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209900.9988Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance-genes in drinking water source in north Shoa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. BACKGROUND: The growing number of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a range of environments poses a serious challenge to infectious disease prevention. Good water quality is critical to human health and has a direct impact on a country's socio-economic growth. Therefore, assessing the bacteriological quality of drinking water provides benchmark data and provides insight into the development of further protection and treatment measures. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 1, 2022, to September 31, 2023, in the diarrhea hotspot areas of North Shewa Zone (Minjar-Shenkora and Mojana-Wedera districts). Water samples were collected from drinking water sources (hand-pumps, boreholes, wells, spring water and ponds) to assess the quality following WHO guidelines. The collected water samples were processed for bacterial isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. RESULTS: A total of (49/138, 35.5%) bacteria were isolated from 138 drinking water samples, with a positive rate of (41/138, 29.7%). Among the isolates, (16/138, 11.6%) were Staphylococcus aureus while (33/138, 23.9%) were members of Enterobacteriaceae. Relatively high resistance rate among all isolates were observed for the most prescribed antibiotics in Ethiopia, including erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. However, a low resistance was observed for early introduced antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and recently introduced antibiotics such as cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and meropenem. Among the 49 bacteria isolates, (32/49, 65.3%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens while (12/49, 24.5%) were ESβL producers. Different ESβL genes were detected in most bacterial isolates. The predominant ESβL genes were blaCTX-M-gp8/25 (6/33, 18.2%), blaCTX-M-gp9 (5/33, 15.2%), and blaCTX-M-gp1 (5/33, 15.2%). CONCLUSION: The result of this study suggests that most water sources in the study area were contaminated by various bacterial species that are resistant to different antibiotics. Various ESβL resistance genes have also been detected. Therefore, regular sanitary inspection and bacteriological analysis should be mandatory to protect drinking water sources from contamination and the persistence of resistant bacteria.202439310913
128810.9988Assessment of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance among the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from animal meat and carcass samples. BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are emerging causes of food spoilage and foodborne diseases. Raw meat of animal species may consider a reservoir of P. aeruginosa strains. OBJECTIVES: The present survey was done to assess the prevalence, antibiotic resistance properties and distribution of virulence factors among the P. aeruginosa strains isolated from raw meat and carcass surface swab samples of animal species. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were collected from cattle and sheep species referred to as slaughterhouses. P. aeruginosa bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion. The distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-seven of 550 (8.54%) examined samples were contaminated with P. aeruginosa. The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in raw meat and carcass surface swab samples were 6.57 and 12%, respectively. P. aeruginosa isolates showed the maximum resistance rate toward penicillin (87.23%), ampicillin (85.10%), tetracycline (85.10%), gentamicin (65.95%) and trimethoprim (57.44%). The most commonly detected antibiotic resistance genes were BlaCTX-M (53.19%), blaDHA (42.55%) and blaTEM (27.65%). The most commonly detected virulence factors was ExoS (42.55%), algD (31.91%), lasA (31.91%), plcH (31.91%) and exoU (25.53%). CONCLUSIONS: Meat and carcass surface swab samples may be sources of resistant and virulent P. aeruginosa, which pose a hygienic threat in their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of P. aeruginosa in meat and carcass surface samples.202336418165
271220.9988Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacteria Isolated from Hotspot Environments in Bahir Dar City, Northwestern Ethiopia. BACKGROUND: Wastes generated from hotspot environments contain a wide range of antibiotics and pathogens that play a significant role in the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. This study was carried out to isolate bacteria from hotspot environments and determine their resistance profiles to commonly used antibiotics in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to June 2021 in Bahir Dar City. A total of 126 waste and wastewater samples were aseptically collected, transported, and processed for bacteriological isolation and susceptibility testing following standard procedures. RESULTS: A total of 411 bacterial isolates were recovered and the highest value of 122 (29.7%) bacterial isolates were obtained from medical wastewater samples, and the most frequently isolated bacteria were assigned to the species Escherichia coli with 82 strains (19.5%). The results revealed that the highest resistance profile of 69 (95.8%) was obtained in Staphylococcus aureus against ampicillin and 46 (86.8%) Citrobacter spp. against tetracycline. Two hundred and sixteen (52.6%) of bacteria showed multi-drug resistance and the highest multi-drug resistance was observed in Pseudomonas spp. 47 (65.3%), followed by Escherichia coli 51 (62.2%). The highest resistance profile of 12 (85.7%) and 60 (74.1%) for tetracycline were obtained from beef waste and wastewater and medical wastewater samples. The highest multi-drug resistance was recorded in isolates isolated from beef waste and wastewater samples 11 (64.7%), followed by medical wastewater samples 84 (64.1%). Even though a higher (>0.2) multi-antibiotic resistance index was found in all hotspot environments, the highest multi-antibiotic resistance index (0.477) was recorded in bacteria isolated from medical wastewater. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that wastes generated from hotspot environments and released in the environment contain large numbers of antibiotic-resistant, multidrug, extensively, and pan-drug-resistant bacteria. Proper waste management strategies should be established.202235785260
271130.9987Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance. AIM: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR.The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR. RESULTS: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%). CONCLUSION: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.201931528022
270540.9987Antibiogram and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus recovered from treated wastewater effluent and receiving surface water in Durban, South Africa. Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may serve as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria. The discharge of improperly treated wastewater effluent may lead to the spread of these bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is responsible for causing pneumonia, septicaemia and skin and soft tissue infections, into the receiving surface waters. This study aimed to determine the antibiogram and virulence gene profiles of MRSA isolates recovered from treated wastewater effluent and receiving surface waters. Genetic fingerprinting of the isolates was also carried out to determine the phylogenetic relationship between the isolates and selected antibiogram profiles. Eighty MRSA isolates were obtained from treated effluent and receiving rivers of two WWTPs in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Antibiotic resistance was observed towards lincomycin (100%), oxacillin (98.75%), cefoxitin and penicillin (97.50%), and ampicillin (96.25%). In addition, 72.50%, 66.25%, 52.50%, 40% and 33.75% of isolates showed resistance against cefozolin, azithromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, erythromycin and vancomycin, respectively. Antibiotic resistance genes detected in the isolates tested in this study: aac(6')/aph(2″) (56.25%), ermC (62.50%), msrA (22.50%), and blaZ and tetK (70%). The frequency of virulence genes: hla and sea was 57.50%, hld was 1.25%, while lukS P/V was 0%. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis analysis generated 13 pulsotypes (designated A-M) showing a correlation to their respective antibiograms. Findings from this study showed the presence of potentially pathogenic, multi-drug resistant MRSA in the treated effluent and receiving surface waters. This may have detrimental effects on the health of individuals who come into contact with these water resources.201931463610
130150.9987Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria Isolated from Retail Meat. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are determined to be one of the main causes of foodborne diseases. PURPOSE: This survey was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of S. aureus bacteria isolated from retail meat. METHODS: Four-hundred and eighty-five retail meat samples were collected and examined. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. The phenotypic profile of antibiotic resistance was examined using the disk diffusion method. The genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Forty-eight out of 485 (9.89%) raw retail meat samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Raw retail buffalo meat (16%) had the highest incidence of S. aureus, while raw camel meat (4%) had the lowest. S. aureus bacteria exhibited the uppermost incidence of resistance toward tetracycline (79.16%), penicillin (72.91%), gentamicin (60.41%), and doxycycline (41.666%). The incidence of resistance toward chloramphenicol (8.33%), levofloxacin (22.91%), rifampin (22.91%), and azithromycin (25%) was lower than other examined antibiotics. The most routinely detected antibiotic resistance genes were blaZ (58.33%), tetK (52.08%), aacA-D (33.33%), and ermA (27.08%). Cat1 (4.16%), rpoB (10.41%), msrA (12.50%), grlA (12.50%), linA (14.58%), and dfrA1 (16.66%) had the lower incidence rate. CONCLUSION: Raw meat of animals may be sources of resistant S. aureus which pose a hygienic threat about the consumption of raw meat. Nevertheless, further investigations are essential to understand supplementary epidemiological features of S. aureus in retail meat.202032440171
