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348200.9891Metagenomic profiling of ARGs in airborne particulate matters during a severe smog event. Information is currently limited regarding the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in smog and their correlations with airborne bacteria. This study characterized the diversity and abundance of ARGs in the particulate matters (PMs) of severe smog based on publicly available metagenomic data, and revealed the occurrence of 205 airborne ARG subtypes, including 31 dominant ones encoding resistance to 11 antibiotic types. Among the detectable ARGs, tetracycline, β-lactam and aminoglycoside resistance genes had the highest abundance, and smog and soil had similar composition characteristics of ARGs. During the smog event, the total abundance of airborne ARGs ranged from 4.90 to 38.07ppm in PM(2.5) samples, and from 7.61 to 38.49ppm in PM(10) samples, which were 1.6-7.7 times and 2.1-5.1 times of those in the non-smog day, respectively. The airborne ARGs showed complicated co-occurrence patterns, which were heavily influenced by the interaction of bacterial community, and physicochemical and meteorological factors. Lactobacillus and sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 were determined as keystones in the co-occurrence network of microbial taxa and airborne ARGs. The results may help to understand the distribution patterns of ARGs in smog for the potential health risk evaluation.201829751438
716010.9890High-throughput profiling of antibiotic resistance genes in the Yellow River of Henan Province, China. Profiling antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Yellow River of China's Henan Province is essential for understanding the health risks of antibiotic resistance. The profiling of ARGs was investigated using high-throughput qPCR from water samples in seven representative regions of the Yellow River. The absolute and relative abundances of ARGs and moble genetic elements (MGEs) were higher in summer than in winter (ANOVA, p < 0.001). The diversity and abundance of ARGs were higher in the Yellow River samples from PY and KF than the other sites. Temperature (r = 0.470 ~ 0.805, p < 0.05) and precipitation (r = 0.492 ~ 0.815, p < 0.05) positively influenced the ARGs, while pH had a negative effect (r = - 0.462 ~ - 0.849, p < 0.05). Network analysis indicated that the pathogenic bacteria Rahnella, Bacillus, and Shewanella were the possible hub hosts of ARGs, and tnpA1 was the potential MGE hub. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing ARG dynamics and the complex interaction among the MGEs, pathogenic bacteria and environmental parameters in enriching ARGs in the Yellow River of Henan Province.202439080455
638520.9888Study on microbes and antibiotic resistance genes in karst primitive mountain marshes - A case study of Niangniang Mountain in Guizhou, China. Previous research on antibiotic resistance genes and microorganisms centered on those in urban sewage treatment plants, breeding farms, hospitals and others with serious antibiotic pollution. However, at present, there are evident proofs that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) indeed exist in a primitive environment hardly without any human's footprints. Accordingly, an original karst mountain swamp ecosystem in Niangniang Mountain, Guizhou, China, including herbaceous swamp, shrub swamp, sphagnum bog and forest swamp, was selected to analyze the physical and chemical parameters of sediments. Moreover, microbial compositions, functions, as well as their connections with ARGs were assayed and analyzed using metagenomic technology. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the dominant microorganisms and ARGs in the four marshes, in which the dominant bacteria phyla were Proteobacteria (37.82 %), Acidobacteriota (22.17 %) and Actinobacteriota (20.64 %); the dominant archaea Euryarchaeota. (1.00 %); and the dominant eukaryotes Ascomycota (0.07 %), with metabolism as their major functions. Based on the ARDB database, the number of ARGs annotated reached 209 including 30 subtypes, and the dominant ARGs were all Bacitracin resistance genes (bacA, 84.77 %). In terms of the diversity of microorganisms and ARGs, the herbaceous swamp ranked the top, and the shrub swamp were at the bottom. Correlation analysis between microorganisms and resistance genes showed that, apart from aac2ic, macB, smeE, tetQ, and tetL, other ARGs were positively correlated with microorganisms. Among them, baca coexisted with microorganisms. Pearson correlation analysis results showed that contrary to ARGs, microorganisms were more affected by environmental factors.202236306620
801530.9887Distribution, horizontal transfer and influencing factors of antibiotic resistance genes and antimicrobial mechanism of compost tea. Compost tea was alternatives of chemical pesticide for green agriculture, but there were no reports about antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in compost tea. This study investigated the effect of livestock manures, sewage sludge, their composting products and liquid fermentation on ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), metal resistance genes (MRGs) and antimicrobial properties of various compost tea. The results showed aerobic liquid fermentation reduced ARGs by 65.93 % and 45.20 % in the compost tea of chicken manure and sludge, enriched ARGs by 8.57 % and 37.41 % in the compost tea of pig manure and bovine manure, and increased MGEs and MRGs by 1.25 × 10(-5)-5.53 × 10(-3) and 2.03 × 10(-5)-2.03 × 10(-3) in the four compost tea. The correlation coefficient of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes between compost product and compost tea were 0.98 and 0.91. aadA2-02, sul2 and tetX abundant in the compost tea were positively correlated with MGEs and MRGs. Furthermore, liquid fermentation enriched the potential host of tetracycline and vancomycin resistance genes. Tetracycline resistance genes occupied 62.7 % of total ARGs in the compost tea. Alcaligenes and Bacillus enriched by 0.78-39.31 % in the four compost tea, which metabolites had high antimicrobial activity. The potential host of ARGs accounted for 42.1 % bacteria abundance in the four compost tea.202235803190
