# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 97 | 0 | 0.9873 | Universal gene co-expression network reveals receptor-like protein genes involved in broad-spectrum resistance in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) on plant cells have been implicated in immune responses and developmental processes. Although hundreds of RLP genes have been identified in plants, only a few RLPs have been functionally characterized in a limited number of plant species. Here, we identified RLPs in the pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome and performed comparative transcriptomics coupled with the analysis of conserved gene co-expression networks (GCNs) to reveal the role of core RLP regulators in pepper-pathogen interactions. A total of 102 RNA-seq datasets of pepper plants infected with four pathogens were used to construct CaRLP-targeted GCNs (CaRLP-GCNs). Resistance-responsive CaRLP-GCNs were merged to construct a universal GCN. Fourteen hub CaRLPs, tightly connected with defense-related gene clusters, were identified in eight modules. Based on the CaRLP-GCNs, we evaluated whether hub CaRLPs in the universal GCN are involved in the biotic stress response. Of the nine hub CaRLPs tested by virus-induced gene silencing, three genes (CaRLP264, CaRLP277, and CaRLP351) showed defense suppression with less hypersensitive response-like cell death in race-specific and non-host resistance response to viruses and bacteria, respectively, and consistently enhanced susceptibility to Ralstonia solanacearum and/or Phytophthora capsici. These data suggest that key CaRLPs are involved in the defense response to multiple biotic stresses and can be used to engineer a plant with broad-spectrum resistance. Together, our data show that generating a universal GCN using comprehensive transcriptome datasets can provide important clues to uncover genes involved in various biological processes. | 2022 | 35043174 |
| 96 | 1 | 0.9863 | Genome-wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analysis of the Receptor-Like Protein Family in Tomato. Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are involved in plant development and disease resistance. Only some of the RLPs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) have been functionally characterized though 176 genes encoding RLPs, which have been identified in the tomato genome. To further understand the role of RLPs in tomato, we performed genome-guided classification and transcriptome analysis of these genes. Phylogenic comparisons revealed that the tomato RLP members could be divided into eight subgroups and that the genes evolved independently compared to similar genes in Arabidopsis. Based on location and physical clustering analyses, we conclude that tomato RLPs likely expanded primarily through tandem duplication events. According to tissue specific RNA-seq data, 71 RLPs were expressed in at least one of the following tissues: root, leaf, bud, flower, or fruit. Several genes had expression patterns that were tissue specific. In addition, tomato RLP expression profiles after infection with different pathogens showed distinguish gene regulations according to disease induction and resistance response as well as infection by bacteria and virus. Notably, Some RLPs were highly and/or unique expressed in susceptible tomato to pathogen, suggesting that the RLP could be involved in disease response, possibly as a host-susceptibility factor. Our study could provide an important clues for further investigations into the function of tomato RLPs involved in developmental and response to pathogens. | 2018 | 30369853 |
| 8145 | 2 | 0.9862 | Emerging role for RNA-based regulation in plant immunity. Infection by phytopathogenic bacteria triggers massive changes in plant gene expression, which are thought to be mostly a result of transcriptional reprogramming. However, evidence is accumulating that plants additionally use post-transcriptional regulation of immune-responsive mRNAs as a strategic weapon to shape the defense-related transcriptome. Cellular RNA-binding proteins regulate RNA stability, splicing or mRNA export of immune-response transcripts. In particular, mutants defective in alternative splicing of resistance genes exhibit compromised disease resistance. Furthermore, detection of bacterial pathogens induces the differential expression of small non-coding RNAs including microRNAs that impact the host defense transcriptome. Phytopathogenic bacteria in turn have evolved effector proteins to inhibit biogenesis and/or activity of cellular microRNAs. Whereas RNA silencing has long been known as an antiviral defense response, recent findings also reveal a major role of this process in antibacterial defense. Here we review the function of RNA-binding proteins and small RNA-directed post-transcriptional regulation in antibacterial defense. We mainly focus on studies that used the model system Arabidopsis thaliana and also discuss selected examples from other plants. | 2013 | 23163405 |