265560.9987Prevalence, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in seafood products. INTRODUCTION: Seafood contamination by bacteria is a pervasive issue, contributing to foodborne illnesses. This study investigates the prevalence, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from various seafood products. METHODS: A total of 460 samples, including fresh, smoked, salted, and dried fish, as well as oysters, crab, lobster, and shrimp, were collected in Shahrekord, Iran. S. aureus isolation followed ISO standards, with confirmation via PCR for 16S rRNA and nuc genes. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined via Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion, while PCR detected enterotoxin and antibiotic resistance genes. FINDINGS: S. aureus was prevalent in all seafood types, with 27.83% positivity. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found in most samples, except oysters and crabs. Virulence genes were common, with Sea, Seb, Sed, Sec, and See being the most prevalent. High resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin (70%- 100%) was observed. Resistance varied for other antibiotics, with linezolid showing 100% susceptibility. The mecA gene was present in over 50% of isolates, with blaZ being the most detected resistance gene. CONCLUSION: The study underscores the need for Good Hygiene Practices (GHP) in seafood processing to mitigate S. aureus transmission. While specific comparisons between sample types were limited, the findings emphasize the prevalence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance in seafood-associated S. aureus, highlighting the importance of vigilant food safety measures.202540247155
213670.9987Antibiotic profiling of multidrug resistant pathogens in one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium to benin. BACKGROUND: Little data exist on the presence of resistant pathogens in day-old chicks imported into Benin. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in 180 one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium and received at the Cardinal Bernardin Gantin International Airport in Cotonou (Benin). The samples included swabbing the blisters of 180 chicks, followed by 18 pools of 10 swabs for bacterial isolation. Classic bacteriological methods based on Gram staining, culture on specific media and biochemical characterization were used. Antibacterial susceptibility screening to antibiotics was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results were interpreted according to guidelines from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). DNA extraction was performed by the heat treatment method. Resistance genes were screened by real-time PCR. RESULTS: We isolated 32 bacteria, including Escherichia coli (50%), Enterococcus spp. (28%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%). The isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance against antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and showed that in the Escherichia coli strains isolated, the highest rate of resistance was obtained against ciprofloxacin (81%), followed by trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (62%). Enterobacter cloacae was sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. Pseudomonas spp. resistant to amoxicillin and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole was noted. The SulII gene was found in all cloacal samples, while the SulI and bla(TEM) genes were present at 44.44% and 16.67%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that imported day-old chicks can be a potential source of dissemination of resistant bacteria in poultry production. A system for immediate detection of resistant bacteria in chicks upon arrival in the country is thus needed.202336670436
270680.9987Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of bacterial foodborne pathogens in Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) at points of retail sale in Nairobi, Kenya. Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudeomonas spp., and pathogenic Vibrios are among the major foodborne pathogens associated with the consumption of contaminated fish. The increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in these pathogens is a serious public health concern globally and therefore continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance of these bacteria along the food chain is crucial for for control of foodborne illnesses. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, antibiotic resistance genes, and genetic diversity of bacterial foodborne pathogens recovered from fresh Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) obtained from retail markets in Nairobi, Kenya. A total of 68 O. niloticus fish with an average weight of 300.12 ± 25.66 g and body length of 23.00 ± 0.82 cm were randomly sampled from retail markets and tested for the presence of Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Standard culture-based microbiological and Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion methods were used to isolate and determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates to 11 selected antibiotics. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab v17.1, with p < 0.05 considered significant. The genetic diversity of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria was determined using 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of antibiotic resistance genes in MDR bacterial isolates. High levels of bacterial contamination were detected in fresh O. niloticus fish (44/68, 64.71%). The most prevalent bacteria were Proteus spp. (44.12%), with the rest of the bacterial species registering a prevalence of 10.29%, 4.41%, 2.94%, and 2.94% (for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus, respectively). Antimicrobial resistance was detected in all the bacteria species and all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic except cefepime (30 µg). Additionally, 86.36% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with higher multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MAR index >0.3) indicating that fresh O. niloticus fish were highly contaminated with MDR bacteria. Results of 16S rRNA sequences, BLASTn analysis, and phylogenetic trees confirmed the identified MDR bacterial isolates as Proteus mirabilis and other Proteus spp., S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance genes blaTEM-1, blaCMY-2, tetA, tetC, Sul2, dfrA7, strA, and aadA belonging to β-lactamases, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, and aminoglycosides in all the MDR bacterial isolates. There was strong correlation between antibiotic- resistant genes and phenotypic resistance to antibiotics of MDR bacteria. This study showed high prevalence of multidrug resistance among foodborne bacterial isolates from fresh O. niloticus fish obtained from retail markets. From this study, we conclude that fresh O. niloticus fish are a potential source of MDR bacteria, which could be a major risk to public health as a consequence of their dissemination along the human food chain. These results highlight the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens in fish purchased from retail markets and underscore the risk associated with improper handling of fish.202339816642
129490.9986Isolation and detection of antibiotics resistance genes of Escherichia coli from broiler farms in Sukabumi, Indonesia. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to isolate and identify Escherichia coli from broiler samples from Sukabumi, Indonesia. Also, antibiogram studies of the isolated bacteria were carried out considering the detection of the antibiotic resistance genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cloaca swabs (n = 45) were collected from broilers in Sukabumi, Indonesia. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out according to standard bacteriological techniques and biochemical tests, followed by confirmation of the polymerase chain reaction targeting the uspA gene. Antibiotic sensitivity test, using several antibiotics [tetracycline (TE), oxytetracycline (OT), ampicillin (AMP), gentamicin (CN), nalidixic acid (NA), ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), chloramphenicol, and erythromycin] was carried out following the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance coding genes was carried out by PCR using specific oligonucleotide primers. Statistical analysis was carried out with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The results showed that 55.6% (25/45) of the samples were associated with the presence of E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the E. coli isolates were resistant to TE (88%; 22/25), OT (88%; 22/25), AMP (100%; 25/25), CN (64%; 16/25), NA (100%; 22/25), CIP (88%; 22/25), ENR (72%; 18/25), chloramphenicol (0%; 0/25), and erythromycin (92%; 23/25). On the other hand, the antibiotic resistance coding genes were tetA (86.4%; 19/22), blaTEM (100%; 25/25), aac(3)-IV (0%; 0/16), gyrA (100%; 25/25), and ermB (13%; 3/23). It was found that chloramphenicol is markedly different from other antibiotic treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Escherichia coli was successfully isolated from cloacal swabs of broiler in Sukabumi, Indonesia. The bacteria were resistant to TE, OT, AMP, CN, NA, CIP, ENR, and erythromycin. Chloramphenicol was more sensitive and effective than other antibiotics in inhibiting the growth of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance genes detected were tetA, blaTEM, gyrA, and ermB.202133860017
2377100.9986Multidrug-resistant and enterotoxigenic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk of cows at small-scale production units. OBJECTIVE: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has evolved as one of the most significant bacteria causing food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic sensitivity, virulence, and enterotoxin production of S. aureus in raw milk of cow from small-scale production units and house-raised animals in Damietta governorate, Egypt. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The samples were examined bacteriologically, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out. Moreover, isolates were characterized by the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and enterotoxin genes. RESULTS: Out of 300 milk samples examined, S. aureus was isolated from 50 samples (16.7%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed that isolates were resistant to β-lactams (32%), tetracycline (16%), and norfloxacin (16%); however, they showed considerable sensitivity to ceftaroline and amikacin (72%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) has been observed in eight isolates (16%), with a MDR index (0.5) in all of them. Of the total S. aureus isolates obtained, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been confirmed molecularly in 16/50 (32%) and was found to carry mecA and coa genes, while virulence genes; hlg (11/16, 68.75%) and tsst (6/16, 37.5%) were amplified at a lower percentage, and they showed a significant moderate negative correlation (r = -0.59, p-value > 0.05). Antibiotic resistance genes have been detected in resistant isolates relevant to their phenotypic resistance: blaZ (100%), tetK (50%), and norA (50%). Fifty percent of MRSA isolates carried the seb enterotoxin gene. CONCLUSION: High detection rate of MRSA and MDR isolates from milk necessitates the prompt implementation of efficient antimicrobial stewardship guidelines, especially at neglected small-scale production units.202235445112
2182110.9986Antibiotic resistance and virulence profiles of Proteus mirabilis isolated from broiler chickens at abattoir in South Africa. BACKGROUND: Proteus mirabilis has been identified as an important zoonotic pathogen, causing several illnesses such as diarrhoea, keratitis and urinary tract infections. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the prevalence of P. mirabilis in broiler chickens, its antibiotic resistance (AR) patterns, ESBL-producing P. mirabilis and the presence of virulence genes. METHODS: A total of 26 isolates were confirmed as P. mirabilis from 480 pooled broiler chicken faecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility test, while nine virulence genes and 26 AR genes were also screened by PCR. RESULTS: All 26 P. mirabilis isolates harboured the ireA (siderophore receptors), ptA, and zapA (proteases), ucaA, pmfA, atfA, and mrpA (fimbriae), hlyA and hpmA (haemolysins) virulence genes. The P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (62%) and levofloxacin (54%), while 8 (30.7%) of the isolates were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR). PCR analysis identified the bla(CTX-M) gene (62%), bla(TEM) (58%) and bla(CTX-M-2) (38%). Further screening for AMR genes identified mcr-1, cat1, cat2, qnrA, qnrD and mecA, 12%, 19%, 12%, 54%, 27% and 8%, respectively for P. mirabilis isolates. The prevalence of the integron integrase intI1 and intI2 genes was 43% and 4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The rise of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance, as well as MDR strains, is a public health threat that points to a challenge in the treatment of infections caused by these zoonotic bacteria. Furthermore, because ESBL-producing P. mirabilis has the potential to spread to humans, the presence of bla(CTX) (-M) -producing P. mirabilis in broilers should be kept under control. This is the first study undertaken to isolate P. mirabilis from chicken faecal samples and investigate its antibiotic resistance status as well as virulence profiles in South Africa.202438357843
1354120.9986The prevalence, antibiotic resistance and multilocus sequence typing of colistin-resistant bacteria isolated from Penaeus vannamei farms in earthen ponds and HDPE film-lined ponds in China. The aquaculture environment, especially the culture ponds and aquaculture products, is considered to be an important reservoir of colistin resistance genes. However, systematic investigations of colistin resistance in Penaeus vannamei farming in different culture modes are scarce. In this study, a total of 93 non-duplicated samples were collected from P. vannamei farms in five cities in China from 2019 to 2021. The prevalence, antibiotic resistance and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of colistin-resistant bacteria were measured and analysed. The results showed that among the 1601 isolates in P. vannamei and its environmental samples, the pollution of colistin-resistant bacteria was serious (the overall prevalence was 37.3% and 28.8%, respectively), regardless of the earthen pond or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film-lined pond. Among 533 isolates, the prevalence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, mcr-1, was the highest (60%, 320/533), followed by mcr-4 (1.5%, 8/533), mcr-8 (0.9%, 5/533), mcr-10 (0.6%, 3/533) and mcr-7 (0.4%, 2/533). The prevalence of mcr-1 in earthen ponds was significantly higher than that in HDPE film-lined ponds (67.5% vs. 49.1%, p < .001). The dominant strain carrying mcr-1 was Bacillus spp. (54.1%, 173/320), followed by Enterobacter spp. (8.1%, 26/320), Staphylococcus spp. (6.3%, 20/320) and Aeromonas spp. (5.3%, 17/320). The antibiotic resistance profiles of 173 Bacillus spp. varied among different sampling locations and culture types. These isolates were highly resistant to cefepime, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ceftiofur (>45%), and multidrug-resistant isolates were common (62.4%, 108/173). Sequence type (ST) 26 (37/66, 56%) was found to be the most prevalent ST in mcr-1-positive Bacillus cereus isolated from the aquaculture environment. In summary, our study pointed out that it is necessary to continuously monitor antibiotic usage and its residues regardless of the pond types, especially with regard to critical drugs such as colistin.202235841601
