# | Rank | Similarity | Title + Abs. | Year | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 109 | 0 | 0.9920 | Identification of two putative ATP-cassette genes in Encephalitozoon intestinalis. Currently existing chemotherapeutic compounds are limited and few are effective for treating microsporidiosis. It is possible that resistance of Encephalitozoon to some drugs occurs by efflux mechanisms similar to those previously described for mammalian tumour cells, bacteria or protozoal parasites such as Plasmodium, Leishmania and Entamoeba histolytica. The data in the present study suggest that Encephalitozoon intestinalis contains at least one multidrug resistance gene. We report here two complete sequences EiABC1 and EiABC2, encoding different ATP-binding cassette genes from E. intestinalis, including a P-gp. | 2001 | 11730796 |
| 5120 | 1 | 0.9916 | ARIBA: rapid antimicrobial resistance genotyping directly from sequencing reads. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the major threats to human and animal health worldwide, yet few high-throughput tools exist to analyse and predict the resistance of a bacterial isolate from sequencing data. Here we present a new tool, ARIBA, that identifies AMR-associated genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms directly from short reads, and generates detailed and customizable output. The accuracy and advantages of ARIBA over other tools are demonstrated on three datasets from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with ARIBA outperforming existing methods. | 2017 | 29177089 |
| 4131 | 2 | 0.9915 | R plasmid transfer. This paper is a brief survey of the systems of genetic exchange in bacteria relevant to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Emphasis is given to those systems most likely to be important in nature, particularly conjugation. Several recently described examples of conjugation in Gram-positive bacteria are discussed and contrasted with the better studied examples in Gram-negative bacteria. | 1986 | 3542931 |
| 231 | 3 | 0.9914 | Lincosamides, Streptogramins, Phenicols, and Pleuromutilins: Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance. Lincosamides, streptogramins, phenicols, and pleuromutilins (LSPPs) represent four structurally different classes of antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to particular sites on the 50S ribosomal subunit of the ribosomes. Members of all four classes are used for different purposes in human and veterinary medicine in various countries worldwide. Bacteria have developed ways and means to escape the inhibitory effects of LSPP antimicrobial agents by enzymatic inactivation, active export, or modification of the target sites of the agents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mode of action of LSPP antimicrobial agents as well as of the mutations and resistance genes known to confer resistance to these agents in various bacteria of human and animal origin. | 2016 | 27549310 |
| 3748 | 4 | 0.9914 | Vancomycin resistance in Gram-positive bacteria other than Enterococcus spp. This is a review article on vancomycin resistance on gram positive bacteria other than enterococci. Epidemiology of varying resistance, its clinical relevance and therapeutic options in infections caused by vancomycin resistant Listeria spp., Corynebacteria, streptococci and staphylocci are discussed. | 2000 | 10720798 |
| 9495 | 5 | 0.9914 | Possible drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections in the future: anti-virulence drugs. Antibiotic resistance is a global threat that should be urgently resolved. Finding a new antibiotic is one way, whereas the repression of the dissemination of virulent pathogenic bacteria is another. From this point of view, this paper summarizes first the mechanisms of conjugation and transformation, two important processes of horizontal gene transfer, and then discusses the approaches for disarming virulent pathogenic bacteria, that is, virulence factor inhibitors. In contrast to antibiotics, anti-virulence drugs do not impose a high selective pressure on a bacterial population, and repress the dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. Disarmed virulence factors make virulent pathogens avirulent bacteria or pathobionts, so that we human will be able to coexist with these disarmed bacteria peacefully. | 2021 | 32647212 |
| 3769 | 6 | 0.9913 | Clostridioides difficile as a Dynamic Vehicle for the Dissemination of Antimicrobial-Resistance Determinants: Review and In Silico Analysis. The present paper is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the role of Clostridioides difficile in the accumulation of genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and then the transmission of them to other pathogenic bacteria occupying the same human intestinal niche. The second part describes an in silico analysis of the genomes of C. difficile available in GenBank, with regard to the presence of mobile genetic elements and antimicrobial resistance genes. The diversity of the C. difficile genome is discussed, and the current status of resistance of the organisms to various antimicrobial agents is reviewed. The role of transposons associated with antimicrobial resistance is appraised; the importance of plasmids associated with antimicrobial resistance is discussed, and the significance of bacteriophages as a potential shuttle for antimicrobial resistance genes is presented. In the in silico study, 1101 C. difficile genomes were found to harbor mobile genetic elements; Tn6009, Tn6105, CTn7 and Tn6192, Tn6194 and IS256 were the ones more frequently identified. The genes most commonly harbored therein were: ermB, blaCDD, vanT, vanR, vanG and vanS. Tn6194 was likely associated with resistance to erythromycin, Tn6192 and CTn7 with resistance to the β-lactams and vancomycin, IS256 with resistance to aminoglycoside and Tn6105 to vancomycin. | 2021 | 34202117 |
