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844100.9803Genomic and phenotypic attributes of novel salinivibrios from stromatolites, sediment and water from a high altitude lake. BACKGROUND: Salinivibrios are moderately halophilic bacteria found in salted meats, brines and hypersaline environments. We obtained three novel conspecific Salinivibrio strains closely related to S. costicola, from Socompa Lake, a high altitude hypersaline Andean lake (approx. 3,570 meters above the sea level). RESULTS: The three novel Salinivibrio spp. were extremely resistant to arsenic (up to 200 mM HAsO42-), NaCl (up to 15%), and UV-B radiation (19 KJ/m2, corresponding to 240 minutes of exposure) by means of phenotypic tests. Our subsequent draft genome ionsequencing and RAST-based genome annotation revealed the presence of genes related to arsenic, NaCl, and UV radiation resistance. The three novel Salinivibrio genomes also had the xanthorhodopsin gene cluster phylogenetically related to Marinobacter and Spiribacter. The genomic taxonomy analysis, including multilocus sequence analysis, average amino acid identity, and genome-to-genome distance revealed that the three novel strains belong to a new Salinivibrio species. CONCLUSIONS: Arsenic resistance genes, genes involved in DNA repair, resistance to extreme environmental conditions and the possible light-based energy production, may represent important attributes of the novel salinivibrios, allowing these microbes to thrive in the Socompa Lake.201424927949
521010.9797Whole genome sequence data of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMI 507027. Here we report the draft genome sequence of the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMI 507027 strain. The genome consists of 37 contigs with a total size of 3,235,614 bp and a GC% of 44.51. After sequence trimming, 31 contigs were annotated, revealing 3,126 genes, of which 3,030 were coding sequences. The Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) gave a value of 99.9926% between IMI 507027 and L. plantarum JDM1, identifying the strain as L. plantarum. No genes of concern for safety-related traits such as antimicrobial resistance or virulence factors were found. The annotated genome and raw sequence reads were deposited at NCBI under Bioproject with the accession number PRJNA791753.202235310818
521420.9791Comparative genomic analysis of a new tellurite-resistant Psychrobacter strain isolated from the Antarctic Peninsula. The Psychrobacter genus is a cosmopolitan and diverse group of aerobic, cold-adapted, Gram-negative bacteria exhibiting biotechnological potential for low-temperature applications including bioremediation. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of a bacterium from the Psychrobacter genus isolated from a sediment sample from King George Island, Antarctica (3,490,622 bp; 18 scaffolds; G + C = 42.76%). Using phylogenetic analysis, biochemical properties and scanning electron microscopy the bacterium was identified as Psychrobacter glacincola BNF20, making it the first genome sequence reported for this species. P. glacincola BNF20 showed high tellurite (MIC 2.3 mM) and chromate (MIC 6.0 mM) resistance, respectively. Genome-wide nucleotide identity comparisons revealed that P. glacincola BNF20 is highly similar (>90%) to other uncharacterized Psychrobacter spp. such as JCM18903, JCM18902, and P11F6. Bayesian multi-locus phylogenetic analysis showed that P. glacincola BNF20 belongs to a polyphyletic clade with other bacteria isolated from polar regions. A high number of genes related to metal(loid) resistance were found, including tellurite resistance genetic determinants located in two contigs: Contig LIQB01000002.1 exhibited five ter genes, each showing putative promoter sequences (terACDEZ), whereas contig LIQB1000003.2 showed a variant of the terZ gene. Finally, investigating the presence and taxonomic distribution of ter genes in the NCBI's RefSeq bacterial database (5,398 genomes, as January 2017), revealed that 2,623 (48.59%) genomes showed at least one ter gene. At the family level, most (68.7%) genomes harbored one ter gene and 15.6% exhibited five (including P. glacincola BNF20). Overall, our results highlight the diverse nature (genetic and geographic diversity) of the Psychrobacter genus, provide insights into potential mechanisms of metal resistance, and exemplify the benefits of sampling remote locations for prospecting new molecular determinants.201829479501
