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844800.8832Genome-Wide Association Analysis for Resistance to Coniothyrium glycines Causing Red Leaf Blotch Disease in Soybean. Soybean is a high oil and protein-rich legume with several production constraints. Globally, several fungi, viruses, nematodes, and bacteria cause significant yield losses in soybean. Coniothyrium glycines (CG), the causal pathogen for red leaf blotch disease, is the least researched and causes severe damage to soybean. The identification of resistant soybean genotypes and mapping of genomic regions associated with resistance to CG is critical for developing improved cultivars for sustainable soybean production. This study used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from a Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) platform to conduct a genome-wide association (GWAS) analysis of resistance to CG using 279 soybean genotypes grown in three environments. A total of 6395 SNPs was used to perform the GWAS applying a multilocus model Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) with correction of the population structure and a statistical test p-value threshold of 5%. A total of 19 significant marker-trait associations for resistance to CG were identified on chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, and 20. Approximately 113 putative genes associated with significant markers for resistance to red leaf blotch disease were identified across soybean genome. Positional candidate genes associated with significant SNP loci-encoding proteins involved in plant defense responses and that could be associated with soybean defenses against CG infection were identified. The results of this study provide valuable insight for further dissection of the genetic architecture of resistance to CG in soybean. They also highlight SNP variants and genes useful for genomics-informed selection decisions in the breeding process for improving resistance traits in soybean.202337372451
9510.8791NtPR1a regulates resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in Nicotiana tabacum via activating the defense-related genes. Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are associated with the development of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against further infection enforced by fungi, bacteria and viruses. PR1a is the first PR-1 member that could be purified and characterized. Previous studies have reported its role in plants' resistance system against oomycete pathogens. However, the role of PR1a in Solanaceae plants against the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum remains unclear. To assess roles of NtPR1a in tobacco responding to R. solanacearum, we performed overexpression experiments in Yunyan 87 plants (a susceptible tobacco cultivar). The results illuminated that overexpression of NtPR1a contributed to improving resistance to R. solanacearum in tobacco Yunyan 87. Specifically speaking, NtPR1a gene could be induced by exogenous hormones like salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenic bacteria R. Solanacearum. Moreover, NtPR1a-overexpressing tobacco significantly reduced multiple of R. solanacearum and inhibited the development of disease symptoms compared with wild-type plants. Importantly, overexpression of NtPR1a activated a series of defense-related genes expression, including the hypersensitive response (HR)-associated genes NtHSR201 and NtHIN1, SA-, JA- and ET-associated genes NtPR2, NtCHN50, NtPR1b, NtEFE26, and Ntacc oxidase, and detoxification-associated gene NtGST1. In summary, our results suggested that NtPR1a-enhanced tobacco resistance to R. solanacearum may be mainly dependent on activation of the defense-related genes.201930545635
608320.8788Bioactivity and genome analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GL18 isolated from the rhizosphere of Kobresia myosuroides in an alpine meadow. The unique eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau breeds abundant microbial resources. In this research, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GL18, isolated from the rhizosphere of Kobresia myosuroides from an alpine meadow, and the antagonistic activity, bacteriostatic hydrolase activity, and low temperature, salt, and drought resistance of it were determined and analysed. The seedlings of Avena sativa were root-irrigated using bacteria suspensions (cell concentration 1 × 10(7) cfu/mL) of GL18, and the growth-promoting effect of GL18 on it was determined under cold, salt and drought stress, respectively. The whole genome of GL18 was sequenced, and its functional genes were analysed. GL18 presented significant antagonistic activity to Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger (inhibition zone diameter > 17 mm). Transparent zones formed on four hydrolase detection media, indicating that GL18 secreted cellulase, protease, pectinase and β-1,3-glucanase. GL18 tolerated conditions of 10 °C, 11% NaCl and 15% PEG-6000, presenting cold, salt and drought resistance. GL18 improved the cold, salt and drought tolerance of A. sativa and it showed significant growth effects under different stress. The total length of the GL18 genome was 3,915,550 bp, and the number of coding DNA sequence was 3726. Compared with the clusters of orthologous groups of proteins, gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes databases, 3088, 2869 and 2357 functional genes were annotated, respectively. GL18 contained gene clusters related to antibacterial substances, functional genes related to the synthesis of plant growth-promoting substances, and encoding genes related to stress resistance. This study identified an excellent Bacillus strain and provided a theoretical basis for improving stress resistance and promoting the growth of herbages under abiotic stress.202438189906
