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170600.9761First evidence of blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-23 carbapenemase genes in human body lice infesting a second-hand T-shirt in a street market in Italy. BACKGROUND: The spread of carbapenems resistance is a public health concern. The main group of carbapenemases encoding the β-lactamases activity (bla genes) is the Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). METHODS: The presence of carbapenemase blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-40-like, blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-58-like, and blaNDM-1 genes was screened by real time PCR in 26 Pediculus humanus insects identified from second-hand clothes in a local market in Central Italy. Bacteria diversity was also characterized through shotgun metagenomic amplification for a deep sequencing of the host-associated bacterial microbiomes. RESULTS: The blaOXA-23 and blaNDM-1 carbapenemases genes were found and metagenomic analysis showed a great presence of Acinetobacter species. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a new potential transmission path for carbapenemase gene spread through bacteria ingested by insects infesting humans.202133797402
614310.9759Paleomicrobiology to investigate copper resistance in bacteria: isolation and description of Cupriavidus necator B9 in the soil of a medieval foundry. Remains of a medieval foundry were excavated by archaeologists in 2013 in Verdun (France). Ancient workshops specialized in brass and copper alloys were found with an activity between 13th to 16th c. Levels of Cu, Zn and Pb reached 20000, 7000 and 6000 mg kg(-1) (dw), respectively, in several soil horizons. The objective of the present work was to examine the microbial community in this contaminated site. A total of 8-22 10(6) reads were obtained by shotgun metagenomics in four soil horizons. Bioinformatic analyses suggest the presence of complex bacterial communities dominated by Proteobacteria. The structure of the community was not affected by metals, contrary to the set of metal-resistance genes. Using selective media, a novel strain of Cupriavidus necator (eutrophus), strain B9, was isolated. Its genome was sequenced and a novel metal resistance gene cluster with Hg resistance genes (merRTPCA) followed by 24 copper-resistance genes (actP, cusCBAF, silP, copK1, copH4QLOFGJH3IDCBARS, copH2H1, copK2) was found. This cluster is partly homologous to the cop genes of Cupriavidus gilardii CR3 and C. metallidurans CH34. Proteomics indicated that the four copH genes were differentially expressed: CopH1 and CopH2 were mostly induced by Cd while CopH4 was highly expressed by Cu.201727943589
140120.9759Molecular Surveillance of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria among Refugees from Afghanistan in 2 US Military Hospitals during Operation Allies Refuge, 2021. In 2021, two US military hospitals, Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Landstuhl, Germany, and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, observed a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria among refugees evacuated from Afghanistan during Operation Allies Refuge. Multidrug-resistant isolates collected from 80 patients carried an array of antimicrobial resistance genes, including carbapenemases (bla(NDM-1), bla(NDM-5), and bla(OXA-23)) and 16S methyltransferases (rmtC and rmtF). Considering the rising transmission of antimicrobial resistance and unprecedented population displacement globally, these data are a reminder of the need for robust infection control measures and surveillance.202439530854
119430.9758Presence of Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Zoo Mammals. Broad-spectrum beta-lactamase (BSBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae impose public health threats. With increased popularity of zoos, exotic animals are brought in close proximity of humans, making them important BSBL reservoirs. However, not much is known on the presence of BSBLs in zoos in Western Europe. Fecal carriage of BSBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was investigated in 38 zoo mammals from two Belgian zoos. Presence of bla-genes was investigated using PCR, followed by whole-genome sequencing and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to cluster acquired resistance encoding genes and clonality of BSBL-producing isolates. Thirty-five putatively ceftiofur-resistant isolates were obtained from 52.6% of the zoo mammals. Most isolates were identified as E. coli (25/35), of which 64.0% showed multidrug resistance (MDR). Most frequently detected bla-genes were CTX-M-1 (17/25) and TEM-1 (4/25). Phylogenetic trees confirmed clustering of almost all E. coli isolates obtained from the same animal species. Clustering of five isolates from an Amur tiger, an Amur leopard, and a spectacled bear was observed in Zoo 1, as well as for five isolates from a spotted hyena and an African lion in Zoo 2. This might indicate clonal expansion of an E. coli strain in both zoos. In conclusion, MDR BSBL-producing bacteria were shown to be present in the fecal microbiota of zoo mammals in two zoos in Belgium. Further research is necessary to investigate if these bacteria pose zoonotic and health risks.202133919869
