CHAIN - Word Related Documents




#
Rank
Similarity
Title + Abs.
Year
PMID
012345
129300.9980Antibiotic resistance in faecal bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp.) in feral pigeons. AIMS: To determine the presence of antibiotic-resistant faecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. in feral pigeons (Columba livia forma domestica) in the Czech Republic. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cloacal swabs of feral pigeons collected in the city of Brno in 2006 were cultivated for antibiotic-resistant E. coli. Resistance genes, class 1 and 2 integrons, and gene cassettes were detected in resistant isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The samples were also cultivated for enterococci. Species status of enterococci isolates was determined using repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR. Resistance genes were detected in resistant enterococci by PCR. E. coli isolates were found in 203 of 247 pigeon samples. Antibiotic resistance was recorded in three (1·5%, n(E. coli) =203) isolates. Using agar containing ciprofloxacin, 12 (5%, n(samples) =247) E. coli strains resistant to ciprofloxacin were isolated. No ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were detected. A total of 143 enterococci were isolated: Ent. faecalis (36 isolates), Ent. faecium (27), Ent. durans (19), Ent. hirae (17), Ent. mundtii (17), Ent. gallinarum (12), Ent. casseliflavus (12) and Ent. columbae (3). Resistance to one to four antibiotics was detected in 45 (31%) isolates. Resistances were determined by tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO, aac(6')aph(2''), ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ermB, pbp5, vanA and vanC1 genes. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic-resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. occurred in feral pigeons in various prevalences. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Feral pigeon should be considered a risk species for spreading in the environment antimicrobial resistant E. coli and enterococci.201020602656
123310.9980Prevalence, Antibiogram, and Resistance Profile of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Pig Farms in Luzon, Philippines. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiogram, and resistance profile of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms in Luzon, Philippines. A total of 162 rectal samples from healthy finisher and breeder pigs and boot swab samples from pig houses were collected from 54 randomly selected pig farms. Bacteria were isolated and screened using MacConkey agar plate supplemented with 1 mg/L cefotaxime. Identification of bacteria and antimicrobial susceptibility test were carried out through Vitek(®) 2 and combined disk test. PCR amplifications were carried out in all isolates targeting bla(CTX-M) and its five major groupings, bla(TEM), and bla(SHV). The farm prevalence of ESBL-EC was 57.41% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.21-70.77). A total of 48 (29.63%) ESBL-EC isolates were isolated from samples that showed 14 different phenotypic multidrug resistance patterns. The prevalence of bla(CTX-M) gene was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68). All major bla(CTX-M-groups) except bla(CTX-M-25group) were detected. The bla(CTX-M-1) was the most prevalent bla(CTX-M) gene, 75.0% (95% CI = 60.40-86.36). The prevalence of bla(TEM) and bla(SHV) genes was 91.67% (95% CI = 80.02-97.68) and 60.42% (95% CI = 45.27-74.23), respectively. Coexistence of different bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), and bla(SHV) genes was observed in 44 isolates with 20 different genotypic patterns. High prevalence, diverse antibiogram profile, and genotypic resistance pattern of ESBL-EC isolates from healthy pigs and pig farms were observed in this study that could result in possible transmission to farm workers, susceptible bacteria, and the environment.202031532307
218520.9979Isolation of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. from dogs in Chattogram Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh. OBJECTIVES: Antibacterial resistance is a great concern in human and food animal medicine, and it poses a significant concern in pet animals like dogs. This cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. along with the carryover of some resistance genes in E. coli from dogs in the Chattogram metropolitan area, Bangladesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rectal swab (n = 50), nasal swab (n = 50), and skin swab (n = 50) samples were collected from dogs having respiratory infections, skin infections, and/or enteritis, respectively. Three types of bacteria were identified and isolated by conventional bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out against 12 antimicrobials by disk diffusion methods. Six resistance genes, namely bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II, were screened for phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 