2130.8788miR159a modulates poplar resistance against different fungi and bacteria. Trees are inevitably attacked by different kinds of pathogens in their life. However, little is known about the regulatory factors in poplar response to different pathogen infections. MicroRNA159 (miR159) is a highly conserved microRNA (miRNA) in plants and regulates plant development and stress responses. Here, transgenic poplar overexpressing pto-miR159a (OX-159) showed antagonistic regulation mode to poplar stem disease caused by fungi Cytospora chrysosperma and bacteria Lonsdalea populi. OX-159 lines exhibited a higher susceptibility after inoculation with bacterium L. populi, whereas enhanced disease resistance to necrotrophic fungi C. chrysosperma compared with wild-type (WT) poplars. Intriguingly, further disease assay found that OX159 line rendered the poplar susceptible to hemi-biotrophic fungi Colletotrichum gloeosporioide, exhibiting larger necrosis and lower ROS accumulation than WT lines. Transcriptome analyses revealed that more down-regulated differentially expressed genes with disease-resistant domains in OX-159 line compared with WT line. Moreover, the central mediator NPR1 of salicylic acid (SA) pathway showed a decrease in expression level, while jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) signal pathway marker genes ERF, as well as PR3, MPK3, and MPK6 genes showed an increase level in OX159-2 and OX159-5 compared with WT lines. Further spatio-temporal expression analysis revealed JA/ET signaling was involved in the dynamic response process to C. gloeosporioides in WT and OX159 lines. These results demonstrate that overexpression of pto-miR159a resulted in the crosstalk changes of the downstream hub genes, thereby controlling the disease resistance of poplars, which provides clues for understanding pto-miR159a role in coordinating poplar-pathogen interactions.202337494825
80140.8785Redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator SoxR directly controls antibiotic production, development and thiol-oxidative stress response in Streptomyces avermitilis. The redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator SoxR is conserved in bacteria. Its role in mediating protective response to various oxidative stresses in Escherichia coli and related enteric bacteria has been well established. However, functions and regulatory mechanisms of SoxR in filamentous Streptomyces, which produce half of known antibiotics, are unclear. We report here that SoxR pleiotropically regulates antibiotic production, morphological development, primary metabolism and thiol-oxidative stress response in industrially important species Streptomyces avermitilis. SoxR stimulated avermectin production by directly activating ave structural genes. Four genes (sav_3956, sav_4018, sav_5665 and sav_7218) that are homologous to targets of S. coelicolor SoxR are targeted by S. avermitilis SoxR. A consensus 18-nt SoxR-binding site, 5'-VSYCNVVMHNKVKDGMGB-3', was identified in promoter regions of sav_3956, sav_4018, sav_5665, sav_7218 and target ave genes, leading to prediction of the SoxR regulon and confirmation of 11 new targets involved in development (ftsH), oligomycin A biosynthesis (olmRI), primary metabolism (metB, sav_1623, plcA, nirB, thiG, ndh2), transport (smoE) and regulatory function (sig57, sav_7278). SoxR also directly activated three key developmental genes (amfC, whiB and ftsZ) and promoted resistance of S. avermitilis to thiol-oxidative stress through activation of target trx and msh genes. Overexpression of soxR notably enhanced antibiotic production in S. avermitilis and S. coelicolor. Our findings expand our limited knowledge of SoxR and will facilitate improvement of methods for antibiotic overproduction in Streptomyces species.202233951287
