing regions. This study investigated urban wastewater overflows from public streets as vectors for extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales and Aeromonas in the Suquía River (Córdoba, Argentina). Sixty-two water samples were analyzed for coliform counts, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance genes. Horizontal gene transfer was assessed by conjugation. Sixty-five ESBL- and/or carbapenemase-producing isolates were recovered, including six carbapenemase producers subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Urban wastewater exhibited coliform levels >10(8) MPN/100 mL, while river counts increased 2-5 logs at urban and downstream sites compared to upstream, where no resistant strains were detected. ESBL- and/or carbapenemase-producers occurred in ~70% of wastewater and river samples, mainly Escherichia coli harboring bla(CTX-M) . Carbapenemase producers carried bla(KPC-2) or bla(NDM-1) in Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Aeromonas caviae. WGS revealed extensive resistomes, virulence genes, and plasmid replicons, including IncU and IncA/C2 linked to carbapenemases. Conjugation confirmed plasmid-mediated transfer of β-lactamase genes, and genetic context analysis identified clinically recognized transposons. Notably, Enterobacter kobei and Aeromonas caviae from the river carried bla(KPC-2) on plasmidic contigs combining clinical and environmental elements, consistent with genetic exchange within aquatic ecosystems and transfer of clinically significant resistance determinants to species adapted for riverine survival. These findings identify urban wastewater overflows as AMR hotspots that facilitate the dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria and mobile resistance elements into urban and peri-urban aquatic environments, underscoring the need for integrated environmental AMR surveillance.202541070122
149790.8830Colistin-resistant mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli ST1775-H137 co-harboring bla(CTX-M-2) and bla(CMY-2) recovered from an urban stream. The rapid dissemination of colistin resistance mcr-type genes and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding genes at the human-animal-environment interface has raised concerns worldwide. In this study, we performed a genomic investigation of a multidrug (MDR)- and colistin-resistant Escherichia coli strain recovered from an urban stream strongly affected by pollution and used for recreational purposes in Brazil. E. coli strain EW827 was resistant to clinically significant antimicrobials, including polymyxins, extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. Whole-genome sequencing analysis revealed that EW827 strain belonged to ST1775 and carried the fimH137 allele, clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes (e.g., mcr-1.1, bla(CTX-M-2), and bla(CMY-2)), tolerance genes to metals, and biocide resistance genes. Moreover, IncX4 and IncI1-ST12 replicon types were identified carrying mcr-1.1 and bla(CMY-2), respectively. A novel genetic environment of the mcr-1.1 gene, in which a 258-bp ∆IS5-like was inserted in the opposite orientation upstream of the mcr-1.1-pap2 element, was also detected. Additionally, the bla(CTX-M-2) gene was harbored by a Tn21-like element on the chromosome. The occurrence of MDR E. coli co-harboring mcr-1.1, bla(CTX-M-2), and bla(CMY-2) in urban water represents a potential risk to humans, animals, and environmental safety. Therefore, epidemiological studies are required to monitoring multidrug-resistant bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance genes in aquatic ecosystems to determine possible routes and fates of these genes.202134823029
3308100.8829Effect of a karst system (France) on extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Karst aquifers are an important water resource worldwide particularly exposed to anthropogenic pollution, including antibiotic-resistance. The release of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens in the environment is a major public health challenge worldwide. In this One Health study, we aimed to determine the effect of karst on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. For this purpose, we determined the concentrations of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) for 92 weeks in a rural karst hydrosystem providing drinking water. ESBL-Ec isolates (n = 130) were sequenced by whole genome sequencing. We analysed the isolates at different levels of granularity, i.e., phylogroup, sequence type, presence of antibiotic-resistance genes, mutations conferring antibiotic-resistance, and virulence genes. The ESBL-Ec concentrations were spatially and temporally heterogeneous in the studied karst hydrosystem. ESBL-Ec isolates survived in the karst and their concentrations were mostly explained by the hydrodynamic of the hydrosystem. We demonstrate that the studied karst has no filtration effect on ESBL-Ec, either quantitatively (i.e., in the ESBL-Ec concentrations) or qualitatively (i.e., in the genetic characteristics of ESBL-Ec isolates).202336642030