521130.9788Pediococcus pentosaceus IMI 507025 genome sequencing data. The genome sequence data for the pickled cucumbers isolate, Pediococcus pentosaceus IMI 507025, is reported. The raw reads and analysed genome reads were deposited at NCBI under Bioproject with the accession number PRJNA814992. The number of contigs before and after trimming were 17 and 12 contigs, respectively. The total size of the genome was 1,795,439 bp containing 1,811 total genes, of which 1,751 were coding sequences. IMI 507025 identity was determined via average nucleotide identity (ANI), obtaining an identity value of 99.5994% between IMI 507025 and the type strain P. pentosaceus ATCC 33316, identifying the strain as P. pentosaceus. Screening for the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes in the genome of IMI 507025 showed no hits, confirming the safety of the tested strain. Presence of plasmids was not found.202235864877
521640.9783Unraveling the draft genome and phylogenomic analysis of a multidrug-resistant Planococcus sp. NCCP-2050(T): a promising novel bacteria from Pakistan. Planococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria known for potential industrial and agricultural applications. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence and phylogenomic analysis of a CRISPR-carrying, multidrug-resistant, novel candidate Planococcus sp. NCCP-2050(T) isolated from agricultural soil in Pakistan. The strain NCCP-2050(T) exhibited significant resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones (i.e., ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and bacitracin), cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefoperazone), rifamycins (rifampicin), macrolides (erythromycin), and glycopeptides (vancomycin). Planococcus sp. NCCP-2050(T) consists of genome size of 3,463,905 bp, comprised of 3639 annotated genes, including 82 carbohydrate-active enzyme genes and 39 secondary metabolite genes. The genome also contained 80 antibiotic resistance, 162 virulence, and 305 pathogen-host interaction genes along with two CRISPR arrays. Based on phylogenomic analysis, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and average nucleotide identity values (i.e., 35.4 and 88.5%, respectively) it was suggested that strain NCCP-2050(T) might represent a potential new species within the genus Planococcus. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03748-z.202337663752
520350.9782Draft genome sequence analysis of a novel MLST (ST5028) and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae (Kp4) strain 456S1 isolated from a pig farm in China. OBJECTIVES: The avian breeding industry is an important element in exposing bacteria to antibiotics. As one of the major animal welfare and economic problems for the poultry industry, multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. have become a substantial source of antibiotic resistance genes. In the present work, we reported the draft genome sequence of a novel multilocus sequence type (MLST) (ST5028) Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae (Kp4) strain 456S1, which was isolated from a pig farm in China with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. METHODS: Classical microbiological methods were applied to isolate and identify the strain, genomic DNA was sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq platform, and the reads were de novo assembled into contigs using CLC Genomics Workbench. The assembled contigs were annotated, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was performed. RESULTS: WGS analysis revealed that the genome of strain 456S1 comprised a circular chromosome of 5,419,059 bp (GC content, 57.8%), harbouring 12 important antibiotic resistance genes: aac(6')-ib-cr, aadA16, floR, dfrA27, fosA, tet(D), blaOKP-B-3, oqxA, oqxB, qnrB6, sul1 and arr-3. The Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae (Kp4) 456S1 was also found to belong to a novel sequence type (ST5028) determined by MLST. CONCLUSION: The genome sequence reported herein will provide useful information for antibiotic resistance and pathogenic mechanisms in Klebsiella quasipneumoniae and will be a reference for comparative analysis with genomic features among different sources of clinically important multidrug-resistant strains, especially among bacteria of animal and human origin.202133516893
521360.9782Draft genome sequences of Limosilactobacillus fermentum IJAL 01 335, isolated from a traditional cereal fermented dough. Limosilactobacillus fermentum IJAL 01 335 was isolated from mawè, a spontaneously fermented cereal dough from Benin. The 1.83 Mb draft genome sequence (52.37% GC) comprises 154 contigs, 1,836 coding sequences, and 23 predicted antibiotic resistance genes, providing insights into its genetic features and potential application in food fermentation.202541170963