513150.8779Conjugative Transfer of the pVA1-Type Plasmid Carrying the pirAB(vp) Genes Results in the Formation of New AHPND-Causing Vibrio. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has caused sharp declines in aquaculture industries of whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei in Asia and the Americas since 2010. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. campbellii, V. owensii, and V. punensis have been proved to cause AHPND. However, the mechanisms underlying the burgeoning number of Vibrio species that cause AHPND is not known. All of AHPND-causing Vibrio bacteria (V(AHPND)) harbor a highly homologous plasmid (designated as pVA1-type) carrying pirAB(vp) toxin genes. In this study, we demonstrate conclusively that the pVA1-type plasmid can be transferred from V(AHPND) to non-pathogenic bacteria. We constructed a pVPGX1-Cm(r) plasmid (a pVA1-type plasmid) by adding a chloramphenicol resistance gene as a marker in a donor AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus 20130629002S01 (Vp2S01). Horizontal transfer of this plasmid was successfully performed from the AHPND-Vp2S01 to a non-pathogenic strain of V. campbellii at the transfer efficiency of 2.6×10(-8) transconjugant/recipient, and DNase I treatment did not eliminate the transfer. The recipient V. campbellii acquired the pVA1-type plasmid and was shown to produce pirAB(vp) RNA and proteins. Challenge studies using the transconjugant caused 100% mortality in exposed groups of P. vannamei. The challenged shrimp, infected with the transconjugant bacteria, showed typical gross signs and histological lesions of AHPND. These results demonstrated the conjugative transfer of an AHPND pVA1-type plasmid. It provides timely information for explaining the increased species of AHPND-causing Vibrio bacteria and will be useful in the development of management strategies leading to the prevention and control of AHPND.201931231618
872160.8779Chromium metabolism characteristics of coexpression of ChrA and ChrT gene. OBJECTIVE: Serratia sp. S2 is a wild strain with chromium resistance and reduction ability. Chromium(VI) metabolic-protein-coding gene ChrA and ChrT were cloned from Serratia sp. S2, and ligated with prokaryotic expression vectors pET-28a (+) and transformed into E. coli BL21 to construct ChrA, ChrT and ChrAT engineered bacteria. By studying the characteristics of Cr(VI) metabolism in engineered bacteria, the function and mechanism of the sole expression and coexpression of ChrA and ChrT genes were studied. METHODS: Using Serratia sp. S2 genome as template, ChrA and ChrT genes were amplified by PCR, and prokaryotic expression vectors was ligated to form the recombinant plasmid pET-28a (+)-ChrA, pET-28a (+)-ChrT and pET-28a (+)-ChrAT, and transformed into E. coli BL21 to construct ChrA, ChrT, ChrAT engineered bacteria. The growth curve, tolerance, and reduction of Cr(VI), the distribution of intracellular and extracellular Cr, activity of chromium reductase and intracellular oxidative stress in engineered bacteria were measured to explore the metabolic characteristics of Cr(VI) in ChrA, ChrT, ChrAT engineered bacteria. RESULTS: ChrA, ChrT and ChrAT engineered bacteria were successfully constructed by gene recombination technology. The tolerance to Cr(VI) was Serratia sp. S2 > ChrAT ≈ ChrA > ChrT > Control (P < 0.05), and the reduction ability to Cr(VI) was Serratia sp. S2 > ChrAT ≈ ChrT > ChrA (P < 0.05). The chromium distribution experiments confirmed that Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were the main valence states. Effect of electron donors on chromium reductase activity was NADPH > NADH > non-NAD(P)H (P < 0.05). The activity of chromium reductase increased significantly with NAD(P)H (P < 0.05). The Glutathione and NPSH (Non-protein Sulfhydryl) levels of ChrA, ChrAT engineered bacteria increased significantly (P < 0.05) under the condition of Cr(VI), but there was no significant difference in the indexes of ChrT engineered bacteria (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: ChrAT engineered bacteria possesses resistance and reduction abilities of Cr(VI). ChrA protein endows the strain with the ability to resist Cr(VI). ChrT protein reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by using NAD(P)H as electronic donor. The reduction process promotes the production of GSH, GSSG and NPSH to maintain the intracellular reduction state, which further improves the Cr(VI) tolerance and reduction ability of ChrAT engineered bacteria.202032768747
4570.8776Vitis vinifera VvNPR1.1 is the functional ortholog of AtNPR1 and its overexpression in grapevine triggers constitutive activation of PR genes and enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Studying grapevine (Vitis vinifera) innate defense mechanisms is a prerequisite to the development of new protection strategies, based on the stimulation of plant signaling pathways to trigger pathogen resistance. Two transcriptional coactivators (VvNPR1.1 and VvNPR1.2) with similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 (Non-Expressor of PR genes 1), a well-characterized and key signaling element of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, were recently isolated in Vitis vinifera. In this study, functional characterization of VvNPR1.1 and VvNPR1.2, including complementation of the Arabidopsis npr1 mutant, revealed that VvNPR1.1 is a functional ortholog of AtNPR1, whereas VvNPR1.2 likely has a different function. Ectopic overexpression of VvNPR1.1 in the Arabidopsis npr1-2 mutant restored plant growth at a high SA concentration, Pathogenesis Related 1 (PR1) gene expression after treatment with SA or bacterial inoculation, and resistance to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola bacteria. Moreover, stable overexpression of VvNPR1.1-GFP in V. vinifera resulted in constitutive nuclear localization of the fusion protein and enhanced PR gene expression in uninfected plants. Furthermore, grapevine plants overexpressing VvNPR1.1-GFP exhibited an enhanced resistance to powdery mildew infection. This work highlights the importance of the conserved SA/NPR1 signaling pathway for resistance to biotrophic pathogens in V. vinifera.201121505863