| 87 | 3 | 0.9862 | Involvement of specific calmodulin isoforms in salicylic acid-independent activation of plant disease resistance responses. The Ca2+ signal is essential for the activation of plant defense responses, but downstream components of the signaling pathway are still poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that specific calmodulin (CaM) isoforms are activated by infection or pathogen-derived elicitors and participate in Ca2+-mediated induction of plant disease resistance responses. Soybean CaM (SCaM)-4 and SCaM-5 genes, which encode for divergent CaM isoforms, were induced within 30 min by a fungal elicitor or pathogen, whereas other SCaM genes encoding highly conserved CaM isoforms did not show such response. This pathogen-triggered induction of these genes specifically depended on the increase of intracellular Ca2+ level. Constitutive expression of SCaM-4 and SCaM-5 in transgenic tobacco plants triggered spontaneous induction of lesions and induces an array of systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-associated genes. Surprisingly, these transgenic plants have normal levels of endogenous salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, coexpression of nahG gene did not block the induction of SAR-associated genes in these transgenic plants, indicating that SA is not involved in the SAR gene induction mediated by SCaM-4 or SCaM-5. The transgenic plants exhibit enhanced resistance to a wide spectrum of virulent and avirulent pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and virus. These results suggest that specific CaM isoforms are components of a SA-independent signal transduction chain leading to disease resistance. | 1999 | 9892708 |
| 50 | 4 | 0.9861 | OsNPR1 Enhances Rice Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae by Upregulating Rice Defense Genes and Repressing Bacteria Virulence Genes. The bacteria pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infects rice and causes the severe disease of rice bacteria blight. As the central regulator of the salic acid (SA) signaling pathway, NPR1 is responsible for sensing SA and inducing the expression of pathogen-related (PR) genes in plants. Overexpression of OsNPR1 significantly increases rice resistance to Xoo. Although some downstream rice genes were found to be regulated by OsNPR1, how OsNPR1 affects the interaction of rice-Xoo and alters Xoo gene expression remains unknown. In this study, we challenged the wild-type and OsNPR1-OE rice materials with Xoo and performed dual RNA-seq analyses for the rice and Xoo genomes simultaneously. In Xoo-infected OsNPR1-OE plants, rice genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and SA signaling pathways, as well as PR genes and nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes, were significantly upregulated compared to rice variety TP309. On the other hand, Xoo genes involved in energy metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolism, and transportation were repressed. Many virulence genes of Xoo, including genes encoding components of type III and other secretion systems, were downregulated by OsNPR1 overexpression. Our results suggest that OsNPR1 enhances rice resistance to Xoo by bidirectionally regulating gene expression in rice and Xoo. | 2023 | 37240026 |
| 577 | 5 | 0.9861 | The SIR2 gene family, conserved from bacteria to humans, functions in silencing, cell cycle progression, and chromosome stability. Genomic silencing is a fundamental mechanism of transcriptional regulation, yet little is known about conserved mechanisms of silencing. We report here the discovery of four Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologs of the SIR2 silencing gene (HSTs), as well as conservation of this gene family from bacteria to mammals. At least three HST genes can function in silencing; HST1 overexpression restores transcriptional silencing to a sir2 mutant and hst3 hst4 double mutants are defective in telomeric silencing. In addition, HST3 and HST4 together contribute to proper cell cycle progression, radiation resistance, and genomic stability, establishing new connections between silencing and these fundamental cellular processes. | 1995 | 7498786 |