521270.9781Draft Genome Sequences of Pseudomonas MWU13-2625 and MWU12-2115, Isolated from a Wild Cranberry Bog at the Cape Cod National Seashore. Two highly similar Pseudomonas sp. genome sequences from wetland bog soil isolates with draft genomes of ~6.3 Mbp are reported. Although the exact taxonomic placement and environmental roles of these bacteria are unclear, predicted genes for stress tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and a type VI secretion system were detected.201830533670
82780.9780Characterization of a ST137 multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni strain with a tet(O)-positive genomic island from a bloodstream infection patient. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a major cause of gastroenteritis and rarely cause bloodstream infection. Herein, we characterized a multidrug-resistant C. jejuni strain LZCJ isolated from a tumor patient with bloodstream infection. LZCJ was resistant to norfloxacin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. It showed high survival rate in serum and acidic environment. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis revealed that strain LZCJ had a single chromosome of 1,629,078 bp (30.6 % G + C content) and belonged to the ST137 lineage. LZCJ shared the highest identity of 99.66 % with the chicken-derived C. jejuni MTVDSCj20. Four antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected, bla(OXA-61), tet(O), gyrA (T86I), and cmeR (G144D and S207G). In addition, a 12,746 bp genomic island GI_LZCJ carrying 15 open reading frames (ORFs) including the resistance gene tet(O) was identified. Sequence analysis found that the GI_LZCJ was highly similar to the duck-derived C. jejuni ZS004, but with an additional ISChh1-like sequence. 137 non-synonymous mutations in motility related genes (flgF, fapR, flgS), capsular polysaccharide (CPS) coding genes (kpsE, kpsF, kpsM, kpsT), metabolism associated genes (nuoF, nuoG, epsJ, holB), and transporter related genes (comEA, gene0911) were confirmed in LZCJ compared with the best closed chicken-derived strain MTVDSCj20. Our study showed that C. jejuni strain LZCJ was highly similar to the chicken-derived strain MTVDSCj20 but with a lot of SNPs involved in motility, CPS and metabolism coding genes. This strain possessed a tet(O)-positive genomic island GI_LZCJ, which was closed to duck-derived C. jejuni ZS004, but with an additional ISChh1-like sequence. The above data indicated that the LZCJ strain may originate from foodborne bacteria on animals and the importance of continuous surveillance for the spread of foodborne bacteria.202439208964
614990.9779Characterization and whole-genome sequencing of an extreme arsenic-tolerant Citrobacter freundii SRS1 strain isolated from Savar area in Bangladesh. Citrobacter freundii SRS1, gram-negative bacteria, were isolated from Savar, Bangladesh. The strain could tolerate up to 80 mmol L(-1) sodium arsenite, 400 mmol L(-1) sodium arsenate, 5 mmol L(-1) manganese sulfate, 3 mmol L(-1) lead nitrate, 2.5 mmol L(-1) cobalt chloride, 2.5  mmol L(-1) cadmium acetate, and 2.5 mmol L(-1) chromium chloride. The whole-genome sequencing revealed that the genome size of C. freundii SRS1 is estimated to be 5.4 Mb long, and the G + C content is 51.7%. The genome of C. freundii SRS1 contains arsA, arsB, arsC, arsD, arsH, arsR, and acr3 genes for arsenic resistance; czcA, czcD, cbiN, and cbiM genes for cobalt resistance; chrA and chrB genes for chromium resistance; mntH, sitA, sitB, sitC, and sitD genes for manganese resistance; and zntA gene for lead and cadmium resistance. This novel acr3 gene has never previously been reported in any C. freundii strain except SRS1. A set of 130 completely sequenced strains of C. freundii was selected for phylogenomic analysis. The phylogenetic tree showed that the SRS1 strain is closely related to the C. freundii 62 strain. Further analyses of the genes involved in metal and metalloid resistance might facilitate identifying the mechanisms and pathways involved in high metal resistance in the C. freundii SRS1 strain.202336332226
