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81200.9375Characterization of plQ5 plasmid originating fromKlebsiella pneumoniae. plQ5 plasmid consists of a group of genes specifying resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, carbencillin, kanamycin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. It is isolated inKlebslella pneumoniae ZD532, is about 26.8 Kb and is freely transmissible to various bacterial species of Gram-negative bacteria. Physical characterization revealed that plQ5 plasmid has a single site forHindill,BamHI,EcoRI and two sites forBglII restriction enzyme.199024429982
122610.9359Multi-drug resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria isolated from flies at Chengdu Airport, China. We collected flies from Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport to examine for the presence of bacteria and to determine the sensitivity patterns of those bacteria. A total of 1,228 flies were collected from 6 sites around Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport from April to September 2011. The predominant species was Chrysomya megacephala (n=276, 22.5%). Antimicrobial-resistant gram-negative enteric bacteria (n=48) were isolated from flies using MacConkey agar supplemented with cephalothin (20 microg/ml). These were identified as Escherichia coli (n=37), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=6), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=3) and Aeromonas hydrophila (n=2). All isolated bacteria were tested for resistance to 21 commonly used antimicrobials: amoxicillin (100%), ticarcillin (100%), cephalothin (100%), cefuroxime (100%), ceftazidime 1 (93.8%), piperacillin (93.8%), cefotaxime (89.6%), ticarcillin-clavulanate (81.3%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (62.5%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), gentamicin (45.8%), cefepime (39.6%), tobramycin (39.6%), ceftazidime (22.9%), cefoxitin (16.7%), amikacin (16.7%), netilmicin (14.6%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (6.3%) and piperacillin-tazobactam (2.1%). No resistance to meropenem or imipenem was observed. Antibiotic resistance genes among the isolated bacteria were analyzed for by polymerase chain reaction. Thirty of the 48 bacteria with resistance (62.5%) possessed the blaTEM gene.201324450236
122720.9353Antibiotic resistance among coliform bacteria isolated from carcasses of commercially slaughtered chickens. A total of 322 coliform bacteria Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp. and Serratia spp., were isolated from 50 carcasses of commercially slaughtered chickens. Their resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, cephalotine, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin, were determined. The most commonly found resistance was to tetracycline followed by cephalotine, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. A large percentage of E. coli (41%) and Klebsiella spp. (38%) showed multiple antibiotic resistance.19902282290
138230.9331Surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in Sheltered dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan. There is a lack of an established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance system in animal welfare centers. Therefore, the AMR prevalence in shelter dogs is rarely known. Herein, we conducted a survey in animal shelters in Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures, in the Kanto Region, Japan, to ascertain the AMR status of Escherichia coli  (E. coli) prevalent in shelter dogs. E. coli was detected in the fecal samples of all 61 and 77 shelter dogs tested in Chiba and Kanagawa, respectively. The AMR was tested against 20 antibiotics. E. coli isolates derived from 16.4% and 26.0% of samples from Chiba and Kanagawa exhibited resistance to at least one antibiotic, respectively. E. coli in samples from Chiba and Kanagawa prefectures were commonly resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid; that from the Kanagawa Prefecture to cefazolin, cefotaxime, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin and that from Chiba Prefecture to chloramphenicol and imipenem. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected in 18 dogs from both regions; β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaDHA-1, blaCTX-M-9 group CTX-M-14), quinolone-resistance protein genes (qnrB and qnrS), and mutations in quinolone-resistance-determining regions (gyrA and parC) were detected. These results could partially represent the AMR data in shelter dogs in the Kanto Region of Japan.202235031646