802240.9886Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes after sheep manure aerobic heap composting. In this study, physio-chemical properties, 45 antibiotics, 6 heavy metals, 42 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 3 mobile genetic elements, and the bacterial community structure were investigated to analyze the fate of ARGs during sheep manure aerobic heap composting. Results showed that sheep manure heap composting could produce mature compost. The degradation processes reduced the total antibiotics content by 85%. The abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were enriched 9-fold, with the major increases to sul and tet genes (sulI, sulII, tetQ, and tetX). Tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes were the most abundant ARGs after composting (more than 88% of all genes). The genes tetA, tetX and sulI were related to the most diverse bacteria that were most able to proliferate during heap composting. Therefore, sulI and tetX are the major ARGs to be controlled, and Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes may be the major host bacteria.202133429314
810950.9885The fate of antibiotic resistance genes and their influential factors in swine manure composting with sepiolite as additive. Manures are storages for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) entering the environment. This study investigated the effects of adding sepiolite at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% (CK, T1, T2, and T3, respectively) on the fates of ARGs during composting. The relative abundances (RAs) of the total ARGs in CK and T3 decreased by 0.23 and 0.46 logs, respectively, after composting. The RAs of 10/11 ARGs decreased in CK, whereas they all decreased in T3. The reduction in the RA of the total mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was 1.26 times higher in T3 compared with CK after composting. The bacterial community accounted for 47.93% of the variation in the abundances of ARGs. Network analysis indicated that ARGs and MGEs shared potential host bacteria (PHB), and T3 controlled the transmission of ARGs by reducing the abundances of PHB. Composting with 7.5% sepiolite is an effective strategy for reducing the risk of ARGs proliferating.202235063626
348160.9885Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sediment of Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake, China. Sediment is an ideal medium for the aggregation and dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The levels of antibiotics and ARGs in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake of central China were investigated in this study. The concentrations of eight antibiotics (four sulfonamides and four tetracyclines) in Honghu Lake were in the range 90.00-437.43 μg kg(-1) (dry weight (dw)) with mean value of 278.21 μg kg(-1) dw, which was significantly higher than those in East Dongting Lake (60.02-321.04 μg kg(-1) dw, mean value of 195.70 μg kg(-1) dw). Among the tested three sulfonamide resistance genes (sul) and eight tetracycline resistance genes (tet), sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, and tetM had 100 % detection frequency in sediment samples of East Dongting Lake, while only sul1, sul2, and tetC were observed in all samples of Honghu Lake. The relative abundance of sul2 was higher than that of sul1 at p < 0.05 level in both lakes. The relative abundance of tet genes in East Dongting Lake was in the following order: tetM > tetB > tetC > tetA. The relative abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC in East Dongting Lake was significantly higher than those in Honghu Lake. The abundance of background bacteria may play an important role in the horizontal spread of sul2 and tetC genes in Honghu Lake and sul1 in East Dongting Lake, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that tetracyclines may play a more important role than sulfonamides in the abundance of sul1, sul2, and tetC gens in Honghu Lake and East Dongting Lake.201627418176
810670.9885Reducing antibiotic resistance genes, integrons, and pathogens in dairy manure by continuous thermophilic composting. This study explored the effects of composting using three temperature regimes, namely, insufficient thermophilic composting (ITC), normal thermophilic composting (NTC), and continuous thermophilic composting (CTC), on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), integrons, and human pathogenic bacteria (HPB), as well as the mechanisms involved. The NTC and CTC treatments led to greater decreases in 5/10 ARGs and two integrons than ITC, and the abundances of ARGs (tetC, tetG, and tetQ) and int1 only declined in the NTC and CTC treatments. The abundances of HPB decreased by 82.8%, 76.9%, and 96.9% under ITC, NTC, CTC, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that both bacterial succession and horizontal gene transfer play important roles in the variation of ARGs, and the changes in different ARGs were due to diverse mechanisms. CTC performed significantly better at reducing ARGs, integrons, and HPB, thus it may be used to manage the public health risks of ARGs in animal manure.201627598571