1781100.9778Identification of Antimicrobial Resistance-Associated Genes through Whole Genome Sequencing of Mycoplasma bovis Isolates with Different Antimicrobial Resistances. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Mycoplasma bovis has been previously associated with topoisomerase and ribosomal gene mutations rather than specific resistance-conferring genes. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify potential new AMR mechanisms for M. bovis, it was found that a 2019 clinical isolate with high MIC (2019-043682) for fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins and tetracyclines had a new core genome multilocus sequencing (cgMLST) type (ST10-like) and 91% sequence similarity to the published genome of M. bovis PG45. Closely related to PG45, a 1982 isolate (1982-M6152) shared the same cgMLST type (ST17), 97.2% sequence similarity and low MIC results. Known and potential AMR- associated genetic events were identified through multiple sequence alignment of the three genomes. Isolate 2019-043682 had 507 genes with non-synonymous mutations (NSMs) and 67 genes disrupted. Isolate 1982-M6152 had 81 NSMs and 20 disruptions. Using functional roles and known mechanisms of antimicrobials, a 55 gene subset was assessed for AMR potential. Seventeen were previously identified from other bacteria as sites of AMR mutation, 38 shared similar functions to them, and 11 contained gene-disrupting mutations. This study indicated that M. bovis may obtain high AMR characteristics by mutating or disrupting other functional genes, in addition to topoisomerases and ribosomal genes.202032707642
6088110.9777Complete Genome of Achromobacter xylosoxidans, a Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria from the Rhizosphere of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) Tolerant to Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection. Achromobacter xylosoxidans is one of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with cowpea rhizosphere across Africa. Although its role in improving soil fertility and inducing systemic resistance in plants against pathogens has been documented, there is limited information on its complete genomic characteristics from cowpea roots. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of A. xylosoxidans strain DDA01 isolated from the topsoil of a field where cowpea plants tolerant to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were grown in Ibadan, Nigeria. The genome of DDA01 was sequenced via Illumina MiSeq and contained 6,930,067 nucleotides with 67.55% G + C content, 73 RNAs, 59 tRNAs, and 6421 protein-coding genes, including those associated with nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, Indole3-acetic acid production, and siderophore activity. Eleven genetic clusters for secondary metabolites, including alcaligin, were identified. The potential of DDA01 as a plant growth-promoting bacteria with genetic capabilities to enhance soil fertility for resilience against CMV infection in cowpea is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first complete genome of diazotrophic bacteria obtained from cowpea rhizosphere in sub-Saharan Africa, with potential implications for improved soil fertility, plant disease resistance, and food security.202439278894
5384120.9777Characterization of drug resistance and virulotypes of Salmonella strains isolated from food and humans. The virulence of bacteria can be evaluated through both phenotypic and molecular assays. We applied these techniques to 114 strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica collected from July 2010 to June 2012. Salmonella strains were of human origin (71/114) or isolated from food (43/114). The strain set included only the three predominant Salmonella serovars isolated in Italy from humans (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. 4,[5],12:i:-). These strains were screened via polymerase chain reaction for 12 virulence factors (gipA, gtgB, sopE, sspH1, sspH2, sodC1, gtgE, spvC, pefA, mig5, rck, srgA), while antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated through the Kirby-Bauer assay. Fifty-nine different virulence profiles were highlighted; the genes showing the highest homology were those related to the presence of prophages (gipA, gtgB, sopE, sspH1, sspH2, sodC1, gtgE), while the genes related to the presence of plasmids were less frequently detected (spvC, pefA, mig5, rck, srgA). The Salmonella serovars Typhimurium and 4,[5],12:i:- were closely related in terms of both virulotyping and antibiotic resistance. S. Enteritidis showed higher antibiotic sensitivity and a higher prevalence of genes related to plasmids.201324102078
