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524400.9922Potentially pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in bioaerosols from cage-housed and floor-housed poultry operations. BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are used in animal confinement buildings, such as cage-housed (CH) and floor-housed (FH) poultry operations, to lower the likeliness of disease transmission. In FH facilities, antibiotics may also be used at sub-therapeutic levels for growth promotion. Low levels of antibiotic create a selective pressure toward antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in chicken fecal bacteria. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare bacteria and AMR genes in bioaerosols from CH and FH poultry facilities. METHODS: Bioaerosols were collected from 15 CH and 15 FH poultry operations, using stationary area samplers as well as personal sampling devices. Bacteria concentrations were determined by genus- or species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AMR genes were detected using endpoint PCR. RESULTS: Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus spp. were significantly higher in bioaerosols of FH poultry operations than CH bioaerosols (P < 0.001) while Clostridium perfringens was significantly higher in area bioaerosols of CH operations than FH area bioaerosols (P < 0.05). Campylobacter spp. were detected only in bioaerosols of FH facilities. Zinc bacitracin resistance gene, bcrR, erythromycin resistance gene, ermA, and tetracycline resistance gene, tetA/C, were more prevalent in bioaerosols of FH facilities than CH bioaerosols (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Most bacteria are more concentrated and most AMR genes are more prevalent in bioaerosols of FH poultry operations, where growth-promoting antibiotics may be used.201222156572
133110.9920Serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes of Salmonella in children with diarrhea. BACKGROUND: Salmonella is an important foodborne pathogen that causes acute diarrhea in humans worldwide. This study analyzed the relationships of serotypes and antibiotic resistance with virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from children with salmonellosis. METHODS: Serological typing was performed using the slide-agglutination method. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test antibiotic susceptibility. Twenty virulence genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: Salmonella Typhimurium (21 isolates, 34.43%) and S Enteritidis (12 isolates, 19.67%) were the predominant species among the 61 isolates. Ampicillin resistance was most common (63.93%), and among the cephalosporins, resistance was most often found to cefotaxime, a third-generation cephalosporin (19.67%). Among the 20 virulence genes, prgH, ssrB, and pagC were detected in all Salmonella isolates. In S Typhimurium, the detection rates of hilA, sipB, marT, mgtC, sopB, pagN, nlpI, bapA, oafA, and tolC were high. In S Enteritidis, the detection rates of icmF, spvB, spvR, and pefA were high. Nitrofurantoin resistance was negatively correlated with the virulence gene bapA (P = .005) and was positively correlated with icmF, spvB, spvR, and pefA (P = .012, .008, .002, and .005, respectively), The P values between all other virulence genes and antibiotic resistance were >.05. CONCLUSION: Salmonella Typhimurium and S Enteritidis were the main serotypes in children with diarrhea in Hangzhou, China. Salmonella exhibited a high level of resistance to common antibiotics, and a high rate of bacteria carrying virulence genes was observed. However, no significant correlation was found between virulence genes and resistance to common antibiotics.202032797660
524520.9918Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. ABSTRACT: Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production.202133302298
306530.9918Species diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of the nasal staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal biota of reindeer. BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus (S.) spp. and Mammaliicoccus (M.) spp., in addition to their established role as components of the human and animal microbiota, can also cause opportunistic infections. This study aimed to characterize bacteria recovered from nasal cavities of healthy adult reindeer from two farms located in Poland (15 reindeer) and Germany (15 reindeer). The research include bacteria isolation, species identification, detection of selected superantigen (SAg) genes, assessment of biofilm-forming capability in vitro, and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance. RESULTS: Seventy-four staphylococci and mammaliicocci from 14 different species were isolated from 30 nasal swabs, with one to four strains obtained from each reindeer. The most frequently identified species was S. equorum, followed by S. succinus, M. sciuri, S. xylosus, M. lentus, S. chromogenes, S. devriesei, M. vitulinus, S. auricularis, S. agnetis, S. edaphicus, S. petrasii, S. simulans, and S. warneri. A greater species diversity was observed among the reindeer from Poland compared to those from Germany. All isolated bacteria were coagulase negative and clumping factor negative and did not carry any of the 21 analyzed SAg genes. M. sciuri demonstrated the highest antimicrobial resistance (100%), followed by S. succinus (91%) and S. equorum (78%). Resistance to rifampicin was the most common (30% strains). Sixteen strains (22%) exhibited biofilm production at least 10% greater than the strong biofilm-forming S. aureus ATCC 6538. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a significant knowledge gap regarding the nasal microbiota of reindeer. It contributes to our understanding of staphylococcal and mammaliicoccal biota of reindeer and underscores the necessity for monitoring of microbial populations to assess their health implications for both animals and humans, particularly concerning the zoonotic transmission of bacteria.202540452044
122340.9918Characterization of Escherichia coli virulence genes, pathotypes and antibiotic resistance properties in diarrheic calves in Iran. BACKGROUND: Calf diarrhea is a major economic concern in bovine industry all around the world. This study was carried out in order to investigate distribution of virulence genes, pathotypes, serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves. RESULTS: Totally, 76.45% of 824 diarrheic fecal samples collected from Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Fars and Khuzestan provinces, Iran were positive for E. coli and all of them were also positive for cnf2, hlyA, cdtIII, f17c, lt, st, stx1, eae, ehly, stx2 and cnf1 virulence genes. Chaharmahal had the highest prevalence of STEC (84.61%), while Isfahan had the lowest (71.95%). E. coli serogroups had the highest frequency in 1-7 days old calves and winter season. Distribution of ETEC, EHEC, AEEC and NTEC pathotypes among E. coli isolates were 28.41%, 5.07%, 29.52% and 3.49%, respectively. Statistical analyses were significant for presence of bacteria between various seasons and ages. All isolates had the high resistance to penicillin (100%), streptomycin (98.25%) and tetracycline (98.09%) antibiotics. The most commonly detected resistance genes were aadA1, sul1, aac[3]-IV, CITM, and dfrA1. The most prevalent serogroup among STEC was O26. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings should raise awareness about antibiotic resistance in diarrheic calves in Iran. Clinicians should exercise caution when prescribing antibiotics.201425052999
528250.9918Occupational Exposure and Carriage of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (tetW, ermB) in Pig Slaughterhouse Workers. OBJECTIVES: Slaughterhouse staff is occupationally exposed to antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Studies reported high antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) abundances in slaughter pigs. This cross-sectional study investigated occupational exposure to tetracycline (tetW) and macrolide (ermB) resistance genes and assessed determinants for faecal tetW and ermB carriage among pig slaughterhouse workers. METHODS: During 2015-2016, 483 faecal samples and personal questionnaires were collected from workers in a Dutch pig abattoir, together with 60 pig faecal samples. Human dermal and respiratory exposure was assessed by examining 198 carcass, 326 gloves, and 33 air samples along the line, next to 198 packed pork chops to indicate potential consumer exposure. Samples were analyzed by qPCR (tetW, ermB). A job exposure matrix was created by calculating the percentage of tetW and ermB positive carcasses or gloves for each job position. Multiple linear regression models were used to link exposure to tetW and ermB carriage. RESULTS: Workers are exposed to tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes along the slaughter line. Tetw and ermB gradients were found for carcasses, gloves, and air filters. One packed pork chop contained tetW, ermB was non-detectable. Human faecal tetW and ermB concentrations were lower than in pig faeces. Associations were found between occupational tetW exposure and human faecal tetW carriage, yet, not after model adjustments. Sampling round, nationality, and smoking were determinants for ARG carriage. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated clear environmental tetracycline and macrolide resistance gene exposure gradients along the slaughter line. No robust link was found between ARG exposure and human faecal ARG carriage.202031883001