879080.8772Bacillus circulans GN03 Alters the Microbiota, Promotes Cotton Seedling Growth and Disease Resistance, and Increases the Expression of Phytohormone Synthesis and Disease Resistance-Related Genes. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are components of the plant rhizosphere that promote plant growth and/or inhibit pathogen activity. To explore the cotton seedlings response to Bacillus circulans GN03 with high efficiency of plant growth promotion and disease resistance, a pot experiment was carried out, in which inoculations levels of GN03 were set at 10(4) and 10(8) cfu(⋅)mL(-1). The results showed that GN03 inoculation remarkably enhanced growth promotion as well as disease resistance of cotton seedlings. GN03 inoculation altered the microbiota in and around the plant roots, led to a significant accumulation of growth-related hormones (indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, and brassinosteroid) and disease resistance-related hormones (salicylic acid and jasmonic acid) in cotton seedlings, as determined with ELISA, up-regulated the expression of phytohormone synthesis-related genes (EDS1, AOC1, BES1, and GA20ox), auxin transporter gene (Aux1), and disease-resistance genes (NPR1 and PR1). Comparative genomic analyses was performed between GN03 and four similar species, with regards to phenotype, biochemical characteristics, and gene function. This study provides valuable information for applying the PGPB alternative, GN03, as a plant growth and disease-resistance promoting fertilizer.202133936131
608890.8768Complete Genome of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, a Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria from the Rhizosphere of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) Tolerant to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection. Achromobacter xylosoxidans is one of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with cowpea rhizosphere across Africa. Although its role in improving soil fertility and inducing systemic resistance in plants against pathogens has been documented, there is limited information on its complete genomic characteristics from cowpea roots. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of A. xylosoxidans strain DDA01 isolated from the topsoil of a field where cowpea plants tolerant to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were grown in Ibadan, Nigeria. The genome of DDA01 was sequenced via Illumina MiSeq and contained 6,930,067 nucleotides with 67.55% G + C content, 73 RNAs, 59 tRNAs, and 6421 protein-coding genes, including those associated with nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, Indole3-acetic acid production, and siderophore activity. Eleven genetic clusters for secondary metabolites, including alcaligin, were identified. The potential of DDA01 as a plant growth-promoting bacteria with genetic capabilities to enhance soil fertility for resilience against CMV infection in cowpea is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first complete genome of diazotrophic bacteria obtained from cowpea rhizosphere in sub-Saharan Africa, with potential implications for improved soil fertility, plant disease resistance, and food security.202439278894
17100.8764Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria against Phytopathogenic Viruses: Molecular Interaction with the Host Plant and Comparison with Chitosan. Endophytic plant-growth-promoting bacteria (ePGPB) are interesting tools for pest management strategies. However, the molecular interactions underlying specific biocontrol effects, particularly against phytopathogenic viruses, remain unexplored. Herein, we investigated the antiviral effects and triggers of induced systemic resistance mediated by four ePGPB (Paraburkholderia fungorum strain R8, Paenibacillus pasadenensis strain R16, Pantoea agglomerans strain 255-7, and Pseudomonas syringae strain 260-02) against four viruses (Cymbidium Ring Spot Virus-CymRSV; Cucumber Mosaic Virus-CMV; Potato Virus X-PVX; and Potato Virus Y-PVY) on Nicotiana benthamiana plants under controlled conditions and compared them with a chitosan-based resistance inducer product. Our studies indicated that ePGPB- and chitosan-treated plants presented well-defined biocontrol efficacy against CymRSV and CMV, unlike PVX and PVY. They exhibited significant reductions in symptom severity while promoting plant height compared to nontreated, virus-infected controls. However, these phenotypic traits showed no association with relative virus quantification. Moreover, the tested defense-related genes (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility-1 (EDS1), Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-related genes-1 (NPR1), and Pathogenesis-related protein-2B (PR2B)) implied the involvement of a salicylic-acid-related defense pathway triggered by EDS1 gene upregulation.202235805989