| 590 | 6 | 0.9860 | Recent advances in functional assays of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity against pathogens. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and play important roles in plant processes, most notably in responding to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. This article reviews the recent research progresses on WRKY TFs in regulating plant immunity, which includes both positive and negative regulation. WRKY TFs were shown to regulate plant defense against pathogens including fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, and viruses by modulating downstream pathogen resistance genes or interacting with other regulators. Plant signaling pathways or components involved in the regulatory network of WRKY-mediated plant immunity mainly involve the action of phytohormones, MAPKs (Mitogen-activated protein kinases), and other transcription factors. The interaction of WRKY TFs with these factors during pathogen resistance was discussed in this article, which may contribute to understanding the mechanisms of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity. | 2024 | 39917597 |
| 8425 | 7 | 0.9860 | Carotenoid biosynthesis in extremophilic Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria. Bacteria from the phylum Deinococcus-Thermus are known for their resistance to extreme stresses including radiation, oxidation, desiccation and high temperature. Cultured Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria are usually red or yellow pigmented because of their ability to synthesize carotenoids. Unique carotenoids found in these bacteria include deinoxanthin from Deinococcus radiodurans and thermozeaxanthins from Thermus thermophilus. Investigations of carotenogenesis will help to understand cellular stress resistance of Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria. Here, we discuss the recent progress toward identifying carotenoids, carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes and pathways in some species of Deinococcus-Thermus extremophiles. In addition, we also discuss the roles of carotenoids in these extreme bacteria. | 2010 | 20832321 |
| 21 | 8 | 0.9858 | miR159a modulates poplar resistance against different fungi and bacteria. Trees are inevitably attacked by different kinds of pathogens in their life. However, little is known about the regulatory factors in poplar response to different pathogen infections. MicroRNA159 (miR159) is a highly conserved microRNA (miRNA) in plants and regulates plant development and stress responses. Here, transgenic poplar overexpressing pto-miR159a (OX-159) showed antagonistic regulation mode to poplar stem disease caused by fungi Cytospora chrysosperma and bacteria Lonsdalea populi. OX-159 lines exhibited a higher susceptibility after inoculation with bacterium L. populi, whereas enhanced disease resistance to necrotrophic fungi C. chrysosperma compared with wild-type (WT) poplars. Intriguingly, further disease assay found that OX159 line rendered the poplar susceptible to hemi-biotrophic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, exhibiting larger necrosis and lower ROS accumulation than WT lines. Transcriptome analyses revealed that more down-regulated differentially expressed genes with disease-resistant domains in OX-159 line compared with WT line. Moreover, the central mediator NPR1 of salicylic acid (SA) pathway showed a decrease in expression level, while jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) signal pathway marker genes ERF, as well as PR3, MPK3, and MPK6 genes showed an increase level in OX159-2 and OX159-5 compared with WT lines. Further spatio-temporal expression analysis revealed JA/ET signaling was involved in the dynamic response process to C. gloeosporioides in WT and OX159 lines. These results demonstrate that overexpression of pto-miR159a resulted in the crosstalk changes of the downstream hub genes, thereby controlling the disease resistance of poplars, which provides clues for understanding pto-miR159a role in coordinating poplar-pathogen interactions. | 2023 | 37494825 |
| 8426 | 9 | 0.9857 | Ionizing radiation responses appear incidental to desiccation responses in the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga. BACKGROUND: The remarkable resistance to ionizing radiation found in anhydrobiotic organisms, such as some bacteria, tardigrades, and bdelloid rotifers has been hypothesized to be incidental to their desiccation resistance. Both stresses produce reactive oxygen species and cause damage to DNA and other macromolecules. However, this hypothesis has only been investigated in a few species. RESULTS: In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic response of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga to desiccation and to low- (X-rays) and high- (Fe) LET radiation to highlight the molecular and genetic mechanisms triggered by both stresses. We identified numerous genes encoding antioxidants, but also chaperones, that are constitutively highly expressed, which may contribute to the protection of proteins against oxidative stress during desiccation and ionizing radiation. We also detected a transcriptomic response common to desiccation and ionizing radiation with the over-expression of genes mainly involved in DNA repair and protein modifications but also genes with unknown functions that were bdelloid-specific. A distinct transcriptomic response specific to rehydration was also found, with the over-expression of genes mainly encoding Late Embryogenesis Abundant proteins, specific heat shock proteins, and glucose repressive proteins. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the extreme resistance of bdelloid rotifers to radiation might indeed be a consequence of their capacity to resist complete desiccation. This study paves the way to functional genetic experiments on A. vaga targeting promising candidate proteins playing central roles in radiation and desiccation resistance. | 2024 | 38273318 |