134560.9918Toxigenic potential and antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacillus cereus group bacteria isolated from Tunisian foodstuffs. BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of the B. cereus group as major foodborne pathogens that may cause diarrheal and/or emetic syndrome(s), no study in Tunisia has been conducted in order to characterize the pathogenic potential of the B. cereus group. The aim of this study was to assess the sanitary potential risks of 174 B. cereus group strains isolated from different foodstuffs by detecting and profiling virulence genes (hblA, hblB, hblC, hblD, nheA, nheB, nheC, cytK, bceT and ces), testing the isolates cytotoxic activity on Caco-2 cells and antimicrobial susceptibility towards 11 antibiotics. RESULTS: The entertoxin genes detected among B. cereus isolates were, in decreasing order, nheA (98.9%), nheC (97.7%) and nheB (86.8%) versus hblC (54.6%), hblD (54.6%), hblA (29.9%) and hblB (14.9%), respectively encoding for Non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and Hemolysin BL (HBL). The isolates are multi-toxigenic, harbouring at least one gene of each NHE and HBL complexes associated or not to bceT, cytK-2 and ces genes. Based on the incidence of virulence genes, the strains were separated into 12 toxigenic groups. Isolates positive for cytK (37,9%) harbored the cytK-2 variant. The detection rates of bceT and ces genes were 50.6 and 4%, respectively. When bacteria were incubated in BHI-YE at 30 °C for 18 h and for 5 d, 70.7 and 35% of the strains were shown to be cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of B. cereus strains depended on the food source of isolation. The presence of virulence factors is not always consistent with cytotoxicity. However, different combinations of enterotoxin genetic determinants are significantly associated to the cytotoxic potential of the bacteria. All strains were fully sensitive to rifampicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin. The majority of the isolates were susceptible to streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, vancomycin and tetracycline but showed resistance to ampicillin and novobiocin. CONCLUSION: Our results contribute data that are primary to facilitate risk assessments in order to prevent food poisoning due to B. cereus group.201931445510
134470.9918Antibiotics resistance and toxin profiles of Bacillus cereus-group isolates from fresh vegetables from German retail markets. BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the safety of raw vegetable products present on the German market regarding toxin-producing Bacillus cereus sensu lato (s.l.) group bacteria. RESULTS: A total of 147 B. cereus s.l. group strains isolated from cucumbers, carrots, herbs, salad leaves and ready-to-eat mixed salad leaves were analyzed. Their toxinogenic potential was assessed by multiplex PCR targeting the hemolysin BL (hbl) component D (hblD), non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) component A (nheA), cytotoxin K-2 (cytK-2) and the cereulide (ces) toxin genes. In addition, a serological test was used to detect Hbl and Nhe toxins. On the basis of PCR and serological results, none of the strains were positive for the cereulide protein/genes, while 91.2, 83.0 and 37.4% were positive for the Hbl, Nhe and CytK toxins or their genes, respectively. Numerous strains produced multiple toxins. Generally, strains showed resistance against the β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin G and cefotaxim (100%), as well as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination and ampicillin (99.3%). Most strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (99.3%), chloramphenicol (98.6%), amikacin (98.0%), imipenem (93.9%), erythromycin (91.8%), gentamicin (88.4%), tetracycline (76.2%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole combination (52.4%). The genomes of eight selected strains were sequenced. The toxin gene profiles detected by PCR and serological test mostly agreed with those from whole-genome sequence data. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that B. cereus s.l. strains encoding toxin genes occur in products sold on the German market and that these may pose a health risk to the consumer if present at elevated levels. Furthermore, a small percentage of these strains harbor antibiotic resistance genes. The presence of these bacteria in fresh produce should, therefore, be monitored to guarantee their safety.201931706266
272080.9917Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from the skin microbiota of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Southeastern United States. BACKGROUND: Aquaculture systems may contribute to the emergence and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, posing risks to animal, environmental, and human health. This study characterized the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the skin microbiota of 125 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) harvested from two earthen ponds in Alabama, USA. METHODS: Skin swabs from the body of channel catfish were enriched in Enterococcosel broth and cultured on Enterococcosel agar at 28 °C for 24 h. Isolates were confirmed using Biolog Gen III and VITEK(®)2, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Thirty-five randomly sampled isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing for genotypic characterization. RESULTS: 36% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobial classes), with the highest resistance rates observed for ampicillin (44.8%), rifampicin (42.4%), and tetracycline (38.4%). The most prevalent resistance genes were aac(6')-Iid (65.7%), aac(6')-Ii (22.9%), efmA, and msr(C) (20.0% each). Plasmid replicons rep1 and repUS15 frequently co-occurred with resistance genes. Biofilm-associated genes, including efaA, fsrA, fsrB, sprE, ebpABC, ace, and scm, were commonly detected. Multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA, PCA) revealed no significant species-level differences in resistance burden or biofilm gene carriage, indicating similar resistance and virulence gene carriage across species in this dataset. CONCLUSIONS: The skin microbiota of pond-raised catfish harbors antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. with mobile resistance elements and biofilm-associated virulence factors, suggesting a potential role in AMR persistence within aquaculture settings. These findings support the need for targeted AMR surveillance in fish-associated microbiota as part of integrated One Health strategies.202540760424
524690.9917Food Service Pork Chops from Three U.S. Regions Harbor Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance Regardless of Antibiotic Use Claims. Pork products from animals "raised without antibiotics" (RWA) are assumed to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than conventional (CONV) pork products with no claims regarding use of antimicrobial agents during production. A total of 372 pork chop samples from CONV (n = 190) and RWA (n = 182) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TET(r)) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC(r)) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TET(r) Salmonella, 3GC(r) Salmonella, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, Enterococcus spp., TET(r) Enterococcus, erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Production system did not significantly impact the detection of cultured bacteria (P > 0.05). Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). Quantitative PCR was used to assess the abundances of the following 10 AMR genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, bla(CMY-2), bla(CTX-M), bla(KPC-2), erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). For all 10 AMR genes, abundances did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between production systems. These results suggest that use of antimicrobial agents during swine production minimally impacts the AMR of bacteria in pork chops.201931532250
5247100.9916Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Food Service Ground Beef Products with and without a "Raised without Antibiotics" Claim. U.S. ground beef with "raised without antibiotics" (RWA) label claims are perceived as harboring fewer bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than are found in conventional (CONV) ground beef with no such label claim. A total of 370 ground beef samples from CONV ( n = 191) and RWA ( n = 179) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TET(r)) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC(r)) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TET(r) S. enterica, 3GC(r) S. enterica, nalidixic acid-resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., TET(r) Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. TET(r) E. coli was more frequently detected in CONV ground beef (CONV, 54.2%; RWA, 35.2%; P < 0.01), but supplier ( P < 0.01) and production system × suppler interaction ( P < 0.01) effects were also significant. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). The abundance of aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, bla(CMY-2), bla(CTX-M), bla(KPC-2), erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. The tet(A) (2.9-log(2)-fold change, P = 0.04) and tet(B) (5.6-log(2)-fold change) ( P = 0.03) genes were significantly more abundant in RWA ground beef. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ground beef microbiomes differed more by supplier than by production system. These results were consistent with prior research suggesting antimicrobial use in U.S. beef cattle has minimal impact on the AMR of bacteria found in these products. These results should spur a reevaluation of assumptions regarding the impact of antimicrobial use during U.S. beef production on the AMR of bacteria in ground beef.201830476443
1301110.9916Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE: This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS: Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION: Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.202032440171