803110.8763Nucleotide sequences and genetic analysis of hydrogen oxidation (hox) genes in Azotobacter vinelandii. Azotobacter vinelandii contains a heterodimeric, membrane-bound [NiFe]hydrogenase capable of catalyzing the reversible oxidation of H2. The beta and alpha subunits of the enzyme are encoded by the structural genes hoxK and hoxG, respectively, which appear to form part of an operon that contains at least one further potential gene (open reading frame 3 [ORF3]). In this study, determination of the nucleotide sequence of a region of 2,344 bp downstream of ORF3 revealed four additional closely spaced or overlapping ORFs. These ORFs, ORF4 through ORF7, potentially encode polypeptides with predicted masses of 22.8, 11.4, 16.3, and 31 kDa, respectively. Mutagenesis of the chromosome of A. vinelandii in the area sequenced was carried out by introduction of antibiotic resistance gene cassettes. Disruption of hoxK and hoxG by a kanamycin resistance gene abolished whole-cell hydrogenase activity coupled to O2 and led to loss of the hydrogenase alpha subunit. Insertional mutagenesis of ORF3 through ORF7 with a promoterless lacZ-Kmr cassette established that the region is transcriptionally active and involved in H2 oxidation. We propose to call ORF3 through ORF7 hoxZ, hoxM, hoxL, hoxO, and hoxQ, respectively. The predicted hox gene products resemble those encoded by genes from hydrogenase-related operons in other bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Alcaligenes eutrophus.19921624446
42120.8761Suppression of the rice fatty-acid desaturase gene OsSSI2 enhances resistance to blast and leaf blight diseases in rice. Fatty acids and their derivatives play important signaling roles in plant defense responses. It has been shown that suppressing a gene for stearoyl acyl carrier protein fatty-acid desaturase (SACPD) enhances the resistance of Arabidopsis (SSI2) and soybean to multiple pathogens. In this study, we present functional analyses of a rice homolog of SSI2 (OsSSI2) in disease resistance of rice plants. A transposon insertion mutation (Osssi2-Tos17) and RNAi-mediated knockdown of OsSSI2 (OsSSI2-kd) reduced the oleic acid (18:1) level and increased that of stearic acid (18:0), indicating that OsSSI2 is responsible for fatty-acid desaturase activity. These plants displayed spontaneous lesion formation in leaf blades, retarded growth, slight increase in endogenous free salicylic acid (SA) levels, and SA/benzothiadiazole (BTH)-specific inducible genes, including WRKY45, a key regulator of SA/BTH-induced resistance, in rice. Moreover, the OsSSI2-kd plants showed markedly enhanced resistance to the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea and leaf-blight bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. These results suggest that OsSSI2 is involved in the negative regulation of defense responses in rice, as are its Arabidopsis and soybean counterparts. Microarray analyses identified 406 genes that were differentially expressed (>or=2-fold) in OsSSI2-kd rice plants compared with wild-type rice and, of these, approximately 39% were BTH responsive. Taken together, our results suggest that induction of SA-responsive genes, including WRKY45, is likely responsible for enhanced disease resistance in OsSSI2-kd rice plants.200919522564
8130.8760The hawthorn CpLRR-RLK1 gene targeted by ACLSV-derived vsiRNA positively regulate resistance to bacteria disease. Virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) can target not only viruses but also plant genes. Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) is an RNA virus that infects Rosaceae plants extensively, including apple, pear and hawthorn. Here, we report an ACLSV-derived vsiRNA [vsiR1360(-)] that targets and down-regulates the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase 1 (LRR-RLK1) gene of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida). The targeting and cleavage of the CpLRR-RLK1 gene by vsiR1360(-) were validated by RNA ligase-mediated 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and tobacco transient transformation assays. And the CpLRR-RLK1 protein fused to green fluorescent protein localized to the cell membrane. Conserved domain and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that CpLRR-RLK1 is closely related to the proteins of the LRRII-RLK subfamily. The biological function of CpLRR-RLK1 was explored by heterologous overexpression of CpLRR-RLK1 gene in Arabidopsis. The results of inoculation of Pst DC3000 in Arabidopsis leaves showed that the symptoms of CpLRR-RLK1 overexpression plants infected with Pst DC3000 were significantly reduced compared with the wild type. In addition, the detection of reactive oxygen species and callose deposition and the expression analysis of defense-related genes showed that the CpLRR-RLK1 gene can indeed enhance the resistance of Arabidopsis to bacteria disease.202033180701