39 (78%) E. coli, 25 (50%) Staphylococcus spp., and 24 (48%) Streptococcus spp. isolates were isolated from the rectal swab, nasal swab, and skin swab samples, respectively. In the cultural sensitivity test, the E. coli isolates showed resistance to ceftriaxone (79%) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (64%). Doxycycline (80%) demonstrated the highest resistance among Staphylococcus isolates, followed by sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (60%). Streptococcus isolates showed the highest resistance to penicillin (63%), followed by ceftriaxone (54%), while no isolate showed resistance to gentamycin. The prevalence of bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), tetA, tetB, Sul-I, and Sul-II genes in phenotypically resistant E. coli isolates were 100%, 61.29%, 100%, 8.33%, 56%, and 72%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Spillover of such multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from pet dogs pose a serious public health risk.202033409311
145730.9979Detection of TEM and CTX-M Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens at Tertiary Care Heart Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-producing clinical isolates, are increasing worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical isolates, their antibiogram, and the frequency of ESBL genes (bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M)) in the clinical samples from patients. METHODS: A total of 1065 clinical specimens from patients suspected of heart infections were collected between February and August 2019. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. Thus, obtained clinical isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, while ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the ESBL genes bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M). RESULTS: Out of 1065 clinical specimens, 17.8% (190/1065) showed bacterial growth. Among 190 bacterial isolates, 57.4% (109/190) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among 109 Gram-negative bacteria, 40.3% (44/109) were E. coli, and 30.2% (33/109) were K. pneumoniae. In AST, 57.7% (n = 63) Gram-negative bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 47.7% (n = 52) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Over half of the isolates (51.3%; 56/109) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Of 44 E. coli, 27.3% (12/44) were ESBL producers. Among ESBL producer E. coli isolates, 58.4% (7/12) tested positive for the bla(CTX-M) gene and 41.6% (5/12) tested positive for the bla(TEM) gene. CONCLUSION: Half of the Gram-negative bacteria in our study were MDR. Routine identification of an infectious agent followed by AST is critical to optimize the treatment and prevent antimicrobial resistance.202133562276
129440.9978Isolation and detection of antibiotics resistance genes of Escherichia coli from broiler farms in Sukabumi, Indonesia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to isolate and identify Escherichia coli from broiler samples from Sukabumi, Indonesia. Also, antibiogram studies of the isolated bacteria were carried out considering the detection of the antibiotic resistance genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cloaca swabs (n = 45) were collected from broilers in Sukabumi, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out according to standard bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests, followed by confirmation of the polymerase chain reaction targeting the uspA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity test, using several antibiotics [tetracycline (TE), oxytetracycline (OT), ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (CN), nalidixic acid (NA), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), chloramphenicol, and erythromycin] was carried out following the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance coding genes was carried out by PCR using specific oligonucleotide primers. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The results showed that 55.6% (25/45) of the samples were associated with the presence of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the E. coli isolates were resistant to TE (88%; 22/25), OT (88%; 22/25), AMP (100%; 25/25), CN (64%; 16/25), NA (100%; 22/25), CIP (88%; 22/25), ENR (72%; 18/25), chloramphenicol (0%; 0/25), and erythromycin (92%; 23/25). On the other hand, the antibiotic resistance coding genes were tetA (86.4%; 19/22), blaTEM (100%; 25/25), aac(3)-IV (0%; 0/16), gyrA (100%; 25/25), and ermB (13%; 3/23). It was found that chloramphenicol is markedly different from other antibiotic treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Escherichia coli was successfully isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler in Sukabumi, Indonesia. The bacteria were resistant to TE, OT, AMP, CN, NA, CIP, ENR, and erythromycin. Chloramphenicol was more sensitive and effective than other antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance genes detected were tetA, blaTEM, gyrA, and ermB.202133860017