121940.9757Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase genes in bacteria from environment in Burkina Faso. INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes in bacteria from the environment in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted from January 18 to December 31, 2019. Environmental samples were collected from the effluents of Souro Sanou University Hospital Center and the wastewater treatment plant at Bobo-Dioulasso. MacConkey agar media supplemented with 4 µg/mL cefotaxime was used for bacterial growth, and identification of bacteria was performed using API 20E system (BioMerieux SA, Lyon, France). Antibiotic susceptibility testing, synergy test, carbapenem inactivation method and molecular characterization were performed. RESULTS: A total of 180 bacterial isolates were identified from the different sites with a predominance of Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae (27.5%). All 180 bacterial isolates were ESBL producers and 18 (10.0%) of them produced carbapenemases. Out of the 180 bacterial isolates, DNAs of 98.9% (178/180) bacterial isolates were extracted and tested through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for characterization of resistant genes. The study showed that 89.8% (160/178) carried the bla-CTX-M genes including 54.4 (87/160) from hospital effluents and 45.6 (73/160) from the wastewater treatment plant. Regarding the carriage of carbapenemase genes, 7.9 (14/178) blaNDM-1 was found in all the sites including 71.4% (10/14) from hospital effluents and 28.6 (4/14) from the wastewater treatment plant. blaOXA-48-like was only found in bacteria from hospital effluents and represented 2.2% (4/178). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the need to build hospital effluent treatment plants to reduce the load of resistant bacteria before discharging the effluents into the urban wastewater system.202338252715
140650.9756Multicentre study of the burden of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the aetiology of infected diabetic foot ulcers. BACKGROUND: Infected diabetic foot ulcer (IDFU) is a public health issue and the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Very few published data on IDFU exist in most West African countries. OBJECTIVE: The study investigated the aetiology and antibacterial drug resistance burden of IDFU in tertiary hospitals in Osun state, Nigeria, between July 2016 and April 2017. METHODS: Isolates were cultured from tissue biopsies or aspirates collected from patients with IDFU. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase production were done by established protocols. Specific resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There were 218 microorganisms isolated from 93 IDFUs, comprising 129 (59.2%) Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 59 (27.1%) Gram-positive cocci and 29 (13.3%) anaerobic bacteria. The top five facultative anaerobic bacteria isolated were: Staphylococcus aureus (34; 15.6%), Escherichia coli (23; 10.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20; 9.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (19; 8.7%) and Citrobacter spp. (19; 8.7%). The most common anaerobes were Bacteroides spp. (7; 3.2%) and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (6; 2.8%). Seventy-four IDFUs (80%) were infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria, predominantly methicillin-resistant S. aureus and GNB producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases, mainly of the CTX-M variety. Only 4 (3.1%) GNB produced carbapenemases encoded predominantly by bla (VIM). Factors associated with presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria were peripheral neuropathy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.05, p = 0.04) and duration of foot infection of more than 1 month (AOR = 7.63, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Multidrug-resistant facultative anaerobic bacteria are overrepresented as agents of IDFU. A relatively low proportion of the aetiological agents were anaerobic bacteria.202133824857
538460.9756Characterization of drug resistance and virulotypes of Salmonella strains isolated from food and humans. The virulence of bacteria can be evaluated through both phenotypic and molecular assays. We applied these techniques to 114 strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica collected from July 2010 to June 2012. Salmonella strains were of human origin (71/114) or isolated from food (43/114). The strain set included only the three predominant Salmonella serovars isolated in Italy from humans (S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. 4,[5],12:i:-). These strains were screened via polymerase chain reaction for 12 virulence factors (gipA, gtgB, sopE, sspH1, sspH2, sodC1, gtgE, spvC, pefA, mig5, rck, srgA), while antimicrobial sensitivity was evaluated through the Kirby-Bauer assay. Fifty-nine different virulence profiles were highlighted; the genes showing the highest homology were those related to the presence of prophages (gipA, gtgB, sopE, sspH1, sspH2, sodC1, gtgE), while the genes related to the presence of plasmids were less frequently detected (spvC, pefA, mig5, rck, srgA). The Salmonella serovars Typhimurium and 4,[5],12:i:- were closely related in terms of both virulotyping and antibiotic resistance. S. Enteritidis showed higher antibiotic sensitivity and a higher prevalence of genes related to plasmids.201324102078