811380.9885Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) sludge. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) sludge and non-CEPT (conventional sedimentation) sludge were comparatively operated under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The highest methane yield (692.46±0.46mL CH(4)/g VS(removed) in CEPT sludge) was observed in mesophilic AD of CEPT sludge. Meanwhile, thermophilic conditions were more favorable for the removal of total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, no measurable difference in the fates and removal of ARGs and class 1 integrin-integrase gene (intI1) was observed between treated non-CEPT and CEPT sludge. However, redundancy analysis indicated that shifts in bacterial community were primarily accountable for the variations in ARGs and intI1. Network analysis further revealed potential host bacteria for ARGs and intI1.201728797965
801690.9885Transmission and retention of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in chicken and sheep manure composting. Transmission of ARGs during composting with different feedstocks (i.e., sheep manure (SM), chicken manure (CM) and mixed manure (MM, SM:CM = 3:1 ratio) was studied by metagenomic sequencing. 53 subtypes of ARGs for 22 types of antibiotics were identified as commonly present in these compost mixes; among them, CM had higher abundance of ARGs, 1.69 times than that in SM, while the whole elimination rate of CM, MM and SM were 55.2%, 54.7% and 42.9%, respectively. More than 50 subtypes of ARGs (with 8.6%, 11.4% and 20.9% abundance in the initial stage in CM, MM and SM composting) were "diehard" ARGs, and their abundance grew significantly to 56.5%, 63.2% and 69.9% at the mature stage. These "diehard" ARGs were transferred from initial hosts of pathogenic and/or probiotic bacteria to final hosts of thermophilic bacteria, by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) via mobile gene elements (MGEs), and became rooted in composting products.202337196739
6789100.9885Metagenomic insights on promoting the removal of resistome in aerobic composting pig manure by lightly burned modified magnesite. The antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have become a serious issue facing public health. In this study, light-burned magnesite with a high specific surface area at 650 °C (MS650) was used for aerobic composting, evaluating its effect on the resistome during pig manure composting. Different concentrations of MS650 reduced the abundance of the resistome, including seven high-risk ARGs, class two metal and biocide resistance genes (MBRGs), and human pathogenic bacteria (HPBs). The addition of 2.5 % MS650 (L1) in the composting had the best reduction effect on ARGs, MBRGs and HPBs. ARG and microbial community assembly are deterministic processes. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was the main factor associated with the decrease in ARGs, followed by virulence factor genes (VFGs, 44.2 %). The reduction in MBRGs by MS650 mainly suppressed HGT by reducing the Isfinder abundance. To summarize, MS650 is an effective method to improve emission reduction of ARGs and MBRGs. This study provided a theoretical basis for improving the engineering application potential of MS650.202439490844
7213110.9884Distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in fresh and composted manures of livestock farms. Livestock manure is a major reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigated the distribution characteristics of ARB, ARGs in fresh and composted manures of traditional breading industry in rural areas in China. Samples collected were naturally piled without professional composting, and will be applied to farmland. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed the presence of ten target ARGs and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the tested manure samples. The relative abundance of tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (TRGs and SRGs) was generally higher than that of macrolide resistance genes (MRGs), followed by quinolone resistance genes (QRGs). There were significant positive correlations between the abundance of sul1, sul2, tetW and MGEs (intl1, intl2). In addition, the distribution of target ARGs was associated with the residual concentrations of doxycycline (DOX), sulfamethazine (SM2), enrofloxacin (ENR) and tylosin (TYL). Overall, a total of 24 bacterial genera were identified. The resistance rates of ARB were 17.79%-83.70% for SM2, followed 0.40%-63.77% for TYL, 0.36%-43.90% for DOX and 0.00%-13.36% for ENR, which showed a significant dose-effect. This study also demonstrated that the abundance of clinically relevant ARB and ARGs in chicken, swine and cow fresh manures significantly greater than that in composted manures, and chicken and swine manures had higher proportion of ARB and higher abundance of ARGs than that in cow manures.201931756854