| 8137 | 10 | 0.9857 | Modulation of Bacterial Fitness and Virulence Through Antisense RNAs. Regulatory RNAs contribute to gene expression control in bacteria. Antisense RNAs (asRNA) are a class of regulatory RNAs that are transcribed from opposite strands of their target genes. Typically, these untranslated transcripts bind to cognate mRNAs and rapidly regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In this article, we review asRNAs that modulate bacterial fitness and increase virulence. We chose examples that underscore the variety observed in nature including, plasmid- and chromosome-encoded asRNAs, a riboswitch-regulated asRNA, and asRNAs that require other RNAs or RNA-binding proteins for stability and activity. We explore how asRNAs improve bacterial fitness and virulence by modulating plasmid acquisition and maintenance, regulating transposon mobility, increasing resistance against bacteriophages, controlling flagellar production, and regulating nutrient acquisition. We conclude with a brief discussion on how this knowledge is helping to inform current efforts to develop new therapeutics. | 2020 | 33747974 |
| 9072 | 11 | 0.9856 | PanGeT: Pan-genomics tool. A decade after the concept of Pan-genome was first introduced; research in this field has spread its tentacles to areas such as pathogenesis of diseases, bacterial evolutionary studies and drug resistance. Gene content-based differentiation of virulent and a virulent strains of bacteria and identification of pathogen specific genes is imperative to understand their physiology and gain insights into the mechanism of genome evolution. Subsequently, this will aid in identifying diagnostic targets and in developing and selecting vaccines. The root of pan-genomic studies, however, is to identify the core genes, dispensable genes and strain specific genes across the genomes belonging to a clade. To this end, we have developed a tool, "PanGeT - Pan-genomics Tool" to compute the 'pan-genome' based on comparisons at the genome as well as the proteome levels. This automated tool is implemented using LaTeX libraries for effective visualization of overall pan-genome through graphical plots. Links to retrieve sequence information and functional annotations have also been provided. PanGeT can be downloaded from http://pranag.physics.iisc.ernet.in/PanGeT/ or https://github.com/PanGeTv1/PanGeT. | 2017 | 27851981 |
| 73 | 12 | 0.9856 | Trafficking arms: oomycete effectors enter host plant cells. Oomycetes cause devastating plant diseases of global importance, yet little is known about the molecular basis of their pathogenicity. Recently, the first oomycete effector genes with cultivar-specific avirulence (AVR) functions were identified. Evidence of diversifying selection in these genes and their cognate plant host resistance genes suggests a molecular "arms race" as plants and oomycetes attempt to achieve and evade detection, respectively. AVR proteins from Hyaloperonospora parasitica and Phytophthora infestans are detected in the plant host cytoplasm, consistent with the hypothesis that oomycetes, as is the case with bacteria and fungi, actively deliver effectors inside host cells. The RXLR amino acid motif, which is present in these AVR proteins and other secreted oomycete proteins, is similar to a host-cell-targeting signal in virulence proteins of malaria parasites (Plasmodium species), suggesting a conserved role in pathogenicity. | 2006 | 16356717 |
| 31 | 13 | 0.9855 | miR395-regulated sulfate metabolism exploits pathogen sensitivity to sulfate to boost immunity in rice. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in plant physiological activities. However, their roles and molecular mechanisms in boosting plant immunity, especially through the modulation of macronutrient metabolism in response to pathogens, are largely unknown. Here, we report that an evolutionarily conserved miRNA, miR395, promotes resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), two destructive bacterial pathogens, by regulating sulfate accumulation and distribution in rice. Specifically, miR395 targets and suppresses the expression of the ATP sulfurylase gene OsAPS1, which functions in sulfate assimilation, and two sulfate transporter genes, OsSULTR2;1 and OsSULTR2;2, which function in sulfate translocation, to promote sulfate accumulation, resulting in broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial pathogens in miR395-overexpressing plants. Genetic analysis revealed that miR395-triggered resistance is involved in both pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and R gene-mediated resistance. Moreover, we found that accumulated sulfate but not S-metabolites inhibits proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, revealing a sulfate-mediated antibacterial defense mechanism that differs from sulfur-induced resistance. Furthermore, compared with other bacteria, Xoo and Xoc, which lack the sulfate transporter CysZ, are sensitive to high levels of extracellular sulfate. Accordingly, miR395-regulated sulfate accumulation impaired the virulence of Xoo and Xoc by decreasing extracellular polysaccharide production and biofilm formation. Taken together, these results suggest that rice miR395 modulates sulfate metabolism to exploit pathogen sensitivity to sulfate and thereby promotes broad-spectrum resistance. | 2022 | 34968734 |
| 726 | 14 | 0.9855 | Regulation of antimicrobial resistance by extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors. Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are a subfamily of σ(70) sigma factors that activate genes involved in stress-response functions. In many bacteria, ECF sigma factors regulate resistance to antimicrobial compounds. This review will summarize the ECF sigma factors that regulate antimicrobial resistance in model organisms and clinically relevant pathogens. | 2017 | 28153747 |
| 672 | 15 | 0.9855 | Trehalose Biosynthesis Gene otsA Protects against Stress in the Initial Infection Stage of Burkholderia-Bean Bug Symbiosis. Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide, functions as a stress protectant in many organisms, including bacteria. In symbioses involving bacteria, the bacteria have to overcome various stressors to associate with their hosts; thus, trehalose biosynthesis may be important for symbiotic bacteria. Here, we investigated the role of trehalose biosynthesis in the Burkholderia-bean bug symbiosis. Expression levels of two trehalose biosynthesis genes, otsA and treS, were elevated in symbiotic Burkholderia insecticola cells, and hence mutant ΔotsA and ΔtreS strains were generated to examine the functions of these genes in symbiosis. An in vivo competition assay with the wild-type strain revealed that fewer ΔotsA cells, but not ΔtreS cells, colonized the host symbiotic organ, the M4 midgut, than wild-type cells. The ΔotsA strain was susceptible to osmotic pressure generated by high salt or high sucrose concentrations, suggesting that the reduced symbiotic competitiveness of the ΔotsA strain was due to the loss of stress resistance. We further demonstrated that fewer ΔotsA cells infected the M4 midgut initially but that fifth-instar nymphs exhibited similar symbiont population size as the wild-type strain. Together, these results demonstrated that the stress resistance role of otsA is important for B. insecticola to overcome the stresses it encounters during passage through the midgut regions to M4 in the initial infection stage but plays no role in resistance to stresses inside the M4 midgut in the persistent stage. IMPORTANCE Symbiotic bacteria have to overcome stressful conditions present in association with the host. In the Burkholderia-bean bug symbiosis, we speculated that a stress-resistant function of Burkholderia is important and that trehalose, known as a stress protectant, plays a role in the symbiotic association. Using otsA, the trehalose biosynthesis gene, and a mutant strain, we demonstrated that otsA confers Burkholderia with competitiveness when establishing a symbiotic association with bean bugs, especially playing a role in initial infection stage. In vitro assays revealed that otsA provides the resistance against osmotic stresses. Hemipteran insects, including bean bugs, feed on plant phloem sap, which may lead to high osmotic pressures in the midguts of hemipterans. Our results indicated that the stress-resistant role of otsA is important for Burkholderia to overcome the osmotic stresses present during the passage through midgut regions to reach the symbiotic organ. | 2023 | 36976011 |