1397130.9776Genomic Features of an MDR Escherichia coli ST5506 Harboring an IncHI2/In229/bla(CTX-M-2) Array Isolated from a Migratory Black Skimmer. Migratory birds have contributed to the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria across the continents. A CTX-M-2-producing Escherichia coli was isolated from a black skimmer (Rynchops niger) in Southeast Brazil. The whole genome was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform and de novo assembled by CLC. Bioinformatic analyses were carried out using tools from the Center for Genomic Epidemiology. The genome size was estimated at 4.9 Mb, with 4790 coding sequences. A wide resistome was detected, with genes encoding resistance to several clinically significant antimicrobials, heavy metals, and biocides. The bla(CTX-M-2) gene was inserted in an In229 class 1 integron inside a ∆TnAs3 transposon located in an IncHI2/ST2 plasmid. The strain was assigned to ST5506, CH type fumC19/fimH32, serotype O8:K87, and phylogroup B1. Virulence genes associated with survival in acid conditions, increased serum survival, and adherence were also identified. These data highlight the role of migratory seabirds as reservoirs and carriers of antimicrobial resistance determinants and can help to elucidate the antimicrobial resistance dynamics under a One Health perspective.202438251370
1398140.9773Association of Phylogenomic Relatedness among Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains with Antimicrobial Resistance, Austria, 2016-2020. We investigated genomic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in 1,318 Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Austria during 2016-2020. Sequence type (ST) 9363 and ST11422 isolates had high rates of azithromycin resistance, and ST7363 isolates correlated with cephalosporin resistance. These results underline the benefit of genomic surveillance for antimicrobial resistance monitoring.202235876744
5209150.9773Complete Nucleotide Sequence of pGA45, a 140,698-bp IncFIIY Plasmid Encoding bla IMI-3-Mediated Carbapenem Resistance, from River Sediment. Plasmid pGA45 was isolated from the sediments of Haihe River using Escherichia coli CV601 (gfp-tagged) as recipients and indigenous bacteria from sediment as donors. This plasmid confers reduced susceptibility to imipenem which belongs to carbapenem group. Plasmid pGA45 was fully sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing system. The complete sequence of plasmid pGA45 was 140,698 bp in length with an average G + C content of 52.03%. Sequence analysis shows that pGA45 belongs to IncFIIY group and harbors a backbone region which shares high homology and gene synteny to several other IncF plasmids including pNDM1_EC14653, pYDC644, pNDM-Ec1GN574, pRJF866, pKOX_NDM1, and pP10164-NDM. In addition to the backbone region, plasmid pGA45 harbors two notable features including one bla IMI-3-containing region and one type VI secretion system region. The bla IMI-3-containing region is responsible for bacteria carbapenem resistance and the type VI secretion system region is probably involved in bacteria virulence, respectively. Plasmid pGA45 represents the first complete nucleotide sequence of the bla IMI-harboring plasmid from environment sample and the sequencing of this plasmid provided insight into the architecture used for the dissemination of bla IMI carbapenemase genes.201626941718
5202160.9772Complete genome sequence data of multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas sp. strain SXG-1. Objectives A multidrug-resistant bacterium, Stenotrophomonas sp. SXG-1, was isolated from the liver of diseased hybrid sturgeon from Guizhou province, China. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq 2500-PE125 platform with MPS (massively parallel sequencing) Illumina technology. All good quality paired reads were assembled using the SOAPdenovo into a number of scaffolds. PHI (Pathogen Host Interactions), VFDB (Virulence Factors of Pathogenic Bacteria) and ARDB (Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database) were used to analyses pathogenicity and drug resistance. Results Here we reported the complete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas sp. SXG-1, which comprised 4534,602bp in 4077 coding sequences (CDS) with a G+C content of 66.42%. The genome contained 4 gene islands, 72 tRNAs and 13 rRNAs. According to the annotation analysis, strain SXG-1 encoded 22 genes related to the multidrug resistance. In addition to 10 genes conferring resistance to antimicrobial drugs of different classes via alternative mechanisms, 12 genes of efflux pumps were presented, 9 of which were reported for the first time in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Conclusion This was the first complete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas sp. isolated from the sturgeon. The complete genome sequence of Stenotrophomonas sp. strain SXG-1 may provide insights into the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance and prevent disease.202032311503