1343120.9915Profiling toxin genes and antibiotic resistance in Bacillus cereus isolated from pre-launch spacecraft. Characterization of the microbiomes of pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities is an important step in keeping crews healthy during journeys that can last several hundred days in small artificial environments in space. Bacillus cereus, a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, has the potential to be a significant source of food contamination in such environments. This bacterium is a spore-forming bacteria that resists different antimicrobial treatments in cleanrooms where spacecraft are assembled. This study evaluated 41 B. cereus isolates from four pre-launch spacecraft in spacecraft assembly facilities for their toxin gene profile and antibiotic resistance. Four enterotoxin genes (hlbC, cytK, nheA, and entFM) and two emetic toxin genes (ces and CER) were targeted for chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA. Results showed 31.7, 7.3, 85, and 41.5% of isolates contained hblC, cytK, nheA, and entFM, respectively, in chromosomal or plasmid DNA. Overall, 37 isolates (90.2%) showed at least one enterotoxin gene. The emetic toxin gene, ces, was detected in the plasmid DNA of three isolates (7.3%). The antibiotic resistance of isolates was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion procedure. All the isolates exhibited 100% susceptibility to gentamicin, 97% were susceptible to clindamycin, and 95% to chloramphenicol, imipenem, tetracycline, and vancomycin. The overall susceptibility average is 51%. However, 98% of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, 97.5% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 80% were resistant to rifampin. This study provides important information on B. cereus isolates from spacecraft assembly facilities for use in microbial monitoring programs of spacecraft.202338045028
1341130.9915Campylobacter jejuni from no antibiotics ever (NAE) broilers: prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes analysis. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a leading foodborne illness causing bacteria, and poultry is a major reservoir of this pathogen. With the recent increase in broiler production under the "no antibiotics ever" (NAE) system, this study aimed to assess the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence characteristics of C. jejuni isolated from NAE raised broilers. A total of 270 cloacal swabs were collected from the live-hang areas of 3 commercial processing plants over 9 wk. Each processing plant was visited 3 times at a 1-wk interval, and 30 samples were collected per visit. Among the total 270 cloacal swab samples, C. jejuni was isolated from 44 (16.3%) samples . Of these isolates, 65.9% possessed toxin-producing genes cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC, and invasion gene ciaB. The prevalence of antibioitc resistance genes aph (3')-IIIa, erm(B) were 59.1%, and 50%, respectively. Nine (20.45%) C. jejuni isolates were identified as multidrug resistant (MDR), and 18 (40.9%) isolates showed resistance to at least 1 tested antibiotic. The highest resistance was observed against tetracycline (29.5%), followed by nalidixic acid (25%), whereas 22.7% of isolates were resistant to 2 clinically important antibiotics, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. These results suggest that there ishigh prevalence level of multi-drug resistant C. jejuni with toxin producing virulence genes in the NAE-raised broilers sampled in this study, indicating the potential for serious human illnesses if transmitted through the food chain.202439418794
2941140.9915Uncovering hidden threats: prevalence, antibiotic resistance and virulence gene profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from Testudines and their aquatic habitats. BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota of Testudines is fundamental to their digestion and overall health, yet remains a poorly investigated area in their biology, particularly in wild freshwater turtle (terrapins) and tortoise populations within South Africa. This study investigated the occurrence, diversity, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from Testudine gut microbiota and sediments at Timbavati Private Nature Reserve, South Africa. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cloacal swab samples were collected from 36 wild Testudines and 20 sediment samples from temporary and permanent water bodies. Presumed E. coli isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the β-D glucuronidase (uidA) gene and further validated through 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was evaluated with the Kirby-Bauer method, whilst resistance and virulence genes were identified using PCR assays. E. coli was detected in 54 (62%) of 87 isolates (23 Testudines and 31 sediments), confirmed by uidA PCR assay. Detected virulence genes included eaeA (42%), virF (22%), stx1 (16%), and stx2 (3%), and isolates exhibited resistance to erythromycin (53%), cephalothin (48%), and spectinomycin (40%). Resistance genes such as mcr-4 (70%), bla(SHV) (46%), bla(TEM) (64%), mcr-1 (42%), qnrA (16%), mcr-2 (22%), qnrD (11%), and tetW (2%) were also detected. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that wild Testudines harbour E. coli in their gut and that it also occurs in their surrounding environment, with notable antibiotic resistance and virulence potential. The findings underscore the complexity of host-microbial interactions and the influence of environmental and host factors on microbial diversity, informing potential conservation and health management strategies for these reptilian species.202540751752