218350.9978Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Enterococcus is a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Enterococcus from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2021 to March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses in the area. Then, the samples were screened for Enterococcus using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar (EA). We also cultivated the samples directly on EA. However, the disk diffusion method was used to investigate positive Enterococcus resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Investigations showed that the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 28.32% (78/279), respectively. Most Enterococcus positive isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin. These isolates also showed a prevalence of MDR species (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR Enterococcus (MDRE) from cloacal swabs and breast meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and breast meat were beta-lactamase TEM (bla (TEM) [0%, 1.96%]), Class 1 integrase (intI1 [14.28%, 0%]), colistin (mrc-1 [3.57%, 0%]), and vancomycin (vanA [14.28%, 0%]). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria.202236590124
130160.9978Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE: This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS: Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION: Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.202032440171
112370.9977Molecular detection of blaSHV gene in multidrug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from chicken egg shell swab from a traditional market in Surabaya. BACKGROUND: Contamination with Klebsiella pneumoniae in food ingredients, including eggs, causes various dangers because it threatens public health, because it acts as a multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria, especially the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) strain. The ESBL blaSHV gene is part of a broad-spectrum ESBL that is often found in Gram-negative bacteria. AIM: This study aimed to identify the ESBL blaSHV gene in K. pneumoniae MDR from chicken eggshells. METHODS: This study used 160 samples of chicken eggshell swabs isolated on 1% BPW media from 10 traditional Surabaya markets. Samples were isolated using MCA media and were identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests. Detection of MDR using Muller-Hinton Agar. RESULTS: Confirmation of ESBL in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was performed using polymerase chain reaction to detect ESBL genes. The results showed that the isolation and identification of K. pneumoniae bacteria were 25.62% (41/160). Amoxicillin antibiotics showed the highest level of resistance at a percentage of 100% (41/41), followed by antibiotic resistance to erythromycin (90.24% (37/41), Streptomycin antibiotics were 26.82% (11/41), ciprofloxacin (14.63% (6/41), and Tetracycline antibiotic resistance was 7.31% (3/41). The results of MDR from K. pneumoniae showed 34.14% (14/41) of the isolates were then tested by PCR, which showed positive results for the blaSHV gene of 71.42% (10/14). CONCLUSION: The data from this study confirm the existence of K. pneumoniae bacteria isolated from egg shell swabs carrying the blaSHV gene from MDR isolates.202540557075
123280.9977Monitoring of Non-β-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Genes in ESBL Producing Enterobacterales Isolates. Genetic context of extended spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacterales and its association with plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AME) and Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) resistance is little known from North India. Therefore, the current study was aimed to investigate the frequency of Non-β-Lactam antibiotic resistance associated genes in extended spectrum β-Lactamase producing Enterobacterales. For this study, Non-Duplicate phenotypically confirmed ESBL producing Enterobacterales isolates (N = 186) were analyzed for ESBLs, PMQRs, AMEs and TMP-SMX resistance genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR detected presence of PMQR genes in 81.29% (N = 139) of ESBL isolates (N = 171), AME genes in 60.82% and TMP-SMX resistance genes in 63.74% of the isolates. Molecular characterization of ESBL producing Enterobacterales showed 84.79% bla(TEM) followed by 73.68% bla(CTX-M), 43.86% bla(SHV), 19.88% bla(PER) and 9.94% bla(VEB), respectively. Analysis of PMQR genes revealed 77.7% aac(6')-lb-cr the most commonly detected gene followed by 67.63% oqxB, 62.59% oqxA, 43.17% qnrB, 19.42% qnrD, 18.7% qnrS, 9.35% qnrA, 3.6% qepA and 2.88% qnrC, respectively. Analysis of AMEs gene profile demonstrated 81.73% aac(6')-Ib, the most frequently encountered gene followed by 46.15% aph(3')-Ia, 44.23% ant(3")-Ia, respectively. A 100% prevalence of sul1, followed by dfrA (54.63%) and sul2 (15.74%) was observed. In summary, prevalence of ESBL-Producing genes (particularly bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M)) along with PMQR, AMEs, and TMP-SMX resistant genes may potentially aid in the transfer of antimicrobial resistance among these strains.202033317078