5215170.9771Draft genome sequence of Bacillus safensis 2T-2, isolated from drinking water. Bacillus safensis 2T-2 was isolated from potable water at a municipal water treatment facility in the North West province of South Africa, representing the first report of this species in treated drinking water systems. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 3.78 Mb genome with 41.3 % GC content and 4000 coding sequences distributed across 126 contigs. Genome analysis identified six antibiotic resistance genes, including vancomycin resistance genes (vanT, vanY), fosfomycin resistance (fosBx1), chloramphenicol resistance (cat86), and two disinfectant resistance genes (qacG, qacJ). Despite the presence of resistance genes, PathogenFinder analysis confirmed low pathogenic potential (0.168 probability). The strain demonstrated significant biosynthetic capabilities with 12 secondary metabolite gene clusters, including antimicrobial compound production (plantazolicin), biosurfactants (lichenysin), siderophores (bacillibactin, schizokinen), and the lipopeptide fengycin. Five bacteriocin gene clusters were identified, containing three core peptide genes (UviB, plantazolicin, pumilarin) with associated modification and transport genes. Phylogenetic analysis positioned strain 2T-2 closest to B. safensis F0-36b, confirming species identification. These findings highlight the dual nature of environmental bacteria in water systems, possessing both concerning antibiotic resistance traits and beneficial biotechnological potential, emphasizing the need for enhanced water treatment strategies while revealing opportunities for bioactive compound discovery.202540727027
5416180.9771Limited predictive power of known resistance genes for phenotypic drug resistance in clinical Mycobacterium abscessus complex from Beijing in China. Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is an emerging pathogen with intrinsic multidrug resistance. Genomic sequencing technology has been widely applied to predict bacterial resistance in other bacteria, but the catalog of known resistance-determining genes to explain phenotypic resistance in the MABC is incomplete for many antibiotics. Eighty-one MABC strains were isolated from sputum samples of patients with pulmonary disease in the Beijing Chest Hospital. All isolates were tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to eight antibiotics and underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Of the total 81 MABC isolates, six strains exhibited clarithromycin (CLM) resistance by day 3 in culture, but only one (16.7%, 1/6) contained a mutation in the rrl gene. All M. abscessus strains contained the erm (41)28T (100.0%, 49/49) polymorphism and exhibited CLM-induced resistance after 14 days in culture. Of the 61 imipenem-resistant strains, 12 (19.7%, 12/61) had mutations in the bla gene. Although there were four (4.9%) amikacin-resistant, nine (11.1%) linezolid-resistant, eight (9.9%) clofazimine-resistant, 23 (28.4%) bedaquiline-resistant, and 27 (33.3%) cefoxitin-resistant strains, no known mutations associated with resistance to these antibiotics were found. These results suggest that the explanatory power of known resistance genes for clinical MABC resistance is limited and that other unidentified genes or novel resistance mechanisms may be involved.202540422286
1399190.9769Nationwide Stepwise Emergence and Evolution of Multidrug-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Sequence Type 5136, United Kingdom. We examined whole-genome-sequenced Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from 2012-2015 isolated from birds and human stool samples in North East Scotland for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. We found that sequence type (ST) 5136 (clonal complex 464) was the most prevalent multidrug-resistant strain of C. jejuni exclusively associated with poultry host reservoirs and recovered from human cases of campylobacteriosis. Tetracycline resistance in ST5136 isolates was due to a tet(O/32/O) mosaic gene, ampicillin resistance was conferred by G → T transversion in the -10 promoter region of bla(OXA-193), fluoroquinolone resistance was due to C257T change in gyrA, and aminoglycoside resistance was conferred by aac. Whole-genome analysis showed that the strain ST5136 evolved from ST464. The nationwide emergence of ST5136 was probably due to stepwise acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes selected by high use of β-lactam, tetracycline, fluoroquinolone, and aminoglycoside classes of drugs in the poultry industry.201931211671