2374150.9915Phenotypic and genetic antimicrobial resistance of the intestinal microbiota isolated from two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) post mortem. INTRODUCTION: In Poland, alpacas are commonly companion animals and producers of wool. Human-alpaca-environment interactions raise One Health concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). No medications are licensed in Poland for camelids, and so all are prescribed under the cascade; they include β-lactams, cephalosporin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Human and animal bacterial AMR is a matter of global concern. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic AMR among bacteria isolated from alpaca intestines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-four strains were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and biochemical methods. Antibacterial susceptibility was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations and by the Kirby-Bauer method. RESULTS: Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp. and Serratia spp. exhibited resistance to β-lactams, first-generation cephalosporins and tetracyclines, with Serratia spp. also resistant to colistin, polymyxin B and florfenicol. Enterococcus spp. were resistant to penicillin G, benzylpenicillin and erythromycin, but not to vancomycin, while Staphylococcus spp. showed resistance to amoxicillin and penicillins, but not to methicillin. Bacillus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. were resistant to some penicillins, tetracyclines and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Enterobacteriaceae isolates carried resistance genes (aadA, dfrA1, tetA, sul1, sul2, strA/strB and floR); therefore, the tested alpacas' microbiomes harboured AMR determinants. CONCLUSION: Alpacas should be monitored over an extended period to know the risk of transmission of AMR genes from components of their microbiome.202541064399
2655160.9915Prevalence, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in seafood products. INTRODUCTION: Seafood contamination by bacteria is a pervasive issue, contributing to foodborne illnesses. This study investigates the prevalence, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from various seafood products. METHODS: A total of 460 samples, including fresh, smoked, salted, and dried fish, as well as oysters, crab, lobster, and shrimp, were collected in Shahrekord, Iran. S. aureus isolation followed ISO standards, with confirmation via PCR for 16S rRNA and nuc genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion, while PCR detected enterotoxin and antibiotic resistance genes. FINDINGS: S. aureus was prevalent in all seafood types, with 27.83% positivity. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found in most samples, except oysters and crabs. Virulence genes were common, with Sea, Seb, Sed, Sec, and See being the most prevalent. High resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin (70%- 100%) was observed. Resistance varied for other antibiotics, with linezolid showing 100% susceptibility. The mecA gene was present in over 50% of isolates, with blaZ being the most detected resistance gene. CONCLUSION: The study underscores the need for Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) in seafood processing to mitigate S. aureus transmission. While specific comparisons between sample types were limited, the findings emphasize the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in seafood-associated S. aureus, highlighting the importance of vigilant food safety measures.202540247155
2877170.9915Metagenomic insights into isolable bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance in airborne dust from pig farms. This study aims to investigate bacterial communities and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in airborne dust from pig farms. Airborne dust, pig feces and feed were collected from nine pig farms in Thailand. Airborne dust samples were collected from upwind and downwind (25 meters from pig house), and inside (in the middle of the pig house) of the selected pig house. Pig feces and feed samples were individually collected from the pen floor and feed trough from the same pig house where airborne dust was collected. A direct total bacteria count on each sampling plate was conducted and averaged. The ESKAPE pathogens together with Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Streptococcus were examined. A total of 163 bacterial isolates were collected and tested for MICs. Pooled bacteria from the inside airborne dust samples were analyzed using Metagenomic Sequencing. The highest bacterial concentration (1.9-11.2 × 10(3) CFU/m(3)) was found inside pig houses. Staphylococcus (n = 37) and Enterococcus (n = 36) were most frequent bacterial species. Salmonella (n = 3) were exclusively isolated from feed and feces. Target bacteria showed a variety of resistance phenotypes, and the same bacterial species with the same resistance phenotype were found in airborne dust, feed and fecal from each farm. Metagenomic