1494110.8829Characterization of a Novel Chromosomal Class C β-Lactamase, YOC-1, and Comparative Genomics Analysis of a Multidrug Resistance Plasmid in Yokenella regensburgei W13. Yokenella regensburgei, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, is usually isolated from environmental samples and generally resistant to early generations of cephalosporins. To characterize the resistance mechanism of Y. regensburgei strain W13 isolated from the sewage of an animal farm, whole genome sequencing, comparative genomics analysis and molecular cloning were performed. The results showed that a novel chromosomally encoded class C β-lactamase gene with the ability to confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, designated bla (YOC) (-) (1), was identified in the genome of Y. regensburgei W13. Kinetic analysis revealed that the β-lactamase YOC-1 has a broad spectrum of substrates, including penicillins, cefazolin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime. The two functionally characterized β-lactamases with the highest amino acid identities to YOC-1 were CDA-1 (71.69%) and CMY-2 (70.65%). The genetic context of the bla (YOC) (-) (1) -ampR-encoding region was unique compared with the sequences in the NCBI nucleotide database. The plasmid pRYW13-125 of Y. regensburgei W13 harbored 11 resistance genes (bla (OXA) (-) (10), bla (LAP) (-) (2), dfrA14, tetA, tetR, cmlA5, floR, sul2, ant(3″)-IIa, arr-2 and qnrS1) within an ∼34 kb multidrug resistance region; these genes were all related to mobile genetic elements. The multidrug resistance region of pYRW13-125 shared the highest identities with those of two plasmids from clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, indicating the possibility of horizontal transfer of these resistance genes between bacteria of various origins.202032973731
7828120.8826Simultaneous elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by different Fe-N co-doped biochars activating peroxymonosulfate: The key role of pyridine-N and Fe-N sites. The coexistence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the environment poses a potential threat to public health. In our study, we have developed a novel advanced oxidation process for simultaneously removing ARGs and ARB by two types of iron and nitrogen-doped biochar derived from rice straw (FeN-RBC) and sludge (FeN-SBC). All viable ARB (approximately 10(8) CFU mL(-1)) was inactivated in the FeN-RBC/ peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system within 40 min and did not regrow after 48 h even in real water samples. Flow cytometry identified 96.7 % of dead cells in the FeN-RBC/PMS system, which verified the complete inactivation of ARB. Thorough disinfection of ARB was associated with the disruption of cell membranes and intracellular enzymes related to the antioxidant system. Whereas live bacteria (approximately 200 CFU mL(-1)) remained after FeN-SBC/PMS treatment. Intracellular and extracellular ARGs (tetA and tetB) were efficiently degraded in the FeN-RBC/PMS system. The production of active species, primarily •OH, SO(4)(•-) and Fe (IV), as well as electron transfer, were essential to the effective disinfection of FeN-RBC/PMS. In comparison with FeN-SBC, the better catalytic performance of FeN-RBC was mainly ascribed to its higher amount of pyridine-N and Fe(0), and more reactive active sites (such as CO group and Fe-N sites). Density functional theory calculations indicated the greater adsorption energy and Bader charge, more stable Fe-O bond, more easily broken OO bond in FeN-RBC/PMS, which demonstrated the stronger electron transfer capacity between FeN-RBC and PMS. To encapsulate, our study provided an efficient and dependable method for the simultaneous elimination of ARGs and ARB in water.202438669989
1740130.8825MDR Escherichia coli carrying CTX-M-24 (IncF[F-:A1:B32]) and KPC-2 (IncX3/IncU) plasmids isolated from community-acquired urinary trainfection in Brazil. Acquired antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become an important worldwide challenge. Currently, several bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have multidrug resistance profiles. Genes such as bla CTX-M-24 and bla KPC-2 (carbapenemase) are widespread. This research letter reports about a genomic surveillance study where multidrug-resistant E. coli containing CTX-M-24(IncF [F-:A1:B32]) and KPC-2(IncX3/IncU) plasmids were obtained from community- acquired urinary tract infection in Brazil.202236228665