8021120.9884The profile of antibiotic resistance genes in pig manure composting shaped by composting stage: Mesophilic-thermophilic and cooling-maturation stages. The variation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and influential factors in pig manure composting were investigated by conducting simulated composting tests using four different supplement materials (wheat straw, corn straw, poplar sawdust and spent mushroom). The results show that the relative abundance of total ARGs increased by 0.19-1.61 logs after composting, and tetX, sulI, sulII, dfrA1 and aadA were the major contributors. The variations of ARG profiles and bacterial communities throughout the composting were clearly divided into mesophilic-thermophilic and cooling-maturation stages in all tests, while different supplement materials did not exert a noticeable influence. Network analysis demonstrated the diversity of bacterial hosts for ARGs, the existence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria, and the weak correlations between ARGs and physicochemical factors in the composting piles. Of note, integron intI1 and Mycobacterium (a potential pathogen) were positively correlated with eight and four ARGs, respectively, that displayed increased abundance after composting.202032109697
8107130.9884Effects of micron-scale zero valent iron on behaviors of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogens in thermophilic anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. This work investigated the metagenomics-based behavior and risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and their potential hosts during thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) of waste activated sludge, enhanced by micron-scale zero valent iron (mZVI). Tests were conducted with 0, 25, 100, and 250 mg mZVI/g total solids (TS). Results showed that up to 7.3% and 4.8% decrease in ARGs' abundance and diversity, respectively, were achieved with 100 mg mZVI/g TS. At these conditions, ARGs with health risk in abundance and human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) diversity were also decreased by 8.3% and 3.6%, respectively. Additionally, mZVI reduced abundance of 72 potential pathogenic supercarriers for ARGs with high health risk by 2.5%, 5.0%, and 6.1%, as its dosage increased. Overall, mZVI, especially at 100 mg/g TS, can mitigate antibiotic resistance risk in TAD. These findings are important for better understanding risks of ARGs and their pathogenic hosts in ZVI-enhanced TAD of solid wastes.202336931448
8054140.9884Effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron on the performance and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes during thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. The effects of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the performance of food waste anaerobic digestion and the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were investigated in thermophilic (TR) and mesophilic (MR) reactors. Results showed that nZVI enhanced biogas production and facilitated ARGs reduction. The maximum CH(4) production was 212.00 ± 4.77 ml/gVS with 5 g/L of nZVI in MR. The highest ARGs removal ratio was 86.64 ± 0.72% obtained in TR at nZVI of 2 g/L. nZVI corrosion products and their contribution on AD performance were analyzed. The abundance of tetracycline genes reduced significantly in nZVI amended digesters. Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes showed significant positive correlations with various ARGs (p < 0.05) in MR and TR. Redundancy analysis indicated that microbial community was the main factor that influenced the fate of ARGs. nZVI changed microbial communities, with decreasing the abundance bacteria belonging to Firmicutes and resulting in the reduction of ARGs.201931505392
7165150.9884Mobile genetic elements are the Major driver of High antibiotic resistance genes abundance in the Upper reaches of huaihe River Basin. Rivers are considered a vital reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and are critical to disseminate ARGs. The present study delved into the ARGs pollution of the sediments in the upper reaches of Huaihe river, one of the seven longest rivers in China, by high-throughput quantitative PCR. Subsequently, the relationship between ARGs and the bacterial community/mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was determined. As revealed from the results, the overall ARGs ranged from 2.65×10(-3) to 6.14×10(-2)/16S copies, and the abundance of ARGs in the tributaries was significantly higher than that in the mainstreams (p<0.05). Moreover, the ARGs introduced by tributaries were capable of affecting the whole mainstream of Huaihe river. As suggested from the results of co-occurrence analysis and pRDA analysis, MGEs were reported as the major driver to disseminate ARGs in the upper reaches of Huaihe river basin. The larger the MGEs proportion, the higher the likelihood of ARGs transferring from antibiotic resistance bacteria to human pathogens in Huaihe river.202132629348
8049160.9884Microalgae simultaneously promote antibiotic removal and antibiotic resistance genes/bacteria attenuation in algal-bacterial granular sludge system. This study investigated the effects of microalgae growth on antibiotic removal and the attenuation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)/ARGs host bacteria in algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) system. In the presence of tetracycline (TC) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) mixture (2-4 mg/L), microalgae could grow on bacterial granular sludge (BGS) to form ABGS, with a chlorophyll-a content of 7.68-8.13 mg/g-VSS being achieved. The removal efficiencies of TC and SDZ by ABGS were as high as 79.0 % and 94.0 %, which were 4.3-5.0 % higher than those by BGS. Metagenomic analysis indicated that the relative abundances of TC/SDZ- related ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in BGS were 56.1 % and 22.1 % higher than those in ABGS. A total of 26 ARGs were detected from the granules, and they were identified to associate with 46 host bacteria. 13 out of 26 ARGs and 13 out of 46 hosts were shared ARGs and hosts, respectively. The total relative abundance of host bacteria in BGS was 30.8 % higher than that in ABGS. Scenedesmus and Chlorella were the dominant microalgae that may reduce the diversity of ARGs hosts. Overall, ABGS is a promising biotechnology for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment.202235777142