8729140.8760Protein S-Acyl Transferase GhPAT27 Was Associated with Verticillium wilt Resistance in Cotton. Protein palmitoylation is an ability of the frame of the cell marker protein is one of the most notable reversible changes after translation. However, studies on protein palmitoylation in cotton have not yet been performed. In our current research, the PAT gene family was systematically identified and bioinformatically analyzed in G. arboreum, G. raimondii, G. barbadense and G. hirsutum, and 211 PAT genes were authenticated and classified into six subfamilies. Sixty-nine PAT genes were identified in upland cotton, mainly at the ends of its the 26 chromosomes of upland cotton. The majority of these genes are located in the nucleus of the plant. Gene structure analysis revealed that each member encodes a protein that which contains at least one DHHC structural domain. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that GhPATs genes are mainly involved in hormone production, light response and stress response. Gene expression pattern analysis indicated that most GhPATs genes were differentially expressed upon induction by pathogenic bacteria, drought, salt, hot and cold stresses, and some GhPATs could be induced by multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously. GhPATs genes showed different expression patterns in tissue-specific assays and were found to be preferentially expressed in roots, followed by expression in stems and leaves. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments showed that cotton was significantly less resistant to Verticillium dahliae when GhPAT27 was silenced. We conclude that the GhPAT27 gene, which mediates S-palmitoylation acetylation, may be involved in the regulation of upland cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt (VW). Overall, this work has provided a fundamental framework for understanding the latent capabilities of GhPATs and a solid foundation for molecular breeding and plant pathogen resistance in cotton.202236297782
14150.8758Unraveling Pinus massoniana's Defense Mechanisms Against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Under Aseptic Conditions: A Transcriptomic Analysis. Pine wilt disease (PWD) is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and significantly impacts pine forest ecosystems globally. This study focuses on Pinus massoniana, an important timber and oleoresin resource in China, which is highly susceptible to PWN. However, the defense mechanism of pine trees in response to PWN remains unclear. Addressing the complexities of PWD, influenced by diverse factors such as bacteria, fungi, and environment, we established a reciprocal system between PWN and P. massoniana seedlings under aseptic conditions. Utilizing combined second- and third-generation sequencing technologies, we identified 3,718 differentially expressed genes post PWN infection. Transcript analysis highlighted the activation of defense mechanisms via stilbenes, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, terpene synthesis, and induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and resistance genes, predominantly at 72 h postinfection. Notably, terpene synthesis pathways, particularly the mevalonate pathway, were crucial in defense, suggesting their significance in P. massoniana's response to PWN. This comprehensive transcriptome profiling offers insights into P. massoniana's intricate defense strategies against PWN under aseptic conditions, laying a foundation for future functional analyses of key resistance genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.202439283201
12160.8756A Diketopiperazine, Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ile), Derived From Bacillus thuringiensis JCK-1233 Controls Pine Wilt Disease by Elicitation of Moderate Hypersensitive Reaction. Pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the devastating diseases affecting pine forests worldwide. Although effective control measurements are still missing, induction of resistance could represent a possible eco-friendly alternative. In this study, induced resistance-based in vitro and in vivo screening tests were carried out for selection of bacteria with the ability to suppress PWD. Out of 504 isolated bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis JCK-1233 was selected for its ability to boost pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) gene expression, a marker of systemic acquired resistance. Moreover, treatment of pine seedlings with B. thuringiensis JCK-1233 resulted in increased expression of other defense-related genes, and significantly inhibited PWD development under greenhouse conditions. However, B. thuringiensis JCK-1233 showed no direct nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. To identify the effective compound responsible for the induction of resistance in B. thuringiensis JCK-1233, several diketopiperazines (DPKs) including cyclo-(D-Pro-L-Val), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ile), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Phe), and cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Val) were isolated and tested. Foliar treatment of pine seedlings with Cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ile) resulted in suppression of PWD severity and increased the expression of