145590.9977Resistance to bacterial infection, complication occurring after cardiac surgery. To analyze the occurrence of resistant bacterial infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery hospitalized in the surgical specialty hospital, in Erbil city, Iraq. A prospective study was done on a total of 138 patients operated and hospitalized in an intensive care unit and surgical wards. Bacterial isolates identification was done according to cultural characteristics, microscopic examination, some biochemical tests, analytic Profile Index 20E& API Staph, confirmed with VITEK® 2 compact system (BioMérieux). Antimicrobial susceptibility for disc diffusion tested to 17 antimicrobial agents. Resistance isolates were confirmed phenotypically for carbapenemase by Rapidec Carba NP Test (bioMe´rieux SA, Marcy-l'E´toile, France) for ESBLs producers by ESBL screening test VITEK 2 system. Molecularly blaIMP blaTEM, blaKPC, AmpC and blaCTX-M were detected by PCR. In 134 patients, 28.3% of patients got infected post-operatively. The most frequent source of isolation was from ICU patients (75%). Isolated bacteria included gram-positive 29 (54.7%) and gram-negative bacteria 24 (45.3%). Most frequently:  Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%), each of pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia (15.1%), Streptococcus spp. (11.3%), Escherichia coli (9.4%). Whereas included Coagulase Negative Staphylococci species (CoNS) (13.2%) and Enterococci species (5.7) Statistical analysis showed significantly higher sensitive isolates as compared with resistance isolates. Resistance to Carbapenems calss was 18.9% and Cephalosporins class 41.5% of isolates. The antimicrobial resistance pattern indicated that MDR bacterial isolates (81.1%) were widespread. Of the 34 phenotypically ESBL positive isolates, the ESBL genes (AmpC, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM) were amplified in 7(20.6), 6(17.6) and 6(17.6) isolates respectively. Out of 8 K. pneumonia (37.5%) harboring both blaAmpC and bla-CTX-M genes, while 6(75%) carries blaTEM. The blaCTX-M gene was found in only 1 (12.5%) out of 8 isolates of P. aeruginosa. While blaAmpC genotyping revealed that 1(7.7%) out of 13 Staph. aureus isolates were harboring it. Finally, 3(60%) out of 5 E. coli isolates harboring both AmpC and bla-CTX-M genes. Cardiac surgery patients wound show increasingly emerging strains of ESBL-producing gram-negative bacteria K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and E. coli especially patients prolonged in the intensive care unit.202034174972
1295100.9977Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of antimicrobial resistance in faecal bacteria from 30 Giant pandas. To study the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in faecal bacteria from Giant pandas in China, 59 isolates were recovered from faecal pats of 30 Giant pandas. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed by the standardised disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Of the 59 study isolates, 32.20% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 16.95% showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Thirteen drug resistance genes [aph(3')-IIa, aac(6')-Ib, ant(3'')-Ia, aac(3)-IIa, sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetC, tetM, cat1, floR and cmlA] were analysed using four primer sets by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The detection frequency of the aph(3')-IIa gene was the highest (10.17%), followed by cmlA (8.47%). The genes aac(6')-Ib, sul2 and tetA were not detected. PCR products were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The results revealed that multidrug resistance was widely present in bacteria isolated from Giant pandas.200919168331
1469110.9977Investigation of Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Among Clinical Isolates in the Center of Iran. Introduction: Bacterial infection is a considerable problem in hospitals. Thus, this study was executed to appraise the rampancy of bacterial infections, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of isolates among patients in Bafgh Hospital in Yazd, Iran, in 2020. Methods: In the current study, we surveyed 103 isolates of 400 clinical specimens from early March 2020 to September 2020 in Bafgh Hospital. We assessed phenotypic traits and antibiotic resistance with standard microbiological methods. Phenotypic methods were also performed to identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Gram-negative bacilli, inducible clindamycin resistance, and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus according to CLSI guidelines. Molecular identification of isolates was done by conventional PCR 