3483170.9884Abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities in the western Pacific and Southern Oceans. This study investigated the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the composition of bacterial communities along a transect covering the western Pacific Ocean (36°N) to the Southern Ocean (74°S) using the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon (total cruise distance: 14,942 km). The relative abundances of ARGs and bacteria were assessed with quantitative PCR and next generation sequencing, respectively. The absolute abundance of ARGs was 3.0 × 10(6) ± 1.6 × 10(6) copies/mL in the western Pacific Ocean, with the highest value (7.8 × 10(6) copies/mL) recorded at a station in the Tasman Sea (37°S). The absolute abundance of ARGs in the Southern Ocean was 1.8-fold lower than that in the western Pacific Ocean, and slightly increased (0.7-fold) toward Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica, possibly resulting from natural terrestrial sources or human activity. β-Lactam and tetracycline resistance genes were dominant in all samples (88-99%), indicating that they are likely the key ARGs in the ocean. Correlation and network analysis showed that Bdellovibrionota, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Margulisbacteria, and Proteobacteria were positively correlated with ARGs, suggesting that these bacteria are the most likely ARG carriers. This study highlights the latitudinal profile of ARG distribution in the open ocean system and provides insights that will help in monitoring emerging pollutants on a global scale.202235085628
7163180.9883Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial pathogens in long-term manured greenhouse soils as revealed by metagenomic survey. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), human pathogenic bacteria (HPB), and HPB carrying ARGs pose a high risk to soil ecology and public health. Here, we used a metagenomic approach to investigate their diversity and abundance in chicken manures and greenhouse soils collected from Guli, Pulangke, and Hushu vegetable bases with different greenhouse planting years in Nanjing, Eastern China. There was a positive correlation between the levels of antibiotics, ARGs, HPB, and HPB carrying ARGs in manures and greenhouse soils. In total, 156.2–5001.4 μg/kg of antibiotic residues, 22 classes of ARGs, 32 HPB species, and 46 species of HPB carrying ARGs were found. The highest relative abundance was tetracycline resistance genes (manures) and multidrug resistance genes (greenhouse soils). The dominant HPB and HPB carrying ARGs in the manures were Bacillus anthracis, Bordetella pertussis, and B. anthracis (sulfonamide resistance gene, sul1), respectively. The corresponding findings in greenhouse soils were Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. ulcerans, M. tuberculosis (macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance protein, MLSRP), and B. anthracis (sul1), respectively. Our findings confirmed high levels of antibiotics, ARGs, HPB, and HPB carrying ARGs in the manured greenhouse soils compared with those in the field soils, and their relative abundance increased with the extension of greenhouse planting years.201525514174
7136190.9883Insights into the effects of haze pollution on airborne bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in fine particulate matter. Fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) is a key component of haze pollution and poses a substantial threat to human health. However, airborne bacteria and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), which are important biological components of PM(2.5), have received less attention. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of haze on airborne bacteria and ARGs in PM(2.5). Overall, during haze days, high concentrations of airborne bacteria (haze: 4782.24 ± 2689.85 cells/m(3); non-haze: 2866.00 ± 1753.95 cells/m(3)) were observed with unique bacterial community structures. At the genus level, Microvirga, Arthrobacter, and JG30-KF-CM45 were identified as the bacterial biomarkers of haze days. Neutral processes contributed more to the establishment of airborne bacterial communities on haze days (R(2) = 0.724) than that on non-hazy days (R(2) = 0.338). The pathogenicity of bacterial communities per unit volume of air was significantly higher during haze days (169.36 ± 8.36 cell/m(3)) than that during non-haze days (112.66 ± 5.92 cell/m(3)) (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis indicated that relatively stable atmospheric conditions and high concentrations of water-soluble ions (Na(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), and F(-)), metals (Cd, As, Mn, and Cr), and carbonaceous fractions (elemental carbon) in PM(2.5) play critical roles in shaping the bacterial community during haze days. On haze days, airborne ARGs exhibited unique distribution characteristics and network structures with dominant bacteria. This study highlighted the impact of haze days on airborne bacteria and ARGs on PM(2.5) and provides a reference for managing the risks of bioaerosols.202540409396