| 3749 | 7 | 0.9913 | Mechanisms of gram-positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Vancomycin-resistant bacteria (VRB) are important consideration in medicine and public health as they can cause life-threatening infections that appear to be resistant to therapy and persist in the body after medication. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial resistance characteristics, as well as various environmental and animal settings underlie the evolution of the most prevalent the most prevalent van genes in the VRB genome, indicating significant gene flow. As illnesses caused by VRB have become increasingly complex, several previously effective therapeutic techniques have become ineffective, complicating clinical care further. The focus of this review is the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in Enterococci, Staphylococci and Lactobacilli. | 2022 | 34938536 |
| 3750 | 8 | 0.9913 | Non-faecium non-faecalis enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes. | 2024 | 38466110 |
| 9465 | 9 | 0.9913 | Antimicrobial drug resistance: "Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future". Evolution of bacteria towards resistance to antimicrobial drugs, including multidrug resistance, is unavoidable because it represents a particular aspect of the general evolution of bacteria that is unstoppable. Therefore, the only means of dealing with this situation is to delay the emergence and subsequent dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistance genes. Resistance to antimicrobial drugs in bacteria can result from mutations in housekeeping structural or regulatory genes. Alternatively, resistance can result from the horizontal acquisition of foreign genetic information. The 2 phenomena are not mutually exclusive and can be associated in the emergence and more efficient spread of resistance. This review discusses the predictable future of the relationship between antimicrobial drugs and bacteria. | 2005 | 16318687 |
| 9424 | 10 | 0.9913 | The role of bacteria as a local defence mechanism in the ear, nose and throat. The mucosae of the oro-nasopharynx in man are asymptomatically colonised by a commensal flora. This commensal flora consists largely of non-pathogenic bacteria but potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis can also be part of it. The commensal flora can be affected by host factors such as age or antibiotic usage but will in itself also affect its host. In addition to being a source of resistance genes it will also protect the host against exogenous, non-commensal pathogens. This protective effect is the result of three characteristics of the commensal flora. The commensal flora will hinder the establishment of new pathogens on the mucosa (termed colonisation resistance), it will especifically stimulate the immune system and it will induce formation of protective antibodies. | 2000 | 11082758 |
| 6131 | 11 | 0.9913 | Draft Genome Sequence of Eggerthia catenaformis Strain MAR1 Isolated from Saliva of Healthy Humans. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Eggerthia catenaformis MAR1 isolated during a screen for d-cycloserine-resistant bacteria from the saliva of healthy humans. Analysis of the genome reveals that the strain has the potential to be a human pathogen and carries genes related to virulence and antibiotic resistance. | 2017 | 28705984 |
| 9464 | 12 | 0.9913 | Why is antibiotic resistance a deadly emerging disease? Evolution of bacteria towards resistance to antimicrobial agents, including multidrug resistance, is unavoidable because it represents a particular aspect of the general evolution of bacteria that is unstoppable. Therefore, the only means of dealing with this situation is to delay the emergence and subsequent dissemination of resistant bacteria or resistance genes. In this review, we will consider the biochemical mechanisms and the genetics that bacteria use to offset antibiotic selective pressure. The data provided are mainly, if not exclusively, taken from the work carried out in the laboratory, although there are numerous other examples in the literature. | 2016 | 26806259 |
| 9784 | 13 | 0.9913 | Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Threat from the Pink Corner. Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable challenge in modern medicine [...]. | 2024 | 39338287 |