127040.9328Multiantibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water samples in southwest Greece. In this study we monitored the sensitivity of 239 gram-negative bacteria (of fecal and non-fecal origin), isolated from the old drinking water distribution network of Patras in southwestern Greece, to 20 antibiotic agents. Two methods were used to find the multiresistant bacteria (bacteria resistant to two or more antibiotics): the diffusion disk method and a serial dilution method. The gram-negative bacteria tested were: Enterobacteriaceae (62), Pseudomonas (145), Vibrionaceae (24), Chromobacter (3), Acinetobacter (2) and others (4). The highest levels of antibiotic resistance were obtained for cephalothin (86.7%), ampicillin (77.5%) and carbenicillin (71%) followed by cefoxitin (55.4%) and cefuroxime (51.2%). Intermediate resistance levels were found for ticarcillin (31.3%), ceftizoxime (31.2%), chloramphenicol (30.3%), and cefotetan (25.2%). Low resistance levels were obtained for cefotaxime (17.9%), sulfisoxazole (15.2%), ceftriaxone (12.5%), tetracycline (11.9%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (7.4%) and piperacillin (2.4%). Overall 91.3% of the gram-negative bacteria isolated from drinking water were multiresistant. No resistant strains were found to quinolones, aminoglycosides, imipenem, aztreonam, ceftazidime or cefoperazone. The high antibiotic resistance rate of the isolated microorganisms from the Patras drinking water supply is discussed.200010949974
209150.9322Antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from wild Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii). OBJECTIVE: Orangutans (Pongo abelii), as endemic primates of Indonesia, are characterized by a predominantly arboreal lifestyle. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia) and other Gram-negative bacteria are present in the Indigenous flora of many mammals, including orangutans. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance and virulence profile of K. pneumonia isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study investigated 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans from the Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh, Indonesia. Biochemical and molecular identification of K. pneumoniae using the RNA polymerase subunit b gene and detection of virulence-associated genes. In addition, molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes was performed to characterize the resistance mechanisms in the isolates. RESULTS: K. pneumonia was detected in 6 out of 10 fecal samples from wild Sumatran orangutans. The virulence genes mrkD and entB were detected in all (100%) of the isolates, whereas wabG was identified in 83.33% of the strains. Antibiotic susceptibility testing against K. pneumoniae revealed that three isolates were susceptible to streptomycin (S) and nalidixic acid (NA), while all six isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin. One isolate demonstrated intermediate resistance to NA, while the remaining two exhibited intermediate resistance to S. Six isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, indicating multidrug resistance. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the isolates with the following prevalence: bla (TEM) gene (six isolates; 100%), bla (SHV) (six isolates; 100%), bla (CTX-M) gene (four isolates; 66.67%), and tetA gene (four isolates; 66.67%). CONCLUSION: This study revealed the virulence and resistance profile of K. pneumoniae bacterium isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans, which is essential for formulating effective conservation and healthcare strategies.202440013287
122460.9322Prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli from Austrian sandpits. The aim was to determine the prevalence of E. coli and coliform bacteria in playground sand of all public children's sandpits in Graz (n = 45), Austria, and to assess the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli. Molecular characterization included the discrimination of O-serotypes and H-antigens and the determination of virulence and resistance genes, using a microarray technology. E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to a set of antibiotics by VITEK2 system and disk diffusion method. In total, 22 (49%) and 44 (98%) sandpits were positive for E. coli and coliform bacteria. Median concentrations of E. coli and coliform bacteria in the sand samples were: 2.6 × 10(4) CFU/100 g and 3.0 × 10(5) CFU/100 g. Resistance rates were: ampicillin, 12.5%; piperacillin, 10.4%; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 9.4%; cotrimoxazole, 6.3%; tetracycline, 6.3%; piperacillin/tazobactam, 5.2%. No ESBL- or carbapenemase-producing isolates were found. The most prevalent serogroups were O15, O6 and O4. Isolates harbored 0 up to 16 different virulence genes.201425089889
306370.9320Antibiotic resistance among coliform and fecal coliform bacteria isolated from the freshwater mussel Hydridella menziesii. Freshwater mussels (Hydridella menziesii) collected from Lakes Rotoroa, Rotoiti, and Brunner, South Island, New Zealand, contained coliform and fecal coliform bacteria. The majority of these bacteria were resistant to one or more antibiotics, but none transferred streptomycin, tetracycline, or kanamycin resistance to an antibiotic-susceptible strain of Escherichia coli K-12.1976779633
216980.9315E-test antibiotics susceptibility of strict anaerobic bacteria. The E-test is convenient for testing susceptibility of anaerobes. From September 1998 to September 1999, 194 strains (105 Gram-positive bacteria, 89 Gram-negative bacteria) of clinically relevant samples were tested against five antibiotics benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, clindamycin, metronidazole and imipenem on blood agar plates. Resistance to benzyl penicillin is widespread and Gram-negative bacteria and resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is exceptional. Metronidazole is very effective against anaerobes except non-spore-forming aerotolerant Gram-positive rods and Peptostreptococcus micros.200316887712