210770.9756Virulence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a hospital in Shijiazhuang City from China. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), as one of the most common drug-resistant bacteria threatening human health, is hyper-resistant to multiple antimicrobial drugs and carbapenems, which can be dealt with only limited clinical treatment options. This study described the epidemiological characteristics of CRKP in this tertiary care hospital from 2016 to 2020. Specimen sources included blood, sputum, alveolar lavage fluid, puncture fluid, secretions from a burn wound, and urine. Among the 87 carbapenem-resistant strains, ST11 was the predominant isolate, followed by ST15, ST273, ST340, and ST626. These STs were in broad agreement with the STs defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clustering analysis in discriminating clusters of related strains. Most CRKP isolates contained the blaKPC-2 gene, some isolates carried the blaOXA-1, blaNDM-1, and blaNDM-5 genes, and the isolates carrying carbapenem resistance genes were more resistant to the antimicrobials of β-lactams, carbapenems, macrolides, and fluoroquinolone. The OmpK35 and OmpK37 genes were detected in all CRKP strains, and the Ompk36 gene was detected in some CRKP strains. All detected OmpK37 had 4 mutant sites, and OmpK36 had 11 mutant sites, while no mutant sites were found in OmpK35. More than half of the CRKP strains contained the OqxA and OqxB efflux pump genes. The virulence genes were most commonly combined with urea-wabG-fimH-entB-ybtS-uge-ycf. Only one CRKP isolate was detected with the K54 podoconjugate serotype. This study elucidated the clinical epidemiological features and molecular typing of CRKP, and grasped the distribution of drug-resistant genotypes, podocyte serotypes, and virulence genes of CRKP, providing some guidance for the subsequent treatment of CRKP infection.202337097488
94180.9755Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the feces of horses and hospital surfaces at two equine specialty hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the feces of hospitalized horses and on hospital surfaces. SAMPLE: Fecal and environmental samples were collected from The Ohio State University Galbreath Equine Center (OSUGEC) and a private referral equine hospital in Kentucky (KYEH). Feces were sampled within 24 hours after hospital admission and after 48 hours and 3 to 7 days of hospitalization. PROCEDURES: Fecal and environmental samples were enriched, and then selective media were inoculated to support growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that expressed resistance phenotypes to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones. RESULTS: 358 fecal samples were obtained from 143 horses. More samples yielded growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that expressed resistance phenotypes (AmpC β-lactamase, OR = 4.2; extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, OR = 3.2; and fluoroquinolone resistance, OR = 4.0) after 48 hours of hospitalization, versus within 24 hours of hospital admission. Horses hospitalized at KYEH were at greater odds of having fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria (OR = 2.2). At OSUGEC, 82%, 64%, 0%, and 55% of 164 surfaces had Enterobacteriaceae bacteria with AmpC β-lactamase phenotype, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype, resistance to carbapenem, and resistance to fluoroquinolones, respectively; prevalences at KYEH were similarly distributed (52%, 32%, 1%, and 35% of 315 surfaces). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae may be isolated from the feces of hospitalized horses and from the hospital environment. Hospitalization may lead to increased fecal carriage of clinically important antimicrobial-resistance genes.202133754819
123790.9755Characterization of Gene Families Encoding Beta-Lactamases of Gram-Negative Rods Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Vegetables in Mexico City. Beta-lactam resistant bacteria, which are commonly resident in tertiary hospitals, have emerged as a worldwide health problem because of ready-to-eat vegetable intake. We aimed to characterize the genes that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from five commercial salad brands for human consumption in Mexico City. In total, twenty-five samples were collected, grown in blood agar plates, and the bacteria were biochemistry identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. The carried family genes were identified by endpoint PCR and the specific genes were confirmed with whole genome sequencing (WGS) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Twelve positive cultures were identified and their microbiological distribution was as follows: 8.3% for Enterobacter aerogene (n = 1), 8.3% for Serratia fonticola (n = 1), 16.7% for Serratia marcesens (n = 2), 16.7% for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), and 50% (n = 6) for Enterobacter cloacae. The endpoint PCR results showed 11 colonies positive for blaBIL (91.7%), 11 for blaSHV (91.7%), 11 for blaCTX (97.7%), 12 for blaDHA (100%), four for blaVIM (33.3%), two for blaOXA (16.7%), two for blaIMP (16.7%), one for blaKPC (8.3%), and one for blaTEM (8.3%) gen; all samples were negative for blaROB, blaCMY, blaP, blaCFX and blaLAP gene. The sequencing analysis revealed a specific genotype for Enterobacter cloacae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1, blaKPC-2); Serratia marcescens (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2); Klebsiella pneumoniae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1); Serratia fonticola (blaSHV-12, blaVIM-1, blaDHA-1); and, Enterobacter aerogene (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-1, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2, blaOXA-9). Our results indicate that beta-lactam-resistant bacteria have acquired integrons with a different number of genes that provide pan-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, oxacillins, cefalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and imipenems.201830477153