defense-related genes similarly to B. thuringiensis JCK-1233 treatment. Interestingly, treatment with B. thuringiensis JCK-1233 or cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ile) showed moderately enhanced expression of PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, and PR-9 genes following inoculation with PWN compared to that in the untreated control, indicating that they mitigated the burst of hypersensitive reaction in susceptible pine seedlings. In contrast, they significantly increased the expression levels of PR-6 and PR-10 before PWN inoculation. In conclusion, foliar spraying with either B. thuringiensis JCK-1233 culture suspension or DPKs could induce resistance in pine seedlings, thereby alleviating the serious damage by PWD. Taken together, this study supports aerial spraying with eco-friendly biotic or abiotic agents as a valuable strategy that may mark an epoch for the control of PWD in pine forests.202032849672
10170.8755YODA Kinase Controls a Novel Immune Pathway of Tomato Conferring Enhanced Disease Resistance to the Bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play pivotal roles in transducing developmental cues and environmental signals into cellular responses through pathways initiated by MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3K). AtYODA is a MAP3K of Arabidopsis thaliana that controls stomatal development and non-canonical immune responses. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing a constitutively active YODA protein (AtCA-YDA) show broad-spectrum disease resistance and constitutive expression of defensive genes. We tested YDA function in crops immunity by heterologously overexpressing AtCA-YDA in Solanum lycopersicum. We found that these tomato AtCA-YDA plants do not show developmental phenotypes and fitness alterations, except a reduction in stomatal index, as reported in Arabidopsis AtCA-YDA plants. Notably, AtCA-YDA tomato plants show enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and constitutive upregulation of defense-associated genes, corroborating the functionality of YDA in tomato immunity. This function was further supported by generating CRISPR/Cas9-edited tomato mutants impaired in the closest orthologs of AtYDA [Solyc08g081210 (SlYDA1) and Solyc03g025360 (SlYDA2)]. Slyda1 and Slyda2 mutants are highly susceptible to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in comparison to wild-type plants but only Slyda2 shows altered stomatal index. These results indicate that tomato orthologs have specialized functions and support that YDA also regulates immune responses in tomato and may be a trait for breeding disease resistance.202033154763
92180.8752Quantitative trait loci for partial resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola in Arabidopsis thaliana. Segregation of partial resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 was studied in the recombinant inbred population created from accessions (ecotypes) Columbia (Col-4), the more susceptible parent, and Landsberg (Ler-0). Plants were spray inoculated with lux-transformed bacteria in experiments to measure susceptibility. The amount of disease produced on a range of Col × Ler lines by spray inoculation was highly correlated with that produced by pressure infiltration of bacteria into the apoplast. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified four loci that contributed to partial resistance: QRpsJIC-1.1, QRpsJIC-2.1, QRpsJIC-3.1 and QRpsJIC-5.1 on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. QRpsJIC-3.1, located 8.45 cM from the top of the consensus genetic map of chromosome 3, had a large, approximately additive effect on partial resistance, explaining 50% of the genetic variation in this population. Fine mapping narrowed the region within which this QTL was located to 62 genes. A list of candidate genes included several major classes of resistance gene.201323724899
39190.8751Rutin-Mediated Priming of Plant Resistance to Three Bacterial Pathogens Initiating the Early SA Signal Pathway. Flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and have many diverse functions, including UV protection, auxin transport inhibition, allelopathy, flower coloring and insect resistance. Here we show that rutin, a proud member of the flavonoid family, could be functional as an activator to improve plant disease resistances. Three plant species pretreated with 2 mM rutin were found to enhance resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 in rice, tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana respectively. While they were normally propagated on the cultural medium supplemented with 2 mM rutin for those pathogenic bacteria. The enhanced resistance was associated with primed expression of several pathogenesis-related genes. We also demonstrated that the rutin-mediated priming resistance was attenuated in npr1, eds1, eds5, pad4-1, ndr1 mutants, and NahG transgenic Arabidopsis plant, while not in either snc1-11, ein2-5 or jar1 mutants. We concluded that the rutin-priming defense signal was modulated by the salicylic acid (SA)-dependent pathway from an early stage upstream of NDR1 and EDS1.201626751786