362890.9314Antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria isolated from environmental sources. A total of 2,445 gram-negative bacteria belonging to fecal coliform, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium-Cytophaga groups were isolated from the rivers and bay of Tillamook, Oregon, and their resistances to chloramphenicol (25 microgram/ml), streptomycin (10 microgram/ml), ampicillin (10 microgram/ml), tetracycline (25 microgram/ml), chlortetracycline (25 microgram/ml), oxytetracycline (25 microgram/ml), neomycin (50 microgram/ml), nitrofurazone (12.5 microgram/ml), nalidixic acid (25 microgram/ml), kanamycin (25 microgram/ml), and penicillin G (10 IU/ml) were determined. Among fecal coliforms the bay isolates showed greater resistance to antibiotics than those from tributaries or surface runoff. No such well-defined difference was found among other bacterial groups. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria from different sources correlated well, perhaps indicating their common origin. The antibiotic resistance patterns of gram-negative bacteria of different general also correlated well, perhaps indicating that bacteria which share a common environment also share a common mode for developing antibiotic resistance.1978727777
2128100.9311Emerging Antibiotic Resistance to Bacterial Isolates from Human Urinary Tract Infections in Grenada. A urinary tract infection (UTI) in humans is one of the most common ailments in developing countries. The treatment of UTI is becoming difficult because of the increasing drug resistance against the common bacteria associated with UTI. This research aimed to determine the bacteria, and their antimicrobial drug resistance, associated with UTI in the Grenada population. A retrospective study of data (2015 through 2017) from the microbiology laboratory of the Grenada General Hospital was analyzed. Bacteria were isolated from 1289 (33.3%) urine cultures of 3867 UTI suspected urine samples. Both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus 5.0%; Enterococci group D 43.2%) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli 51%; Klebsiella pneumoniae20.0%; Proteus mirabilis 10.0%; Acinetobacter spp. 20.0%) were isolated. Bacterial isolates were tested for their resistance to nine antibacterial drugs (ampicillin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, Bactrim, imipenem, augmentin, and ciprofloxacin). Gram-negative bacteria showed higher antimicrobial drug resistance.201931700763
2129110.9309Screening of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria isolated from tiny freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium lanchesteri) and "Kung Ten", the uncooked Thai food. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to isolate and identify of pathogenic bacteria in tiny freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium lanchesteri) and in Kung Ten, which is an unusual Thai cuisine that eaten alive shrimp directly. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and identification of antibiotic resistance genes for isolated bacteria were conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty of fresh shrimp samples and forty of Kung Ten salads were collected from four fresh markets, which were located in Bangkok and Nonthaburi province (N = 120). The isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogenic bacteria were done following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were screened for β-lactamase relating genes, such as AmpC (MOX and ACC genes), bla (CTX-M), and Int1 genes. RESULTS: The number of bacterial isolates in tiny freshwater shrimp and Kung Ten salad was 136 and 65, respectively. Aeromonas caviae, A. hydrophilla, Proteus penneri, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were commonly found. Ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic, cefuroxime, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance were observed, and common antibiotic-resistant bacteria were A. caviae, P. vulgaris, Enterobacter Aerogenes, and K. pneumoniae. A. caviae, P. penneri, K. Pneumoniae, and A. hydrophilla were positive for MOX gene; bla (CTX-M), and Int1 genes; ACC and Int1 genes; and ACC gene, respectively. CONCLUSION: Raw or uncooked shrimps in Kung Ten salad may a risk in foodborne diseases due to positive for pathogenic bacterial isolates. However, hygienic control on food preparation is difficult to apply because of the difficulty of changing in local Thai food behavior.202032219114