2463100.9753Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Stenotrophomonas Isolates from Painted Turtles Living in the Wild. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a ubiquitous multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen commonly associated with nosocomial infections. The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria from painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) living in the wild and captured in southeastern Wisconsin. Fecal samples from ten turtles were examined for ESBL producing bacteria after incubation on HardyCHROM™ ESBL agar. Two isolates were cultivated and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole genome sequencing (WGS) as Stenotrophomonas sp. 9A and S. maltophilia 15A. They were multidrug-resistant, as determined by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Stenotrophomonas sp. 9A was found to produce an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and both isolates were found to be carbapenem-resistant. EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) and the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) tests were used to examine the carbapenemase production and the test results were negative. Through WGS several antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in S. maltophilia 15A. For example a chromosomal L1 β-lactamase gene, which is known to hydrolyze carbapenems, a L2 β-lactamase gene, genes for the efflux systems smeABC and smeDEF and the aminoglycosides resistance genes aac(6')-lz and aph(3')-llc were found. An L2 β-lactamase gene in Stenotrophomonas sp. 9A was identified through WGS.202336729340
2215110.9752Analytical Performance of Multiplexed Screening Test for 10 Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Perianal Swab Samples. BACKGROUND: Multiantibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a threat to patients and place an economic burden on health care systems. Carbapenem-resistant bacilli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers drive the need to screen infected and colonized patients for patient management and infection control. METHODS: We describe a multiplex microfluidic PCR test for perianal swab samples (Acuitas(®) MDRO Gene Test, OpGen) that detects the vancomycin-resistance gene vanA plus hundreds of gene subtypes from the carbapenemase and ESBL families Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), Verona integron-mediated metallo-β-lactamase (VIM), imipenemase metallo-β-lactamase (IMP), OXA-23, OXA-48, OXA-51, CTX-M-1, and CTX-M-2, regardless of the bacterial species harboring the antibiotic resistance. RESULTS: Analytical test sensitivity per perianal swab is 11-250 CFU of bacteria harboring the antibiotic resistance genes. Test throughput is 182 samples per test run (1820 antibiotic resistance gene family results). We demonstrate reproducible test performance and 100% gene specificity for 265 clinical bacterial organisms harboring a variety of antibiotic resistance genes. CONCLUSIONS: The Acuitas MDRO Gene Test is a sensitive, specific, and high-throughput test to screen colonized patients and diagnose infections for several antibiotic resistance genes directly from perianal swab samples, regardless of the bacterial species harboring the resistance genes.201626637481
1225120.9752Escherichia coli serogroups in slaughterhouses: Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of isolates. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of carcasses and slaughterhouse environment with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 serogroups (O45:H2, O103:H2, O121:H19, O145:H28, O26:H11, O111:H8). For this purpose, a total of 150 samples (30 carcasses, 30 shredding units, 30 knives, 30 slaughterhouse waste water and 30 wall surfaces) were collected from 5 different slaughterhouses in Kayseri, Turkey. The conventional and molecular methods were performed in order to detect Escherichia coli and its serogroups. Of the 150 samples, 55 (36%) were found to be contaminated with E. coli. Among isolates, E. coli serogroup (O157:H7) were detected in 2 (11%) carcass and 2 (11%) wastewater samples. None of the E. coli isolates harbored tested genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hylA). Effective infection control measures and antibiotic stewardship programs should be adopted to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria. It was also deduced that these isolates resistance to different antibiotics could be hazardous for public health.202235427957