| 9316 | 14 | 0.9912 | Molecular basis of metronidazole resistance in pathogenic bacteria and protozoa. The molecular basis of metronidazole resistance has been examined in anaerobic bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Helicobacter, and anaerobic parasitic protists such as Giardia, Entamoeba, and trichomonads. A variety of enzymatic and cellular alterations have been shown to correlate with metronidazole susceptibility in these pathogens; however, a common theme has been revealed. Resistant cells are typically deficient in drug activation. The frequent correlation between metronidazole resistance and ineffective drug activation suggests that drug resistance is the result of modification of proteins involved in drug activation. Copyright 1999 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. | 1999 | 11504503 |
| 9923 | 15 | 0.9912 | Antibiotic Resistance Genes Online (ARGO): a Database on vancomycin and beta-lactam resistance genes. Vancomycin and beta-lactams are antibiotics that inhibit gram positive bacteria by interfering with cell wall synthesis. However, continuous use of antibiotics results in the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. Here, we describe ARGO, a database containing gene sequences conferring resistance to these two classes of antibiotics. It is designed as a resource to enhance research on the prevalence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes. ARGO is the first attempt to compile the resistance gene sequence data with state specific information. AVAILABILITY: AGRO is available for free at http://www.argodb.org/ | 2005 | 17597841 |
| 4310 | 16 | 0.9912 | Pathogenicity and drug resistance of animal streptococci responsible for human infections. Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus, earlier considered typically animal, currently have also been causing infections in humans. It is necessary to make clinicians aware of the emergence of new species that may cause the development of human diseases. There is an increasing frequency of isolation of streptococci such as S. suis, S. dysgalactiae, S. iniae and S. equi from people. Isolation of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex bacteria has also been reported. The streptococcal species described in this review are gaining new properties and virulence factors by which they can thrive in new environments. It shows the potential of these bacteria to changes in the genome and the settlement of new hosts. Information is presented on clinical cases that concern streptococcus species belonging to the groups Bovis, Pyogenic and Suis. We also present the antibiotic resistance profiles of these bacteria. The emerging resistance to β-lactams has been reported. In this review, the classification, clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance of groups and species of streptococci considered as animal pathogens are summarized. | 2021 | 33750514 |
| 4136 | 17 | 0.9912 | Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. The unique biology of flies and their omnipresence in the environment of people and animals makes them ideal candidates to be important vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, there has been increasing research on the bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes that are carried by flies and their role in the spread of resistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes by flies, and the roles flies might play in the maintenance, transmission, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. | 2022 | 35737352 |
| 4137 | 18 | 0.9912 | The Prehistory of Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a global problem that is reaching crisis levels. The global collection of resistance genes in clinical and environmental samples is the antibiotic "resistome," and is subject to the selective pressure of human activity. The origin of many modern resistance genes in pathogens is likely environmental bacteria, including antibiotic producing organisms that have existed for millennia. Recent work has uncovered resistance in ancient permafrost, isolated caves, and in human specimens preserved for hundreds of years. Together with bioinformatic analyses on modern-day sequences, these studies predict an ancient origin of resistance that long precedes the use of antibiotics in the clinic. Understanding the history of antibiotic resistance is important in predicting its future evolution. | 2016 | 27252395 |
| 9196 | 19 | 0.9912 | Lessons from gene knockouts. The authors describe the technique for the application of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, which is now widely used to engineer mice which carry specific knockouts of genes. A summary is given of some of the knowledge of the pathogenesis of and resistance to infections with parasites, bacteria, or viruses which has accumulated during recent years, based on the investigation of knockout mice. Special emphasis is placed on knockout animals which lack components of the cytokine network, lack genes which are critical for the correct presentation of antigens or are deficient in different immune cell subsets. In addition, a brief explanation is offered of the possibilities for inducing targeted deletions or mutations in genes of livestock species (e.g., by nuclear transfer or by mutagenesis using the alkylating agent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) which could lead to the breeding of animals which are resistant to infectious diseases in the future. | 1998 | 9638823 |