2096120.9309Investigation of isepamicin in vitro efficiency in Gram negative bacteria efficacy of isepamicin. CONTEXT: Isepamicin is a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside derived from gentamicin B and it is effective against Gram negative bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is an emerging problem and new options need for the treatment of infections caused by Gram negative bacteria. AIMS: In this study we aimed to investigate the in vitro efficiency in carbapenem susceptible and nonsusceptible Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS AND MATERIAL: A total of 214 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacterales n = 129 and P. aeruginosa n = 85). Identification of the bacteria was tested in Vitek MS (Biomeriux, France). Susceptibility of isepamicin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin and netilmicin was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The breakpoints for susceptibility to isepamicin, amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin and netilmicin were evaluated according to the Comité de l'Antibiogramme dela Société Française de Microbiologie (CA-SFM) and EUCAST, respectively. Aminoglycoside modifying enzyme (AME) genes were investigated by multiplex PCR method. RESULTS: Isepamicin susceptibility was determined as 92.3% for Enterobacterales and 67% for P. aeruginosa and 94.4% for carbapenem resistant Enterobacterales. The most common AME gene was aac (6')-Ib in both Enterobacterales (76%) and P. aeruginosa (14.1%). Seven of the isepamicin intermediate or resistant isolates were positive aac (6')-Ib in Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, isepamicin showed good efficiency against both susceptible and carbapenem nonsusceptible Enterobacterales. But amikacin was prior to isepamicin P. aeruginosa isolates. Isepamicin could be a therapeutic option for the infections caused by Enterobacterales.202133610258
1260130.9307Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Bacteria from the Conjunctival Sacs of Dogs with Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Different Regions of Wuhan, China. In order to investigate the bacterial species present in the conjunctival sacs of dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in Wuhan (Hongshan District, Wuchang District, Jiangxia District, and Huangpi District) and their resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics, samples of conjunctival sac secretions were collected from 56 dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis in various regions of Wuhan. Drug susceptibility testing for aminoglycoside antibiotics was performed on the most commonly isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The expression of two aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes, aacA-aphD and aac (6')-Ib, and three 16S rRNA methyltransferase genes, rmtB, rmtE and npmA, were analyzed by PCR. The results showed that a total of 123 bacterial strains were cultured from 56 conjunctival sac secretion samples, with Staphylococcus being the most commonly isolated species, followed by Escherichia. Among them, 14 strains of Staphylococcus pseudointermedius were not resistant to tobramycin, amikacin, gentamicin or neomycin, but the resistance rates to streptomycin and kanamycin were 35.71% and 42.86%, respectively. Among them, 14 Escherichia coli strains were not resistant to tobramycin and gentamicin, but they showed high resistance rates to neomycin and kanamycin (both at 50%). The detection rate of the aacA-aphD gene in Staphylococcus pseudointermedius strains was 100%. The detection rates of the rmtB gene and rmtE gene in Escherichia coli were 85.71% and 28.57%, respectively, while the aac(6')-Ib gene and npmA gene were not detected.202539852896
1339140.9306Helicobacter pylori in a poultry slaughterhouse: Prevalence, genotyping and antibiotic resistance pattern. Although Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a highly significant pathogen, its source remains unclear. Many people consume chicken daily as a source of animal protein worldwide; thus, hygienic methods of supplying chickens for consumption are critical for public health. Therefore, our study examined the distribution of the glmM (ureC), babA2, vacA and cagA virulence genes in H. pylori strains in chicken meat and giblets (gizzards and livers) and the resistance of the strains to various antibiotics. Ninety chicken meat, gizzard and liver samples were obtained from a semi-automatic abattoir in Sadat City, Egypt, and were cultured and preliminarily analyzed using biochemical tests. The presence of the ureC, babA2, vacA and cagA genotypes was tested for in samples positive for H. pylori by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex-PCR). The resistance of H. pylori to various antimicrobial drugs was tested using the disc diffusion method. In total, 7 of the 90 chicken samples were positive for H. pylori (7.78%); in 3/7 (42.85%) samples, the bacteria were found in the chicken liver, while the bacteria were found in the meat in 2/7 (28.57%) and in the gizzard in 2/7 (28.57%) samples. The total prevalence of both the ureC and babA2 genes in the isolated H. pylori strains was 100%, while the prevalence of the vacA and cagA genes was 57.1% and 42.9%, respectively. The resistance of H. pylori to the antibiotics utilized in our study was 100% for streptomycin; 85.7% for amoxicillin and penicillin; 71.4% for oxytetracycline, nalidixic acid and ampicillin; 57.1% for sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin; and 42.9% for neomycin, chloramphenicol and norfloxacin. In conclusion, the chicken meat and giblets were tainted by H. pylori, with a higher occurrence of the ureC, babA2, vacA and cagA genotypes. Future investigations should investigate the resistance of H. pylori to various antimicrobial agents in Egypt.201830174504