1220130.9752Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae in Wastewater Effluent in Blantyre, Malawi. Background/Objectives: Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as a sink for both antimicrobial residues and bacteria carrying resistant genes, which are later disseminated into the environment, facilitating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli (Ec), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), and Enterobacter cloacae (Enc) in effluent from WWTP in Blantyre, Malawi, to generate evidence and provide baseline information for interventions. Methods: Selective chromogenic agar was used to identify ESBL-producing bacteria. Results: A total of 288 samples were collected between April 2023 and March 2024, and 97.6% (281/288) yielded one or more presumptive ESBL isolates. Bacterial growth was confirmed as 48.9% Ec (255/522), 33.0% Kp (172/522), and 10.0% Enc (52/522). Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed the highest resistance to ceftriaxone (Ec, 100.0%; Kp, 98.3%; Enc, 100.0%) and the lowest resistance to meropenem (Ec, 6.3%, Kp, 1.2%; Enc, 3.8%) among the antibiotics that were tested. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes were observed in 73.1% of the isolates, with the most prevalent phenotype being amoxicillin + clavulanate/cotrimoxazole/doxycycline/ciprofloxacin/gentamicin/azithromycin/ceftriaxone (55, 15.7%). Conclusions: The study demonstrated ongoing environmental contamination with antibiotic-resistant bacteria from sewage effluent. Therefore, the functionality of WWTPs should be improved to minimize the release of these organisms into the environment.202540558152
1386140.9751ESBL/pAmpC-producing Enterobacterales in common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) and central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from Portugal. Common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) and central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) are widely kept as pets but can harbor pathogenic bacteria, including antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. This study aimed to research the frequency of β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in these two reptile species. A total of 132 samples were collected from the oral and cloacal cavities of healthy common leopard geckos and central bearded dragons in the Lisbon area, Portugal. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed for third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant Enterobacterales. The results revealed that 3GC-resistant Enterobacterales were observed in 17.9% (n = 14/78) of the reptiles. The most commonly identified species were: Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella aerogenes. Furthermore, some isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases (AmpC) encoding genes such as bla (CMY-2), bla (CTX-M-15,) and bla (TEM-1). These findings emphasize the potential role of these reptiles in the spread of AMR bacteria, particularly in urban settings where human- animal interactions are frequent. Given the zoonotic risks, this study emphasizes the importance of continued surveillance and responsible antimicrobial use in both veterinary and human medicine to mitigate the spread of AMR bacteria.202540370835
1416150.9751Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and molecular detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genotypes among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients in Khartoum, Sudan. INTRODUCTION: the emergence of antibiotic resistance pathogens is an important health risk. Usually Gram negative bacteria acquire resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics by beta-lactamase production. The objectives of this study was to assess the prevalence of ESBL and to detect the frequency of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genotypes among ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from patients in Khartoum, Sudan. METHODS: a total of 171 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from hospitals in Khartoum, Sudan (2014 -2015) were used to detect ESBL production using disc diffusion method. blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes were investigated by PCR based methods using gene-specific primers. RESULTS: the high resistance among Enterobacteriaceae was noticed in ciprofloxacin (72%) and ofloxacin (73%). ESBL production was mainly in Escherichia Coli (38%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (34%). Prevalent genotypes were blaTEM (86%), blaCTX-M (78%) and blaSHV (28%). These were found mainly in Escherichia Coli (38%, 37%, 2%) and K. pneumonia (34%, 31%, 26.1%). The majority of ESBL producing isolates possess more than one ESBL genes. CONCLUSION: the ESBL production in Enterobacteriaceae was high, with blaTEM and blaCTX-M genotypes more prevalent. Public health and laboratory standard of excellence is needed to reducing the spread of resistant pathogens.202033520052
831160.9751RmtC and RmtF 16S rRNA Methyltransferase in NDM-1-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We investigated 16S rRNA methyltransferases in 38 blaNDM-1-positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and found RmtC in 3 isolates, 1 of which also harbored RmtF. The isolates were clonally unrelated; rmtC and rmtF genes were located on a chromosome with the blaNDM-1 gene. Strategies are needed to limit the spread of such isolates.201526488937