Sequencing analysis revealed 1,652 bacterial species across all pig farms, of which the predominant bacterial phylum was Bacillota. One hundred fifty-nine AMR genes of 12 different antibiotic classes were identified, with aminoglycoside resistance genes (24%) being the most prevalent. A total of 251 different plasmids were discovered, and the same plasmid was detected in multiple farms. In conclusion, the phenotypic and metagenomic results demonstrated that airborne dust from pig farms contained a diverse array of bacterial species and genes encoding resistance to a range of clinically important antimicrobial agents, indicating the significant role in the spread of AMR bacterial pathogens with potential hazards to human health. Policy measurements to address AMR in airborne dust from livestock farms are mandatory.202438872793
2524180.9914Phenotypic and Genotype Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-Human Primates: An Overlooked "One Health" Concern. Non-human primates (NHPs) are close relatives of humans and can serve as hosts for many zoonotic pathogens. They play crucial role in spreading antimicrobial resistant bacteria (AMR) to humans across various ecological niches. The spread of antimicrobial resistance in NHPs may complicate wildlife conservation efforts, as it may threaten domestic livestock, endangered species as well as human's health. This review analyses the existing literature on the prevalence of AMR in NHP species, including Rhinopithecus roxellana, Macaca fascicularis, and Sapajus nigritus, to create awareness in all stake holders involve in the fight against AMR on the serious potential threats that these primates pose. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search using the PubMed (National Library of Medicine-NLM), Scopus (Elsevier), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), Springer Link (Springer), and Science Direct (Elsevier) databases until January, 2025. The search strategy combined terms from the areas of non-human primates, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, and antibacterial resistance genes (ARGs). Studies that isolated bacteria from NHPs and assessed phenotypic resistance to specific antibiotics as well as studies that identified ARGs in bacteria isolated from NHPs were included. Data were synthesised thematically across all included studies. RESULTS: A total of 37 studies were included (explained as Cercopithecidae (n = 23), Callithrix (n = 6), Cebidae (n = 4), Hominidae (n = 3), and Atelidae (n = 1)). The results showed that the most common ARB across the various NHPs and geographical settings was Staphylococcus spp. (45.95%) and Escherichia spp. (29.73%). The tested antibiotics that showed high levels of resistance in NHPs included Tetracycline (40.54%), Ciprofloxacin (32.43%), and Erythromycin (24.34%), whereas ermC, tetA, tetM, aadA, aph (3″)-II, and qnrS1 were the most widely distributed antibiotic resistance genes in the studies. CONCLUSION: NHPs are potential natural reservoirs of AMR, therefore global policy makers should consider making NHPs an indicator species for monitoring the spread of ARB.202541148677
2418190.9914Baseline azithromycin resistance in the gut microbiota of preterm born infants. BACKGROUND: Macrolides, including azithromycin, are increasingly used in preterm-born infants to treat Ureaplasma infections. The baseline carriage of macrolide resistance genes in the preterm stool microbiota is unknown. OBJECTIVES: Identify carriage of azithromycin resistant bacteria and the incidence of macrolide resistant genes. METHODS: Azithromycin resistant bacteria were isolated from serial stool samples obtained from preterm infants (≤32 weeks' gestation) by culturing aerobically/anaerobically, in the presence/absence of azithromycin. Using quantitative PCR, we targeted 6 common macrolide resistance genes (erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), mef(A/E), msr(A)) in DNA extracted from selected bacteria resistant to azithromycin. RESULTS: From 89 stool samples from 37 preterm-born infants, 93.3% showed bacterial growth in aerobic or anaerobic conditions. From the 280 azithromycin resistant isolates that were identified, Staphylococcus (75%) and Enterococcus (15%) species dominated. Macrolide resistance genes were identified in 91% of resistant isolates: commonest were erm(C) (46% of isolates) and msr(A) (40%). Multiple macrolide resistance genes were identified in 18% of isolates. CONCLUSION: Macrolide resistance is common in the gut microbiota of preterm-born infants early in life, most likely acquired from exposure to the maternal microbiota. It will be important to assess modulation of macrolide resistance, if macrolide treatment becomes routine in the management of preterm infants. IMPACT STATEMENT: Azithromycin resistance is present in the stool microbiota in the first month of life in preterm infants 91% of azithromycin resistant bacteria carried at least one of 6 common macrolide resistant genes Increasing use of macrolides in the preterm population makes this an important area of study.202437550487