1253150.9305Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA, cagE, and babA2 Alleles of Helicobacter pylori Bacteria Isolated from Raw Meat. BACKGROUND: Foodstuffs with animal origins, particularly meat, are likely reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori. PURPOSE: An existing survey was accompanied to assess phenotypic and genotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and genotyping of vacA, cagA, cagE, iceA, oipA, and babA2 alleles amongst the H. pylori bacteria recovered from raw meat. METHODS: Six-hundred raw meat samples were collected and cultured. H. pylori isolates were tested using disk diffusion and PCR identification of antibiotic resistance genes and genotyping. RESULTS: Fifty-two out of 600 (8.66%) raw meat samples were contaminated with H. pylori. Raw ovine meat (13.07%) had the uppermost contamination. H. pylori bacteria displayed the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (82.69%), erythromycin (80.76%), trimethoprim (65.38%), levofloxacin (63.46%), and amoxicillin (63.46%). All H. pylori bacteria had at least resistance toward one antibiotic, even though incidence of resistance toward more than eight antibiotics was 28.84%. Total distribution of rdxA, pbp1A, gyrA, and cla antibiotic resistance genes were 59.61%, 51.92%, 69.23%, and 65.38%, respectively. VacA s1a (84.61%), s2 (76.92%), m1a (50%), m2 (39.13%), iceA1 (38.46%), and cagA (55.76%) were the most generally perceived alleles. S1am1a (63.46%), s2m1a (53.84%), s1am2 (51.92%), and s2m2 (42.30%) were the most generally perceived genotyping patterns. Frequency of cagA-, oipA-, and babA2- genotypes were 44.23%, 73.07%, and 80.76%, respectively. A total of 196 combined genotyping patterns were also perceived. CONCLUSION: The role of raw meat, particularly ovine meat, in transmission of virulent and resistant H. pylori bacteria was determined. VacA and cagA genotypes had the higher incidence. CagE-, babA2-, and oipA- H. pylori bacteria had the higher distribution. Supplementary surveys are compulsory to originate momentous relations between distribution of genotypes, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic resistance genes.202032099418
1269160.9304Prevalence of Resistance Genes Among Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Waters of Rivers Swat and Kabul, Pakistan. The waters of rivers Swat and Kabul are the main water source for domestic and irrigation purposes in the northwestern part of Pakistan. However, this water has been contaminated due to human activities. This study aimed to analyze the water of these rivers for occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes among Gram-negative bacteria. Samples were collected from 10 different locations of these rivers. The samples were processed for the isolation of Gram-negative bacteria. Isolated bacteria were checked against 12 different antibiotics for susceptibility. The isolates were also analyzed for the presence of seven antibiotic resistance genes. A total of 50 bacterial isolates were recovered that belonged to five different bacterial genera, that is, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena (Klebsiella terrigena), and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Antibiotic resistance pattern was cefixime 72%, cephalothin 72%, ampicillin 68%, nalidixic acid 68%, kanamycin 54%, streptomycin 42%, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim 28%, chloramphenicol 28%, meropenem 8%, gentamicin 8%, amikacin 2%, and tobramycin 2%. The prevalence of bla-TEM gene was 72% (n = 36), aadA gene 34% (n = 17), sul gene 32% (n = 16), bla-CTXM gene 12% (n = 6), int gene 66% (n = 33), and int1 gene 6% (n = 3). This information highlights the need for controlling and monitoring the release of domestic wastes to rivers.202539435695
2148170.9304Molecular detection of integron genes and pattern of antibiotic resistance in pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from intensive care unit, shahid beheshti hospital, north of iran. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogens that causes nosocomial infections and shows high level of antibiotic resistance. Integrons are one of the transposable elements in bacteria and their role in antibiotic resistance has been well demonstrated. The aim of this study was a molecular characterization of the integron genes and the determination of the resistance or sensitivity pattern to ceftizoxime, cephizoxim. cephotaxim, amikacin, ofloxacin, imipenem, cefepime, ticarcillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cefazolin and ceftriaxone antibiotics in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from Intensive Care Units (ICU), Shahid Beheshti Hospital, North of Iran. This cross-sectional study was performed from 2011 to 2012. Totally, fifty four P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from ICU at Shahid-Beheshti hospital, Babol, North of Iran. The bacteria were diagnosed based on mobility, pigment production, growth in 42(0) C, oxidase and catalase tests. PCR analysis was carried out to detect integron genes using hep 35 and hep 36 primers. Also, disk diffusion method was performed to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria using ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cephotaxime, amikacin, ofloxacin, imipenem, cefepime, ticarcillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cefazolin and ceftriaxone antibacterial reagents. This study revealed that 20 (37%) P. aeruginosa isolates had integron genes. The antibiotic susceptibility test showed that 53 (98.1%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. 