2643140.8825Fecal carriage of multi-drug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamases producing E. coli in household pigeons, Bangladesh. Antibiotic resistance and ESBL constitute a risk to human and animal health. Birds residing close to humans could mirror the spectrum of human associated antibiotic resistance. Household pigeons were screened in Bangladesh to shed light on human associated, as well as, environmental antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli from pigeons (n=150) were tested against 11 antibiotics. 89% E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more critically important human antibiotics like ampicillin, cefadroxil, mecillinam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tigecycline. No carbapenamase-producers were detected and the lower ESBL prevalence (5%) in pigeons. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had blaCTX-M-15 genes. Pigeons shared some bacterial clones and had bird associated sequence types like E. coli ST1408. Fecal carriage of bacteria resistance of critically important human antibiotics, together with examples of shared genotypes among pigeons, indicate the human-birds and bird to bird transmissions are important in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance.201424290770
1383150.8824Detection of Tetracycline Resistance Genes in European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and Crested Porcupines (Hystrix cristata). Relatively little is known regarding the role of wildlife in the development of antibiotic resistance. Our aim was to assess the presence of the tetracycline resistance genes, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(D), tet(E), tet(G), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(P), tet(Q), tet(S), and tet(X), in tissue samples of 14 hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and 15 crested porcupines (Hystrix cristata) using PCR assays. One or more tet genes were found in all but three hedgehogs and one crested porcupine. Of the 14 tetracycline resistance genes investigated, 13 were found in at least one sample; tet(G) was not detected. We confirmed the potential role of wild animals as bioindicators, reservoirs, or vectors of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment.202031526277
1504160.8824Identification and Genomic Analyses of a Multidrug Resistant Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Coharboring mcr-1, bla (TEM-176) and bla (CTX-M-14) Genes. The emergence and transmission of the colistin-resistance gene mcr and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) encoding genes pose a significant threat to global public health. In recent years, it has been reported that mcr-1 and ESBL genes can coexist in single bacteria strain. The objective of this study was to characterize a multidrug-resistant (MDR) avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolate carrying mcr and ESBL encoding genes in China. A total of 200 APEC isolates were collected for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disk method. The MDR strain EC012 were then further analyzed for minimum inhibitory concentrations, antimicrobials resistance genes (ARGs) detection, conjugation, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Among all APEC isolates determined by K-B disk method, strain EC012 was resistant to almost all the antimicrobials, including polymyxin B, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime. Moreover, EC012 harbored ARGs mcr-1, bla (TEM-176), and bla (CTX-M-14). WGS analysis revealed that EC012 belonged to epidemic APEC serotype O1:H16 and multilocus sequence type ST295. EC012 consisted of one chromosome and six plasmids, encoding a broad ARGs. The bla (CTX-M-14), mcr-1 or bla (TEM-176) genes were located on conjugative plasmids pEC012-1 or pEC012-5, respectively. These plasmids were successfully transferred to transconjugants and resulted in the resistance to polymyxin B, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime. This study indicated that APEC was a potential reservoir of colistin-resistance gene mcr-1 and ESBL encoding genes, and highlighted the necessity for enhanced monitoring of ARGs dissemination among bacteria from different origins.202440303132