2708130.9986Occurrence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance-Associated Markers in Campylobacter Species Isolated from Retail Fresh Milk and Water Samples in Two District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Campylobacter species are among the major bacteria implicated in human gastrointestinal infections and are majorly found in faeces of domestic animals, sewage discharges and agricultural runoff. These pathogens have been implicated in diseases outbreaks through consumption of contaminated milk and water in some parts of the globe and reports on this is very scanty in the Eastern Cape Province. Hence, this study evaluated the occurrence as well as virulence and antimicrobial-associated makers of Campylobacter species recovered from milk and water samples. A total of 56 water samples and 72 raw milk samples were collected and the samples were processed for enrichment in Bolton broth and incubated for 48 h in 10% CO(2) at 42 °C under microaerobic condition. Thereafter, the enriched cultures were further processed and purified. After which, presumptive Campylobacter colonies were isolated and later confirmed by PCR using specific primers for the detection of the genus Campylobacter, target species and virulence associated genes. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of the isolates were determined by disk diffusion method against a panel of 12 antibiotics and relevant genotypic resistance genes were assessed by PCR assay. A total of 438 presumptive Campylobacter isolates were obtained; from which, 162 were identified as belonging to the genus Campylobacter of which 36.92% were obtained from water samples and 37.11% from milk samples. The 162 confirmed isolates were further delineated into four species, of which, 7.41%, 27.16% and 8.64% were identified as C. fetus, C. jejuni and C. coli respectively. Among the virulence genes screened for, the iam (32.88%) was most prevalent, followed by flgR (26.87%) gene and cdtB and cadF (5.71% each) genes. Of the 12 antibiotics tested, the highest phenotypic resistance displayed by Campylobacter isolates was against clindamycin (95.68%), while the lowest was observed against imipenem (21.47%). Other high phenotypic resistance displayed by the isolates were against erythromycin (95.06%), followed by ceftriaxone (93.21%), doxycycline (87.65%), azithromycin and ampicillin (87.04% each), tetracycline (83.33%), chloramphenicol (78.27%), ciprofloxacin (77.78%), levofloxacin (59.88%) and gentamicin (56.17%). Relevant resistance genes were assessed in the isolates that showed high phenotypic resistance, and the highest resistance gene harbored by the isolates was catII (95%) gene while VIM, KPC, Ges, bla-(OXA)-48-like, tetC, tetD, tetK, IMI and catI genes were not detected. The occurrence of this pathogen and the detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance-associated genes in Campylobacter isolates recovered from milk/water samples position them a risk to human health.202032708075
1300140.9986Genotypic and Phenotypic-Based Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Profile of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec in the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Recovered from Raw Milk. BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria are determined to be one of the chief causes of foodborne diseases around the world. PURPOSE: This research was done to assess the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance and distribution of Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types amongst the MRSA bacteria recovered from raw milk. METHODS: Five-hundred and ninety raw milk samples were collected and examined. MRSA bacteria were recognized using susceptibility evaluation toward oxacillin and cefoxitin disks. Profile of antibiotic resistance genes and SCCmec types were determined using the PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates was examined using the disk diffusion. RESULTS: Thirty-nine out of 590 raw milk samples (6.61%) were positive for S. aureus. Twenty-eight out of 39 (71.79%) bacteria were defined as MRSA bacteria. Raw buffalo (80%) milk samples had the maximum incidence of MRSA, while raw camel (33.33%) had the minimum. MRSA bacteria harbored the maximum incidence of resistance toward penicillin (100%), tetracycline (100%), erythromycin (82.14%), gentamicin (78.57%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78.57%). Incidence of resistance toward more than eight classes of antibiotic agents was 28.57%. The most frequently distinguished antibiotic resistance markers were blaZ (100%), tetK (85.71%), dfrA1 (71.42%), aacA-D (67.85%), ermA (50%) and gyrA (42.85%). SCCmec IVa (29.62%), V (25%), III (14.81%) and IVb (11.11%) were the most frequently distinguished types. CONCLUSION: Raw milk of dairy animals maybe sources of multidrug resistant MRSA which pose a hygienic threat concerning the consumption of raw milk in Iran. Nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to understand supplementary epidemiological features of MRSA in raw milk.202032099419