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, we investigated the prevalence of resistant genes including bla (TEM), bla (PER-2), bla (CTX-M), bla (SHV), and bla (VEB-1) in Gram-negative bacteria and the mecA gene in staphylococcal species. Results: From 400 different clinical specimens, 103 isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were isolated. Based on phenotypic and molecular methods, most common isolates were Escherichia coli (53 isolates), followed by Klebsiella spp. (18 isolates), and Staphylococcus aureus (16 isolates). The highest resistance was found in Gram-positive bacteria to erythromycin (66.67%) and penicillin (55.56%), while considering Gram-negative bacteria, the most resistant was cefixime (49.41%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (47.05%). In addition, out of 16 S. aureus isolates, 62.5% and 17.65% were resistant to methicillin and clindamycin, respectively. Among 83 Gram-negative isolates, 22.89% were ESBL-positive. The prevalence of bla (SHV), bla (PER2), bla (TEM), bla (CTX-M), and bla (VEB-1) genes was 78.31%, 59.03%, 40.96%, 30.12%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusions: The outbreak of bacterial infections is relatively high in hospitals. Recognizing risk agents for bacterial infections and restricting the administration of multidrug-resistant antibiotics is a substantial measure that must be taken to prevent patient mortality.202540822981
1454120.9977OCCURRENCE OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES RESISTANCE GENES ACC(6)-IB AND ACC(3)-II AMONG GRAM-NEGATIVE ISOLATES CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS, NAJAF, IRAQ. OBJECTIVE: The aim: The aim of the study was to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and frequency of aminoglycosides resistance genes of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from pediatric patient with UTI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study has been performed with a total of 500 urine specimens collected from pediatric patients under the age of 18 year suspected with UTI, admitted to hospitals in Al-Najaf province/Iraq during the period from November 2018 to March 2019. RESULTS: Results: A total of 500 urine specimens had been tested, 120 (24%) had signifficant bacteriuria, while there 380 (76%) had non-signi!cant bacteriuria. Escherichia coli represent about 70 (68.2%) followed by followed by 23 (22.5%) K. pneumoniae, 5 (4.9%) P. aeruginosa, 2 (1.9%) Proteus spp., 1 (0.9%) Enterobacter spp. and 1 (0.9%) Oligella uratolytic. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of 102 Gram-negative isolates, revealed that 59 (58%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 38(37%) were extensive drug resistant (XDR). The PCR results of aminoglycosides resistance showing that 23 (74.1%) Gram-negative isolates had acc(6')-Ib gene and 12 (38.7%) Gram-negative isolates acc(3')-II gene. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: A high frequency of multi-drug resistance and extensive-drug resistance of isolates were recognized, and an alarming percentage of amino-glycosides resistance to acc(6')-Ib and acc(3')-II.202337010165
2184130.9977Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, and Antibiotic Residue in Food from Animal Sources: One Health Food Safety Concern. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing foodborne serious illnesses can be found in contaminated food. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the pathogens, genes, and antimicrobial residues present in raw milk and meat. We collected 40 raw milk and 40 beef samples using the aseptic method from various parts of the Faisalabad metropolis, Pakistan. The samples were cultured on blood, MacConkey, and UTI chrome agar. The VITEK 2 compact system was used for microbial identification and determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Antimicrobial resistance genes for extended-spectrum β-lactamases, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, and carbapenem resistance were identified using molecular techniques. ELISA was used to determine the tetracycline residue level in each sample. The beef samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 64 bacterial isolates, with Escherichia coli (29; 45.3%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11; 17.1%) predominating. The milk samples showed polymicrobial contamination with 73 bacterial isolates, with E. coli (22; 30%), K. pneumoniae (12; 16.4%), and S. aureus (10; 13.6%) forming the majority. Twenty-eight (43.7%) isolates from beef harbored tet genes, nineteen (29.6%) bla(CTX-M), and fourteen (21.8%) bla(NDM-1), and twenty-six (35.6%) isolates from milk harbored tet genes, nineteen (26%) bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M), and three (4%) bla(NDM-1). Twenty-two (55%) each of the beef and milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limit for tetracycline. Polymicrobial contamination by bacteria possessing bla(CTX-M), bla(TEM), bla(NDM-1), bla(OXA), mecA, and tet genes was identified in food samples. The high tetracycline residue levels pose a serious health risk to consumers.202336677453