1382170.8823Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in Sheltered dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan. There is a lack of an established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system in animal welfare centers. Therefore, the AMR prevalence in shelter dogs is rarely known. Herein, we conducted a survey in animal shelters in Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures, in the Kanto Region, Japan, to ascertain the AMR status of Escherichia coli  (E. coli) prevalent in shelter dogs. E. coli was detected in the fecal samples of all 61 and 77 shelter dogs tested in Chiba and Kanagawa, respectively. The AMR was tested against 20 antibiotics. E. coli isolates derived from 16.4% and 26.0% of samples from Chiba and Kanagawa exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, respectively. E. coli in samples from Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures were commonly resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid; that from the Kanagawa Prefecture to cefazolin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin and that from Chiba Prefecture to chloramphenicol and imipenem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected in 18 dogs from both regions; β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaDHA-1, blaCTX-M-9 group CTX-M-14), quinolone-resistance protein genes (qnrB and qnrS), and mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (gyrA and parC) were detected. These results could partially represent the AMR data in shelter dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan.202235031646
2603180.8822Characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae carried by suburban mesocarnivores and locally owned and stray dogs. The role of wildlife in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment is of increasing concern. We investigated the occurrence, richness and transmissibility potential of ARGs detected in the faeces of three mesocarnivore species: the coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor) and Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), and of stray and owned dogs in suburban Chicago, IL, USA. Rectal swabs were collected from live-captured coyotes (n = 32), raccoons (n = 31) and Virginia opossums (n = 22). Fresh faecal samples were collected from locally owned (n = 13) and stray dogs (n = 18) and from the live-captured mesocarnivores, when available. Faecal samples and rectal swabs were enriched to select for Enterobacteriaceae and pooled by mesocarnivore species and dog type (owned or stray). Pooled enriched samples were then analysed for the presence of ARGs using shotgun sequencing. The three mesocarnivore and stray dog samples had twice as many unique ARGs compared to the owned dog sample, which was partly driven by a greater richness of beta-lactamase genes (genes conferring resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins). Raccoon and stray dog samples had the most ARGs in common, suggesting possible exposure to similar environmental sources of ARGs. In addition to identifying clinically relevant ARGs (e.g. bla(CMY) and qnrB), some ARGs were linked to the class 1 integrase gene, intI1, which may indicate anthropogenic origin. Findings from this pilot investigation suggest that the microbial communities of suburban mesocarnivores and stray dogs can host ARGs that can confer resistance to several antimicrobials used in human and veterinary medicine.202032034890
7787190.8822Inactivation of a pathogenic NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli strain and the resistance gene bla(NDM-1) by TiO(2)/UVA photocatalysis. Proliferation of bla(NDM-1) in water and wastewater is particularly concerning because of multidrug-resistance and horizontal transfer of the gene. In the present study, a pathogenic NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli strain (named E. coli NDM-1) and the bla(NDM-1) gene were treated with titanium dioxide (TiO(2))/ultraviolet A (UVA) photocatalysis. Effects of catalyst dose, UVA intensity, and phosphate on bacteria and intracellular and extracellular bla(NDM-1) genes were determined. With increases in TiO(2) dose and UVA intensity, the inactivation rate of E. coli NDM-1 increased greatly in saline solution. However, phosphate in water hindered adsorption of bacteria to TiO(2) and partly changed the TiO(2) photocatalytic pathway, resulting in low degradation efficiency. Although inactivation of E. coli NDM-1 was highly efficient, TiO(2)/UVA photocatalysis had little effect on removal of the bla(NDM-1) gene. During the 2-h photocatalytic experiments, E. coli cells decreased by 4.7-log, while the bla(NDM-1) gene decreased by 0.7- ~ 1.5-log. Moreover, the degradation rate of extracellular bla(NDM-1) was ~2.7 times higher than that of intracellular genes. Abundance and transformation frequency of residual bla(NDM-1) genes remained high, even when bacteria were completely inactivated, indicating potential health risks. Increases in treatment time and UVA irradiation intensity are needed to remove the bla(NDM-1) gene to sufficiently low levels.202235842147