| 588 | 16 | 0.9855 | Enhanced aphid detoxification when confronted by a host with elevated ROS production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in plant defense responses against bacteria, fungi and insect pests. Most recently, we have demonstrated that loss of Arabidopsis thaliana BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) function releases its suppression of aphid-induced H2O2 production and cell death, rendering the bik1 mutant more resistant to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) than wild-type plants. However, little is known regarding how ROS-related gene expression is correlated with bik1-mediated resistance to aphids, or whether these aphids biochemically respond to the oxidative stress. Here, we show that the bik1 mutant exhibited elevated basal expression of ROS-generating and -responsive genes, but not ROS-metabolizing genes. Conversely, we detected enhanced detoxification enzymatic activities in aphids reared on bik1 plants compared to those on wild-type plants, suggesting that aphids counter the oxidative stress associated with bik1 through elevated metabolic resistance. | 2015 | 25932782 |
| 8142 | 17 | 0.9855 | RNA-seq reveals mechanisms of SlMX1 for enhanced carotenoids and terpenoids accumulation along with stress resistance in tomato. Improving nutritional fruit quality and impacts important agro-traits such as biotic or abiotic stresses are extremely important for human civilization. Our previous study reported that manipulation of SlMX1 gene enhanced carotenoids accumulation and drought resistance in tomato. Here, RNA-Seq analysis proved to be a very useful tool to provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of SlMX1 involved in stress resistance and enhanced secondary metabolites. Physiological analysis showed that over-expression of SlMX1 results in substantially increased broad-spectrum tolerance to a wide-range of abiotic and biotic (fungus, bacteria, virus and insects) stresses in tomato. This research appears to be of remarkable interest because enhanced terpenoids content has been achieved by increasing trichome density. In addition, we reported two types of trichome which seems to be aberrant types in tomato. This study unravels the mechanism of regulation of SlMX1, which simultaneously modulates resistance and metabolic processes through regulating key structural and regulatory genes of the corresponding pathways. | 2017 | 36659256 |
| 8762 | 18 | 0.9854 | Resistance Genes and their Interactions with Bacterial Blight/Leaf Streak Pathogens (Xanthomonas oryzae) in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-an Updated Review. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop, feeding more than 50% of the world's population. Diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens constantly threaten the rice production and lead to enormous yield losses. Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS), caused respectively by gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), are two important diseases affecting rice production worldwide. Due to the economic importance, extensive genetic and genomic studies have been conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanism of rice response to Xoo and Xoc in the last two decades. A series of resistance (R) genes and their cognate avirulence and virulence effector genes have been characterized. Here, we summarize the recent advances in studies on interactions between rice and the two pathogens through these R genes or their products and effectors. Breeding strategies to develop varieties with durable and broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae based on the published studies are also discussed. | 2020 | 31915945 |
| 98 | 19 | 0.9854 | Natural variations in the promoter of OsSWEET13 and OsSWEET14 expand the range of resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the major diseases that impact rice production in Asia. The bacteria use transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) to hijack the host transcription machinery and activate key susceptibility (S) genes, specifically members of the SWEET sucrose uniporters through the recognition of effector-binding element (EBEs) in the promoter regions. However, natural variations in the EBEs that alter the binding affinity of TALEs usually prevent sufficient induction of SWEET genes, leading to resistance phenotypes. In this study, we identified candidate resistance alleles by mining a rice diversity panel for mutations in the promoter of OsSWEET13 and OsSWEET14, which are direct targets of three major TALEs PthXo2, PthXo3 and AvrXa7. We found natural variations at the EBE of both genes, which appeared to have emerged independently in at least three rice subspecies. For OsSWEET13, a 2-bp deletion at the 5th and 6th positions of the EBE, and a substitution at the 17th position appear to be sufficient to prevent activation by PthXo2. Similarly, a single nucleotide substitution at position 10 compromised the induction of OsSWEET14 by AvrXa7. These findings might increase our opportunities to reduce pathogen virulence by preventing the induction of SWEET transporters. Pyramiding variants along with other resistance genes may provide durable and broad-spectrum resistance to the disease. | 2018 | 30212546 |