1231140.9977Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-mediated Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes (balaTEM, blaCTX and blASHV) Among Urinary Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates in Mashhad, Iran. OBJECTIVES: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria have an important role in nosocomial infections. Due to the limited availability of information about the molecular epidemiology of ESBL producing bacteria in Mashhad, we decided to investigate about TEM, CTX and SHV ESBLs among urinary Escherichia coli isolates in Mashhad, a city in northeast Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eleven clinical isolates of E. coli were diagnosed from hospitalized patients in 2009. After performing antibiogram and phenotypic confirmation test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX primers and restriction digestion was carried out using PstI and TaqI (Fermentas-Lithuania) for confirmation. RESULTS: ESBL producers of E. coli isolates were 33.3%. Among 37 ESBL-producing isolates, 35 (94.6%), 21 (56.8%) and 5 (13.5%) were shown to have blaCTX, blaTEM and blaSHV, genes respectively. Co-resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics was observed more with ESBL producers (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results showed that the studied ESBL genes are found with high prevalence and among them blaCTX is more widespread in urine E. coli isolates in Mashhad.201223493415
1302150.9976A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS: According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS: A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.202134635183
1251160.9976Biofilm Formation and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes at Varying Quinolone Inhibitory Concentrations in Quinolone-Resistant Bacteria Superinfecting COVID-19 Inpatients. The likelihood of antimicrobial failure in COVID-19 patients with bacterial superinfection arises from both phenotypic (biofilms) and genotypic mechanisms. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the inhibitory concentrations of quinolones-nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin-in biofilm formers (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration [MBIC]) and nonformers (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]) and correlate inhibitory concentrations with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in quinolone-resistant bacteria isolated from COVID-19 inpatients. Quinolone-resistant bacteria (n = 193), verified through disc diffusion, were tested for quinolone inhibitory concentrations using broth microdilution and biofilm formation using microtiter plate methods. The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect PMQR genes. Study variables were analyzed using SPSS v.17.0, with a significance level set at P <0.05. MIC-to-MBIC median fold increases for ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin were 128 (2-8,192), 64 (4-1,024), and 32 (4-512) in gram-positive cocci (GPC, n = 43), respectively, whereas they were 32 (4-8,192), 32 (4-2,048), and 16 (2-1,024) in fermentative gram-negative bacilli (F-GNB, n = 126) and 16 (4-4,096), 64 (2-64), and 16 (8-512) in nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB, n = 24). In biofilm-forming F-GNB and NF-GNB, qnrB (10/32 versus 3/10), aac(6')-Ib-cr (10/32 versus 4/10), and qnrS (9/32 versus 0/10) genes were detected. A 32-fold median increase in the MIC-to-MBIC of ciprofloxacin was significantly (P <0.05) associated with qnrA in F-GNB and qnrS in NF-GNB. Biofilms formed by F-GNB and NF-GNB were significantly associated with the aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnrS genes, respectively. Nearly one-third of the superinfecting bacteria in COVID-19 patients formed biofilms and had at least one PMQR gene, thus increasing the need for quinolones at higher inhibitory concentrations.202539561392
1276170.9976Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination. OBJECTIVE: Pathogens can be transmitted to banknotes due to the personal unhygienic habits. The aim of study was to find the possible pathogens on the banknotes circulating in the market and also to present their antibacterial resistance and their various virulence factors using genotypic and phenotypic methods. METHODS: A total of 150 samples of bank-notes were randomly collected between August 2017 and March 2018. VITEK systems were used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, van, extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] and carbapenemases) and staphyloccoccal virulence genes (staphyloccoccal enterotoxins [SEs], pvl, and tsst-1) were determined using with real-time PCR. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Enterococcus spp., Gram-negative enteric bacteria, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp. were detected 48%, 54.7%, 56%, 21.3%, 18.7%, and 4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL producing Gram-negative were found 46.8%, 1.3%, and 28.7%, respectively. Pvl, tsst-1, and SEs genes were found in a 2.8/4.9%, 1.4/1.2%, and 100/ 87.8% of the S. aureus/CoNS strains, respectively. The sea gene was found the most common enterotoxigenic gene. blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48 were found 55.8%, 46.5%, 41.2%, 18.6%, 18.6%, and 18.6%, respectively in Gram-negative strains. CONCLUSIONS: These results is very important to highlight hygienic status of paper currencies. This can be considered as an indication that banknotes may contribute to the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we may need to start using alternative products instead of banknotes.202032066229
1275180.9976Analysis of the Frequency, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Related Genes among Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Refrigerators in Tehran, Iran. BACKGROUND: Hospital refrigerators as essential food storage can be important source of food contamination. We aimed to investigate the frequency and antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic bacteria in three hospital refrigerators in Tehran. METHODS: This study was performed on 254 samples, collected from 60 refrigerators of the various wards of three hospitals, A, B, and C, in Tehran, Iran from 2020 to 2021. Following isolation and identification of isolates, the antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined. PCR-based assays were used to screen the presence of antibiotic resistance genes of resistant isolates. RESULTS: From 254 collected samples, 236 samples (92.9%) were contaminated. Most strains were isolated from refrigerators with poorly cleaned, temperatures above 8 °C in non-critical wards. Most bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (68.8%), followed by Staphylococcus (11.9%), and Enterococcus (10.6%), while the frequency of non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 8.9%. The highest antibiotic resistant bacteria were in extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) 9.7%, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) 5.3%, methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) 0.4%, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 0.4%, respectively. The bla (OXA-48), bla (CTX), and bcla (TEM) genes were found only in 10% of Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The bla (OXA-51) gene was found in all non-Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The vanA and mecA genes were detected in antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggests major concern about cross-contamination and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant isolates as a potential health threat with hospital refrigerators origin. More attention to hospital refrigerators cleaning is necessary to prevent foodborne diseases and nosocomial infections.202438919309
2182190.9976Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Proteus mirabilis isolated from broiler chickens at abattoir in South Africa. BACKGROUND: Proteus mirabilis has been identified as an important zoonotic pathogen, causing several illnesses such as diarrhoea, keratitis and urinary tract infections. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the prevalence of P. mirabilis in broiler chickens, its antibiotic resistance (AR) patterns, ESBL-producing P. mirabilis and the presence of virulence genes. METHODS: A total of 26 isolates were confirmed as P. mirabilis from 480 pooled broiler chicken faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility test, while nine virulence genes and 26 AR genes were also screened by PCR. RESULTS: All 26 P. mirabilis isolates harboured the ireA (siderophore receptors), ptA, and zapA (proteases), ucaA, pmfA, atfA, and mrpA (fimbriae), hlyA and hpmA (haemolysins) virulence genes. The P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (62%) and levofloxacin (54%), while 8 (30.7%) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). PCR analysis identified the bla(CTX-M) gene (62%), bla(TEM) (58%) and bla(CTX-M-2) (38%). Further screening for AMR genes identified mcr-1, cat1, cat2, qnrA, qnrD and mecA, 12%, 19%, 12%, 54%, 27% and 8%, respectively for P. mirabilis isolates. The prevalence of the integron integrase intI1 and intI2 genes was 43% and 4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The rise of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance, as well as MDR strains, is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Furthermore, because ESBL-producing P. mirabilis has the potential to spread to humans, the presence of bla(CTX) (-M) -producing P. mirabilis in broilers should be kept under control. This is the first study undertaken to isolate P. mirabilis from chicken faecal samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance status as well as virulence profiles in South Africa.202438357843