1285150.9986Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genes in Streptococcus uberis Associated With Bovine Mastitis in Thailand. Streptococcus uberis is recognized as an environmental mastitis pathogen in dairy cattle. The varied success rate of antibiotic treatment for S. uberis intramammary infection may be associated with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of these bacteria. This observational study aimed to analyze 228 S. uberis strains associated with bovine mastitis in northern Thailand from 2010 to 2017. AMR and AMR genes were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution method and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The majority of S. uberis strains were resistant to tetracycline (187/228, 82.02%), followed by ceftiofur (44/228, 19.30%), and erythromycin (19/228, 8.33%). The MIC50 and MIC90 of ceftiofur in 2017 were 2-4-fold higher than those in 2010 (P < 0.01). Resistance to tetracycline and ceftiofur significantly increased between 2010 and 2017 (P < 0.05). The most common gene detected in S. uberis was tetM (199/228, 87.28%), followed by ermB (151/228, 66.23 %) and blaZ (15/228, 6.58 %). The association between tetracycline resistance and tetM detection was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The detection rates of tetM significantly increased, while the detection rates of tetO and ermB significantly decreased during 2010-2017. AMR monitoring for bovine mastitis pathogens, especially S. uberis, is necessary to understand the trend of AMR among mastitis pathogens, which can help create an AMR stewardship program for dairy farms in Thailand.202134485432
2720160.9986Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from the skin microbiota of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in Southeastern United States. BACKGROUND: Aquaculture systems may contribute to the emergence and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, posing risks to animal, environmental, and human health. This study characterized the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the skin microbiota of 125 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) harvested from two earthen ponds in Alabama, USA. METHODS: Skin swabs from the body of channel catfish were enriched in Enterococcosel broth and cultured on Enterococcosel agar at 28 °C for 24 h. Isolates were confirmed using Biolog Gen III and VITEK(®)2, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Thirty-five randomly sampled isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing for genotypic characterization. RESULTS: 36% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 antimicrobial classes), with the highest resistance rates observed for ampicillin (44.8%), rifampicin (42.4%), and tetracycline (38.4%). The most prevalent resistance genes were aac(6')-Iid (65.7%), aac(6')-Ii (22.9%), efmA, and msr(C) (20.0% each). Plasmid replicons rep1 and repUS15 frequently co-occurred with resistance genes. Biofilm-associated genes, including efaA, fsrA, fsrB, sprE, ebpABC, ace, and scm, were commonly detected. Multivariate analyses (PERMANOVA, PCA) revealed no significant species-level differences in resistance burden or biofilm gene carriage, indicating similar resistance and virulence gene carriage across species in this dataset. CONCLUSIONS: The skin microbiota of pond-raised catfish harbors antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. with mobile resistance elements and biofilm-associated virulence factors, suggesting a potential role in AMR persistence within aquaculture settings. These findings support the need for targeted AMR surveillance in fish-associated microbiota as part of integrated One Health strategies.202540760424
2100170.9986Prevalence of Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Hospital Water and Surfaces. Purpose Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a worldwide environmental and public health problem, causing more than 250,000 deaths per year. Unregulated usage, unsafe hospital practices, and misuse in veterinary contribute to the development of multidrug resistance in various bacteria. Hospital water was hypothesized to be a hotspot for AMR transmission because of (1) increased exposure to antibiotic load, (2) poor drainage and sanitation system, (3) interaction between environmental and clinical microbes. The purpose of the research was to assess the biodiversity and AMR in hospital tap waters. Methodology In this study, the microflora of the hospital tap water and hospital surfaces was observed by obtaining water samples from the intensive care unit (ICU), surgical wards, and washrooms. These were processed through membrane filtration and spread on seven different media (Aeromonas Medium, Azide Dextrose Agar, MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar, Pseudomonas Cetrimide Agar, Salmonella Shigella Agar, and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose Agar). Surface samples were collected from the faucet, basin, and drain and directly spread on the media plates. Isolates were identified using standard bacteriological and biochemical tests. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was performed using 21 antibiotic disks from 10 different antibiotic classes. They included ampicillin (AMP), amoxicillin (AML), piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), cefipime (FEP), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftriaxone (CRO), imipenem (IMP), meropenem (MEM), ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MXF), levofloxacin (LEV), amikacin (AK), gentamicin (CN), tigecycline (TGC), aztreonam (ATM), erythromycin (E), clindamycin (DA), rifampicin (RD), colistin (CT), and chloramphenicol (C). The results were interpreted according to EUCAST guidelines for the antibiogram of the isolates; 38 isolates were selected out of 162 based on different parameters for genotyping and detection of six beta-lactamase genes (blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaKPC, blaNDM). Results Among these 162 isolates, 82 were obtained from water sources and 80 were collected from surfaces (faucet, basin, drain). The isolates included a variety of bacteria including Aeromonas spp. (20%), Klebsiella spp. (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (13%), Pseudomonas spp.(10%), Escherichia coli (9%), Vibrio spp. (8%), Enterococcus spp. (6%), Shigella spp. (6%), Salmonella spp. (4%), Acinetobacter spp. (3%), Staphylococcus epidermitis (3%), Streptococci spp. (2%), Proteus spp. (1%), Citrobacter spp. (1%), and Serratia spp. (1%). A diverse range of microbes were identified including clinically relevant bacteria, which shows that the urban water cycle is already contaminated with multidrug-resistant microflora of the hospital settings. Macrolide and lincosamide showed the highest resistance followed by penicillin, monobactam, and cephalosporins. blaSHV and blaTEM were prevalent in samples. blaNDM was also found which manifests as a real threat since it causes resistance against carbapenems and colistin, antibiotics reserved as a last resort against infections. Conclusions This study presented the ground reality of antibiotic resistance in Pakistan and how its subsequent spread poses a great threat to the strides made in the field of medicine and public health. Strict regulations regarding antibiotic usage, hospital effluent, and urban water sanitation must be imposed to curb the devastating effects of this increasing phenomenon.202134790487
1302180.9986A survey of prevalence and phenotypic and genotypic assessment of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples collected from Tehran Province, Iran. BACKGROUND: Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria are considered among the major causes of foodborne diseases. This survey aims to assess genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus bacteria isolated from ready-to-eat food samples. METHODS: According to the previously reported prevalence of S. aureus in ready-to-eat food samples, a total of 415 ready-to-eat food samples were collected from Tehran province, Iran. S. aureus bacteria were identified using culture and biochemical tests. Besides, the phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion. In addition, the genotypic pattern of antibiotic resistance was determined using the PCR. RESULTS: A total of 64 out of 415 (15.42%) ready-to-eat food samples were contaminated with S. aureus. Grilled mushrooms and salad olivieh harbored the highest contamination rate of (30%), while salami samples harbored the lowest contamination rate of 3.33%. In addition, S. aureus bacteria harbored the highest prevalence of resistance to penicillin (85.93%), tetracycline (85.93%), gentamicin (73.43%), erythromycin (53.12%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51.56%), and ciprofloxacin (50%). However, all isolates were resistant to at least four antibiotic agents. Accordingly, the prevalence of tetK (70.31%), blaZ (64.06%), aacA-D (57.81%), gyrA (50%), and ermA (39.06%) was higher than that of other detected antibiotic resistance genes. Besides, AacA-D + blaZ (48.43%), tetK + blaZ (46.87%), aacA-D + tetK (39.06%), aacA-D + gyrA (20.31%), and ermA + blaZ (20.31%) were the most frequently identified combined genotypic patterns of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Ready-to-eat food samples may be sources of resistant S. aureus, which pose a hygienic threat in case of their consumption. However, further investigations are required to identify additional epidemiological features of S. aureus in ready-to-eat foods.202134635183
2183190.9986Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Enterococcus is a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study estimated the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Enterococcus from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2021 to March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses in the area. Then, the samples were screened for Enterococcus using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar (EA). We also cultivated the samples directly on EA. However, the disk diffusion method was used to investigate positive Enterococcus resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Investigations showed that the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 28.32% (78/279), respectively. Most Enterococcus positive isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin. These isolates also showed a prevalence of MDR species (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR Enterococcus (MDRE) from cloacal swabs and breast meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and breast meat were beta-lactamase TEM (bla (TEM) [0%, 1.96%]), Class 1 integrase (intI1 [14.28%, 0%]), colistin (mrc-1 [3.57%, 0%]), and vancomycin (vanA [14.28%, 0%]). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria.202236590124