1411170.9751Detection and characterization of carbapenem resistant Gram-negative bacilli isolates recovered from hospitalized patients at Soba University Hospital, Sudan. BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a complex threat to global health security and universal health coverage. Recently, nosocomial infections with carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) is increasing worldwide. We report the molecular characterization and detection of genes associated with carbapenemase producing Gram negative bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients at Soba University Hospital (SUH) in Khartoum State, Sudan. RESULTS: Between October 2016 and February 2017, a total of 206 GNB clinical specimens were collected from hospitalized patients in SUH. Of 206 carbapenem resistance isolates, 171 (83 %) were confirmed as phenotypically resistant and 121 (58.7 %) isolates harboured one or more carbapenemase genes. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) types were the most predominant genes, blaNDM 107(52 %), followed by blaIMP 7 (3.4 %), blaOXA-48 5(2.4 %) and blaVIM 2 (0.9 %). Co-resistance genes with NDM producing GNB were detected in 87 (81.3 %) of all blaNDM producing isolates. NDM-1 was the most frequent subtype observed in 75 (70 %) blaNDM producing isolates. The highest percentage of resistance was recorded in ampicillin (98 %), cephalexin (93.5 %) amoxicillin clavulanic acid (90 %), cefotaxime (89.7 %), ceftriaxone (88.4 %), ceftazidime (84.2 %), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (78.4 %) and nitrofurantoin (75.2 %), aztreonam (66 %) and temocillin (64 %). A close correlation between phenotypic and carbapenemase genes detection in all GNB was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of carbapenemase producing bacilli was found to be high in SUH. NDM was found to be the most prevalent carbapenemase gene among clinical isolates. Close surveillance across all hospitals in Sudan is required. The relative distribution of carbapenemase genes among GNB in nosocomial infections in Africa needs to be defined.202133947325
1385180.9751GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT EXTENDED-SPECTRUM β-LACTAMASE-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE FROM CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES) FROM WILD AND SANCTUARY LOCATIONS IN UGANDA. Farm and wild animals may serve as reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria of human health relevance. We investigated the occurrence and genomic characteristics of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in Ugandan chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) residing in two environments with or without close contact to humans. The ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from fecal material of chimpanzees from Budongo Forest and Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda and were more commonly isolated from chimpanzees in Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, where animals have close contact with humans. Selected ESBL isolates (E. coli n=9, K. pneumoniae n=7) were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing to determine the presence of resistance genes, as well as sequence type and virulence potential; the blaCTX-M-15 gene was present in all strains. Additionally, the ESBL genes blaSHV-11 and blaSHV-12 were found in strains in the study. All strains were found to be multidrug resistant. The E. coli strains belonged to four sequence types (ST2852, ST215, ST405, and ST315) and the K. pneumoniae strains to two sequence types (ST1540 and ST597). Virulence genes did not indicate that strains were of common E. coli pathotype, but strains with the same sequence types as isolated in the current study have previously been reported from clinical cases in Africa. The findings indicate that chimpanzees in close contact with humans may carry ESBL bacteria at higher frequency than those in the wild, indicating a potential anthropogenic transmission.202235255126
2777190.9750Detection of carbapenemase-producing, hypervirulent Klebsiella spp. in wastewater and their potential transmission to river water and WWTP employees. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) release drug-resistant microorganisms to water bodies (with effluents), and WWTP employees are exposed to bioaerosol emissions from the processed wastewater. Bacteria of the genus Klebsiella, in particular carbapenemase-producing (CP), hyper-virulent (Hvr) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, play a special role in this process. Klebsiella spp. strains isolated from wastewater, river water and the upper respiratory tract of WWTP employees were analyzed in this study. The isolated strains were identified as K. pneumoniae (K. pn) or K. non-pneumoniae (K. npn). The prevalence of nine types of genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams, nine genes encoding virulence factors and K1/K2 capsular serotypes, three genes encoding multi drug effluent pump systems, and the class 1 integron-integrase gene was determined by PCR. A total of 284 Klebsiella spp. isolates were obtained in the study: 270 environmental strains and 14 strains from the upper respiratory tract. Among environmental isolates 90.7% (245/270) harbored beta-lactam resistance genes, 17.4% (47/270) were classified as CP strains, 11.1% (30/270) were classified as Hvr strains, and 1.9% (5/270) were classified as CP-Hvr strains. CP-Hvr strains were also isolated from WWTP employees. Genes encoding β-lactamases (including carbapenemases), complete efflux pump systems and the K1 serotype were identified more frequently in K. pn strains. In turn, K. npn strains were characterized by a higher prevalence of bla(SHV) and intI1 genes and K2 serotype gene. The strains isolated from wastewater and river water also differed in the abundance of drug resistance and virulence genes. The results of the study indicate that CP-Hvr K. pn strains are possibly transmitted from wastewater via bioareosol to the upper respiratory tract of WWTP employees. bla(GES)-type carbapenemases significantly contributed to the spread of drug resistance in the environment.202134455199