12 out of 54 isolated bacteria were resistant to all antibiotics tested. All bacteria were resistant to cefepime and the highest resistance rate was seen to ceftizoxime 92.6% followed by cefazolin 92.3%. The lowest resistance rate was observed to ciprofloxacin 38.9%, ofloxacin 44.4%, amikacin 46.3% and ticarcillin 48.1%. According to this study, P. aeruginosa isolates showed high level of antibiotic resistance and the presence of integrons in these strains can explain the influence of these genes in resistance creation. There was a significant association between resistance to cefotaxime, amikacin, ofloxacin, imipenem, ticarcillin, gentamicin and the presence of integrons.201224551780
1237180.9303Characterization of Gene Families Encoding Beta-Lactamases of Gram-Negative Rods Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Vegetables in Mexico City. Beta-lactam resistant bacteria, which are commonly resident in tertiary hospitals, have emerged as a worldwide health problem because of ready-to-eat vegetable intake. We aimed to characterize the genes that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from five commercial salad brands for human consumption in Mexico City. In total, twenty-five samples were collected, grown in blood agar plates, and the bacteria were biochemistry identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. The carried family genes were identified by endpoint PCR and the specific genes were confirmed with whole genome sequencing (WGS) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Twelve positive cultures were identified and their microbiological distribution was as follows: 8.3% for Enterobacter aerogene (n = 1), 8.3% for Serratia fonticola (n = 1), 16.7% for Serratia marcesens (n = 2), 16.7% for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), and 50% (n = 6) for Enterobacter cloacae. The endpoint PCR results showed 11 colonies positive for blaBIL (91.7%), 11 for blaSHV (91.7%), 11 for blaCTX (97.7%), 12 for blaDHA (100%), four for blaVIM (33.3%), two for blaOXA (16.7%), two for blaIMP (16.7%), one for blaKPC (8.3%), and one for blaTEM (8.3%) gen; all samples were negative for blaROB, blaCMY, blaP, blaCFX and blaLAP gene. The sequencing analysis revealed a specific genotype for Enterobacter cloacae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1, blaKPC-2); Serratia marcescens (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2); Klebsiella pneumoniae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1); Serratia fonticola (blaSHV-12, blaVIM-1, blaDHA-1); and, Enterobacter aerogene (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-1, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2, blaOXA-9). Our results indicate that beta-lactam-resistant bacteria have acquired integrons with a different number of genes that provide pan-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, oxacillins, cefalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and imipenems.201830477153
2094190.9303Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Weissella confusa K3 cell-free supernatant against extended-spectrum βeta lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli U60. Different strategies have been approved for controlling extended-spectrum βeta lactamase (ESBL) producing uropathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an effective strategy due to its probiotic characteristics and beneficial effects on human health. The antibiotic susceptibility test, disk diffusion method, and double disc synergy test indicated that five enteric uropathogenic isolates were ESBL producers during the present study. They recorded diameters of inhibition zones as ≤ 18, ≤ 8, ≤ 19, and ≤ 8 mm against cefotaxime (CTX), ceftazidime (CAZ), aztreonam (ATM), and ceftriaxone (CRO). Genotypically, bla(TEM) genes are the most common, with (100 %) occurrence in all the five enteric tested uropathogens, followed by bla(SHV) and bla(CTX) genes (60 %). In addition, out of 10 LAB isolates from dairy products, the CFS of isolate no. K3 had high antibacterial activity against the tested ESBLs, especially no. U60, with a MIC of 600 µl. Additionally, the MIC and sub-MIC of K3 CFS inhibited the production of antibiotic-resistant bla (TEM) genes of U60. Analyzing the 16S rRNA sequence confirmed that the most potent ESBL-producing bacteria (U60) and LAB (K3) isolates were identified as Escherichia coli U60.1 and Weissella confuse K3 with accession numbers MW173246 and MW173299.1, respectively, in GenBank.202336873575